Effects of Biological Organic Fertilizer on Flue-cured Tobacco Chemical Composition

Through field experiment,special biological fertilizer and cake fertilizer were applied collectively to tobacco,and chemical compositions of Wanxi flue-cured tobacco leaves were researched.The results showed that the increase of biological organic fertilizer would significantly improve soil nutrient supplying capacity.Compared with conventional fertilization,the contents of reducing sugar,total sugar and starch in different parts of tobaccos which were applied with biological organic fertilizer were closer to standards of excellent tobacco.In the treatment,the ratio of reducing sugar and nicotine in tobacco was more suitable in middle and lower parts of the plant and the contents of total N,nicotine and chlorine in tobacco were lowered,improving tobacco quality.

Quantification of the chemical composition of lunar soil in terms of its reflectance spectra by PCA and SVM

In the second phase of the Chang'E Program an unmanned lunar rover will be launched onto the Moon. When ground scientists get a full understanding of the chemical composition of lunar soil around the rover, they can make more detailed survey plans for the rover and various payloads onboard so as to satisfy their scientific objectives. There is an obvious relationship between the reflectance of lunar soil and its chemical characteristics. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) models were applied to establishing the relationship between the reflectance spectra and chemical compositions of lunar highland and mare soil samples sent back by Apollo missions 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 and measured by Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC). PCA was used to reduce and select the features of the reflectance spectra of lunar soil samples. Then, these features were put into SVM to estimate the abundances of various chemical components in lunar soil. We also compared the results of our measurement with those obtained by the SVM model [partial least squares (PLS)] and the principal component regression (PCR) model reported in literature. Our studies showed that with the exception of TiO2, the results of prediction of the abundances of chemical compounds in lunar soil by our model are much more reliable than those reported in literature. The reflectance spectra of lunar soil are closely related to the materials from which it was derived.

Experimental and numerical interpretation on composite foundation consisting of soil-cement column within warm and ice-rich frozen soil

Affected by climate warming and anthropogenic disturbances, the thermo-mechanical stability of warm and ice-rich frozen ground along the Qinghai-Tibet engineering corridor(QTEC) is continuously decreased, which may delay the construction of major projects in the future. In this study, based on chemical stabilization of warm and icerich frozen ground, the soil-cement column(SCC) for ground improvement was recommended to reinforce the foundations in warm and ice-rich permafrost regions. To explore the validity of countermeasures mentioned above, both the original foundation and the composite foundation consisting of SCC with soil temperature of -1.0℃ were prepared in the laboratory, and then the plate loading tests were carried out. The laboratory investigations indicated that the bearing capacity of composite foundation consisting of SCC was higher than that of original foundation, and the total deformation of original foundation was greater than that of composite foundation, meaning that overall stability of foundation with warm and ice-rich frozen soil can be improved by SCC installation. Meanwhile, a numerical model considering the interface interaction between frozen soil and SCC was established for interpretating the bearing mechanism of composite foundation. The numerical investigations revealed that the SCC within composite foundation was responsible for the more applied load, and the applied load can be delivered to deeper zone in depth due to the SCC installation, which was favorable for improving the bearing characteristic of composite foundation. The investigations provide the valuable guideline for the choice of engineering supporting techniques to major projects within the QTEC.

Effects of Green Manure Mixed Cropping Patterns on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil and Economic Characters of Flue-cured Tobacco

[Objective] The aim was to clear the suitable green manure cropping pat- terns in Xiangxi tobacco-planting areas. [Method] 8 treatments were set to study the effects of the monoculture and mixed cropping of common vetch （Vicia gigantea Bge.）, perennial ryegrass （Lofium） and rapeseed （Brassica campestris L.） on physi- cal and chemical properties of soil and economic characters of flue-cured tobacco. [Result] （1） Green manure turnover can reduce soil bulk density by 1.08%-8.62%, and the effect of green manure mixed cropping pattern was the best. （2） Green manure turnover also can increase the soil nutrient, soil organic matter, total nitro- gen （N）, total phosphorus （P）, total potassium （K）, alkali-hydrolyzale N, rapidly available P and rapidly available K by 1.44%-6.10%, 0.01-0.12 g/kg, 1.89%- 11.32%, 0.12%-3.56%, 1.06%-11.76%, 0.04%-18.93% and 0.98%-23.12%, respec- tively, and the effect of the monoculture of common vetch was the best.（3） The overall change of soil pH was not obvious.（4）Green manure turnover can increase the yield and output of flue-cured tobacco, and the effect of the monoculture of common vetch was the best. [Conclusion] The monoculture of common vetch can be generalized in the dry land of Xiangxi tobacco-planting areas.

Natural forests exhibit higher organic carbon concentrations and recalcitrant carbon proportions in soil than plantations:a global data synthesis

Different chemical compositions of soil organic carbon(SOC)affect its persistence and whether it signifi-cantly differs between natural forests and plantations remains unclear.By synthesizing 234 observations of SOC chemical compositions,we evaluated global patterns of concentra-tion,individual chemical composition(alkyl C,O-alkyl C,aromatic C,and carbonyl C),and their distribution even-ness.Our results indicate a notably higher SOC,a markedly larger proportion of recalcitrant alkyl C,and lower easily decomposed carbonyl C proportion in natural forests.How-ever,SOC chemical compositions were appreciably more evenly distributed in plantations.Based on the assumed con-ceptual index of SOC chemical composition evenness,we deduced that,compared to natural forests,plantations may have higher possible resistance to SOC decomposition under disturbances.In tropical regions,SOC levels,recalcitrant SOC chemical composition,and their distributed evenness were significantly higher in natural forests,indicating that SOC has higher chemical stability and possible resistance to decomposition.Climate factors had minor effects on alkyl C in forests globally,while they notably affected SOC chemi-cal composition in tropical forests.This could contribute to the differences in chemical compositions and their distrib-uted evenness between plantations and natural stands.

Biochemical Characteristics of Saint Mary’s Thistle Varieties (<i>Silybum marianum</i>L. <i>Gaertn.</i>) under Soil-Climate Conditions of the Khorezm Region

This article deals with the biochemical characteristics of varieties of Saint Mary’s Thistle such as Panacea, Debut and Samaryanka. Based on the studies, it was found that the highest oil content was found in the species Debut (26%). The lowest oil content was observed in the variety Samaryanka (19%). The highest protein content and the sum of total amino acids in the seeds of St. Mary’s Thistle varieties were found in the variety Debut (131.1), and the lowest indication was observed in the species Samaryanka (79.2). By the number of replaceable amino acids existing in the seeds of the species of St. Mary’s Thistle, it was found in the Varieties Debut (126.3), and the lowest indication was observed in the variety Samaryanka (112). Based on the results of studies and the noted biochemical characteristics and varietal differences of the St. Mary’s Thistle, the possibility and expediency of expanding the crops of this species in the soil and climatic conditions of the Khorezm region are suggested. The research was conducted 2017-2019 y.

Study on Chemical Characteristics of Rainfall in Tobacco-Growing Regions of Chenzhou, Hunan Province

In order to clarify the chemical properties of rainfall in typical tobacco areas in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, and analyze its potential for soil and flue-cured tobacco planting, rainfall samples in 2020 were collected by rainfall instruments in Fangyuan Town and Aoquan Town of Guiyang County, and the chemical properties that are closely related to the quality of flue-cured tobacco were determined, such as pH, EC, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (), ammonium nitrogen () and ion concentrations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, , Al3+, , Cl−,). The results show that the pH values of rainfall samples at Fangyuan and Aoquan monitoring sites are in the range of 4.92 - 6.17 and 4.93 - 5.69 respectively, with an average of 5.27 and 5.27 respectively. The acid rain characteristic is very obvious, which is mainly dominated by . The variation of rainfall EC has seasonal characteristics. EC is low from January to September, in the range of 6.09 - 56.72 and 11.83 - 30.93 μS/cm respectively, besides, it is high from October to December, in the range of 102.63 - 174.60 and 25.05 - 86.37 μS/cm respectively. The annual deposition of TN was 22.19 and 20.76 kg/hm2/yr respectively, which were higher than that in the western regions with less human disturbance, but lower than or equal to that in the developed agricultural regions in eastern China. The proportion of in the annual deposition of TN was higher than that of at two monitoring sites, with an average of 56.51% and 38.86% respectively. Ammonia volatilization from agricultural activities contributed more to rainfall nitrogen content. The ratios of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen deposition at two monitoring points were 1.84, 1.81, 1.86 and 1.34, 1.46, and 1.29 during the whole year, summer and autumn, winter and spring respectively. The ratio is higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. The weighted average equivalent concentrations of the main ions at two monitoring sites were 238.88 μeq/L and 211.21 μeq/L respectively, and the orders of the ion concentrations were slightly different. Both the concentrations of and are higher, while Mg2+, and Al3+ are lower. , and are mainly from human activities with a contribution rate between 91.90% and 99.35%. Ca2+ mainly comes from soil and ground dust, besides, Cl− and Mg2+ mainly come from marine sources and K+ mainly comes from terrestrial sources. In general, the acidic rainfall and higher concentration are beneficial to reducing the high pH value of soil in Aoquan tobacco area and improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco. Higher concentrations of and in rainfall are not conducive to the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality, because of the high content of soil available sulfur in Chenzhou tobacco area and the characteristics of flue-cured tobacco’s preference for ammonium.

3种类型烟草种质资源烟叶生物碱等化学成分差异性分析

为筛选能为科研、生产和育种利用的优异烟草种质资源。对来源于国内外的141份烤烟、18份白肋烟和6份雪茄烟的烟叶常规化学成分和主要生物碱进行检测、比较和聚类分析。结果表明:总糖和还原糖含量以烤烟最高,总氮、烟碱和氧化钾以白肋烟种质最高。总植物碱和烟碱含量以烤烟种质自来黄2243最高,雪茄烟种质Dutch(Ohio)最低;降烟碱和烟碱转化率以烤烟种质平板柳叶最高,以烤烟种质二性子和白肋烟种质Burley11B最低。聚类分析将165份种质分成4类,烤烟种质主要集中在第1和第4类,其主要特征是总糖和还原糖含量较高,烟碱转化率较低;第2类的总糖和还原糖含量低,总氮、总植物碱和氧化钾含量高;第3类的烟碱和总植物碱含量低,降烟碱含量高,烟碱转化率高。不同类型种质资源的化学成分和生物碱差异明显,筛选出的不同梯度烟碱的种质可为烟碱的进一步研究提供材料支撑。

基于高通量测序的昭通核心烟区植烟土壤真菌多样性分析

本研究利用高通量测序技术,从分子水平探究昭通8个种烟县(区)新烟区、土传病害发病严重的连作区以及典型的轮作区的土壤真菌多样性。结果表明:从群落组成来看,昭通核心烟区土壤真菌群落包括30个门、79个纲、202个目、443个科和976个属,其中子囊菌门为昭通核心烟区土壤真菌群落的绝对优势门,被孢霉属和青霉菌属为昭通核心烟区土壤真菌群落的优势属。群落指示物种分析表明,新烟区土壤真菌群落壳二胞菌属的相对丰度显著高于连作区和轮作区,连作区拟青霉菌属、假裸囊菌属和篮状菌属的相对丰度显著高于新烟区和轮作区烟,轮作区镶刀菌属的相对丰度显著高于新烟区、被孢霉属的相对丰度显著高于连作区。从生物多样性特征来看,新烟区土壤真菌群落的生物多样性最高,物种丰富度显著高于连作区和轮作区;轮作区土壤真菌群落的物种丰富度显著高于连作区,物种均匀度显著低于连作区,真菌群落生物多样性略高于连作区。从真菌群落的功能来看,病理营养型、腐生营养型和腐生—共生营养型的真菌群落为主要组成,新烟区真菌群落占比前1至前3的营养型分别为腐生—共生营养型、腐生营养型和病理营养型,连作区分别为腐生营养型、病理营养型和腐生—共生营养型,轮作区分别为腐生—共生营养型、病理—腐生—共生营养型和腐生营养型。昭通植烟土壤真菌群落组成丰富,新烟区土壤真菌群落的生物多样性最高,物种丰富度显著高于连作区和轮作区,不同类型土壤的真菌群落结构组成差异不显著,轮作有利于降低病理营养型的真菌群落,能减少真菌性病害发生的几率。

不同尺寸和结构的烟梗吸湿特性及其成因

【目的】研究细梗、中等梗、拐头的吸湿特性及其成因,以优化不同尺寸和结构的烟梗分组加工技术。【方法】采用自主研制的烟梗热湿特性分析装置考察3种烟梗的吸湿特性,使用扫描电镜观测样品表皮和梗横断面的微观结构,利用连续流动分析仪检测烟梗的化学组成。【结果】细梗、中等梗、拐头吸湿能力依次降低,随着空气湿度的增大,吸湿速率和平衡含水率增大,其吸湿曲线符合Weibull模型。细梗、中等梗、拐头表皮的气孔数量依次减少;中等梗和细梗横断面的气孔明显大于拐头的气孔。细梗、中等梗、拐头的总糖、还原糖和总植物碱含量依次减少,蛋白质含量依次增加。【结论】细梗、中等梗、拐头的吸湿速率与其孔隙发达程度正相关,且吸湿速率随着空气湿度的增大而增大;拐头、中等梗、细梗的平衡含水率依次增大,原因是其总糖(或还原糖)含量依次增大,提供了更多的水分吸附位点。不同尺寸和结构烟梗的吸湿特性差异明显,有必要按照尺寸和结构对烟梗进行分组加工。

有机肥+生物炭+微生物菌剂配施对烤烟多酚和化学成分的影响

以云烟87为研究对象,采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,设置3个生物炭(900、1800、2700 kg/hm^(2))、3个微生物菌剂(30、60、90 kg/hm^(2))和3种有机肥(羊粪肥、芝麻饼肥、菜籽饼肥)组合成9个处理,并以无机肥为对照处理,研究了上述因素对烤后烟叶多酚类和常规化学成分的影响。结果表明:生物炭施用量是影响烤烟的多酚和化学成分含量的主效因素,随着生物炭施用量的增加,烟叶的总糖、还原糖及各种多酚类物质含量均有所增加,施用2700 kg/hm^(2)生物炭的整体表现较优。微生物菌剂也是重要的影响因素,随着微生物菌剂施用量的增加,烟叶的总糖、还原糖、多酚类、绿原酸含量均有所增加,施用60 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌剂的整体表现较优。施用有机肥的影响则较小,其中,羊粪肥的表现相对较好。综上,最佳组合方式为2700 kg/hm^(2)生物炭+60 kg/hm^(2)微生物菌剂+羊粪肥,并且将其可应用于凉山产区烤烟的施肥管理中。

上部烟叶在热泵密集烤房稳温降湿烘烤工艺下的物质动态变化

为了探析热泵密集烤房稳温降湿烘烤工艺对上部烟叶物质动态变化的影响,以云烟87上部烟叶为试验材料,对稳温降湿和四步式烘烤工艺下烟叶中的水分、色素、淀粉和还原糖含量的动态变化及其相似性进行比较分析。结果表明:与四步式烘烤工艺相比,在黄片前期稳温降湿烘烤工艺处理烟叶的含水率更高,更有利于叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的降解。稳温降湿烘烤工艺处理烟叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别较四步式烘烤工艺低7.51%、38.19%、9.53%,但烟叶的淀粉、还原糖含量差异不明显。不同物质在2种烘烤工艺处理下的动态变化相似性表现为水分>叶绿素a>淀粉>叶绿素b>还原糖>类胡萝卜素。烘烤过程中物质动态变化差异可以分为3类,第Ⅰ类包括水分、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、淀粉,2种烘烤工艺的差异主要发生在变黄期;第Ⅱ类为类胡萝卜素,整个烘烤过程,2种烘烤工艺均存在较大差异;第Ⅲ类为还原糖,2种烘烤工艺的差异主要表现在定色期和干筋期。综合分析,采用稳温降湿烘烤工艺有利于上部烟叶色素的降解。

主成分分析法在山东上部烟质量评价中的应用

本研究旨在运用主成分分析法对山东地区上部烟叶的质量进行综合评价,以便为该地区烤烟质量的准确评估提供科学依据。研究以山东10个主要植烟县2020年和2021年间105份B2F等级烟叶样品为材料,通过应用标准化法和主成分分析法对这些烟叶样品的物理特性和化学成分指标进行归类处理,并对各植烟县样品的上部烟叶质量进行分类。研究发现,单叶重与叶长和叶宽、叶片密度与叶片厚度、总糖与还原糖、烟碱与氮间极显著正相关,且主成分特征向量一致,可分别归为一类指标。根据物理特性评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为三类,根据化学成分评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为两类。综合考虑物理特性和化学成分评价结果,山东产区上部烟叶可分为四类。其中沂源、五莲、临朐为一类,兰陵、沂水、莒县、莱芜为一类,淄川、黄岛为一类,诸城则单独构成一类。

生物有机肥与化肥减量配施对土壤养分及烟叶产质量的影响

为减少化肥的过量施用,提高湖南宜章植烟土壤肥力和烟叶生产效益,以烤烟品种‘K326’为材料,采用田间试验研究了不同比例生物有机肥与化肥减量配施对土壤养分及烟叶产量与品质的影响。结果表明:增施适当比例生物有机肥配合化肥减量能不同程度地改善土壤肥力质量,促进烟株的生长。随着生物有机肥比例的增加与化肥用量的减少,烤烟的各项生长农艺性状、感官评吸质量、产量、产值以及上等烟比例呈先升后降的趋势。其中,以减量20%化学追肥的T2处理对烟株的生长和烟叶的品质表现最好。与常规施肥的对照(CK)相比,烟草株高、有效叶片数和最大叶面积分别增加8.24%~17.00%、13.81%~23.22%和12.63%~16.86%,C3F烟叶中总糖和钾含量分别达到26.51%~30.01%和2.16%~2.86%,C3F和B2F烟叶的感官评吸质量分别提高1.67%~2.98%和3.12%~4.10%,烟叶产量、上等烟比例和产值分别提高3.76%~6.58%、3.38%~3.79%和8.24%~9.58%。研究结果为湘南植烟区应用生物有机肥与化肥减量配施提供了科学参考依据。

不同施肥方式对土壤理化性质和烟草生长的影响

为明确不同施肥方式对烟草土壤理化性质以及烟株生长的影响,研究了常规施肥条件下额外添加微生物菌剂、微生物有机肥和高炭基肥对不同生育期烟草农艺性状、土壤理化性质和烟叶质量的影响。结果表明:常规施肥与微生物有机肥联合处理可以促进烟株的生长,在烟株成熟期最大叶宽和最大叶面积均显著高于常规施肥,分别增加了18.4%和20.0%。值得注意的是,添加微生物有机肥、微生物菌剂以及高炭基肥的处理相较常规施肥能够显著提高土壤中的速效钾和有机质的含量,速效钾含量由374.8 mg/kg分别提升至819.3、813.9和769.6 mg/kg,有机质含量提升1.25至1.35倍,烟叶每公顷产量相较常规施肥提升60~110 kg,每公顷产值相较常规施肥增收2121~2892元。综上所述,相较于常规施肥,烟草种植过程中增施额外的微生物菌剂、微生物有机肥和高炭基肥对改善烟草土壤环境、促进烟株生长发育和提高烟叶产、质量具有积极作用。

适宜延边地区种植的烤烟品种筛选

为筛选适宜延边地区推广种植的烤烟品种,以吉烟九号为对照,以云烟121、中烟特香301等7个引进的烤烟品种为材料进行筛选试验,通过调查各品种植物学性状、主要农艺性状、经济性状及化学成分等,考察各品种在研究区种植的综合表现。结果表明,中川208植株高大,身份较好,光泽鲜亮,经济性状表现突出;秦烟99株型中等,产量产值高,烟叶品质相对较好;其他品种特性在研究区暂没有充分表现出来,可进一步进行栽培试验。中川208和秦烟99在研究区综合表现较好,可在研究推广种植。

山东省不同类型烟叶质量特征差异及原因分析

为明确山东省不同类型烟叶质量特征差异及原因,本研究连续3年采集山东烟区烟叶样品,分析不同类型烟叶物理特性、化学成分和感官评吸质量,通过相关分析,解析影响评吸质量的主要因素。结果表明:中、上部叶物理特性方面,香吃味型最好,香味型居其次,吃味型最低,表现在部分吃味型中、上部叶发育过旺,叶片大小、单叶重、叶面密度超出适宜范围。化学成分方面,香味型中部叶化学成分协调性最好,香吃味型中部叶居于其次,吃味型中部叶最低,主要是部分吃味型烟叶淀粉、氯离子含量高且钾氯比低;3种类型上部叶化学成分协调性基本一致。感官评吸质量方面,中部叶质量得分为香味型最高,香吃味型其次,吃味型最低,差异主要体现在香气质、余味、杂气、刺激性等指标;3种类型上部烟叶评吸质量差异不明显。相关分析表明,叶宽对中部叶评吸质量产生显著负效应,叶长、叶片厚度对上部叶评吸质量产生显著负效应;钾和钾氯比对中部叶评吸质量产生显著正效应,而还原糖、硫、氯离子、纤维素、半纤维素产生显著负效应;还原糖、总糖对上部叶评吸质量产生显著正效应,而烟碱、纤维素产生负效应。吃味型中部叶评吸质量较低,与其叶片发育过旺及硫、氯含量较高有关;3种类型上部叶评吸质量无显著差异,但其原因各有不同,香味型、香吃味型上部叶虽然钾含量高、氯离子含量低,但总糖含量低、烟碱含量高,糖碱比协调性变差,而吃味型上部叶钾含量低、氯离子含量高,总糖含量高、烟碱含量低,糖碱比协调。因此,需针对不同类型烟叶的问题,采取相应农艺措施,提高烟叶质量。

4种轮作模式下长期连作烟田土壤微生态的响应特征

为探究烤烟与不同作物轮作对长期连作植烟土壤质量调控的效果,以连作10年以上的植烟田块为对照(CK),设置大麦-烤烟(YCDM)、大蒜-烤烟(YCDS)、油菜-烤烟(YCYC)和蚕豆-烤烟(YCCD)共4种不同作物与烤烟轮作,分析不同轮作处理下土壤的理化性质、酶活性及微生物群落结构。基于相关性分析和冗余分析,解析土壤理化性质和酶活性与微生物群落结构间的关系。结果表明,轮作处理的土壤容重较CK降低26.58%~30.29%,总孔隙度增加21.13%~48.26%;其中烤烟-蚕豆(YCCD)轮作模式下土壤的pH、水解氮(available nitrogen,AN)、有效磷(available phosphorus,AP)和速效钾(available potassium,AK)含量较CK显著提高11.84%、30.57%、6.42%和41.51%。轮作处理的土壤过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、蔗糖酶(invertase,INV)、脲酶(urease,URE)和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)的活性较CK分别提高16.81%~42.35%、38.09%~51.48%、7.69%~64.29%和5.82%~76.33%,蚕豆-烤烟(YCCD)轮作模式的提升效果最为显著。高通量测序结果表明,轮作处理下细菌的OTUs数量显著高于CK。α多样性显示,不同轮作处理间的细菌群落丰富度和多样性差异显著;真菌群落的丰富度差异显著,而多样性差异不显著。β多样性分析显示,不同轮作处理之间土壤真菌群落差异较小,细菌群落差异较大。其中,蚕豆-烤烟(YCCD)轮作处理的细菌、真菌群落与CK差异较大。在门水平,烤烟-蚕豆(YCCD)轮作使酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的相对丰度增加,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度减少。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,URE、AN、AK和pH是影响土壤微生物群落结构的关键因子。综上所述,烤烟与其他作物合理轮作可提高土壤速效养分含量和土壤酶活性,调节土壤微生物群落结构,消减烤烟连作障碍,最终达到烤烟稳产、增产的目的。

羊肚菌轮作及其菌渣还田对烤烟根际土壤环境及产量与品质的影响

【目的】探明羊肚菌轮作及其菌渣还田对植烟土壤改良及烤烟产质量调控的效应,合理优化烤烟种植制度。【方法】以烤烟品种云烟87为材料,采用双因素裂区设计,研究烤烟种植模式(A1,烤烟—羊肚菌—烤烟;A2,烤烟—冬闲—烤烟)和羊肚菌菌渣施用方式(B1,不施;B2,机械旋耕施;B3,塘施)对烤烟根际土壤理化特性、微生物、烟株生长及产量、烤烟化学成分的影响。【结果】种植模式及羊肚菌菌渣施用方式均可调控植烟土壤理化特性及烟叶化学成分,其中以种植模式及羊肚菌菌渣施用方式互作效应最大,单施菌渣方式次之。A1B2、A1B3、A2B2、A2B3组合可有效改善土壤容重、孔隙度和大粒径团聚体含量,调节土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)、pH及土壤养分,其中以A1B2作用最明显,其土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较A1B1分别显著提高22.71%、5.07%、20.94%、32.55%。与A1B1和A2B1相比,A1B2、A1B3、A2B2、A2B3组合能显著提高土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌数量1.13~2.93倍,微生物量碳、氮含量及其碳氮比分别增加42.19%~77.46%、25.68%~59.97%、3.55%~28.99%;同时能显著提高烟叶叶面积、上等烟比例、产量和产值,其中以A1B2产值增幅最大,较A1B1、A2B1产值分别显著提高15.05%、29.12%。各因子对烟叶化学成分可用性指数调控效应:A×B互作>菌渣施用>种植模式。其中,与A1B1、A2B1相比,A1B2、A1B3、A2B2、A2B3显著降低烟叶总糖、总氮含量,提高钾含量;施用菌渣使烟叶总氮、烟碱含量下降,钾含量增加;种植模式主要影响烟叶总氮和钾含量。【结论】采用烤烟—羊肚菌—烤烟种植模式,在烟田旋耕施入羊肚菌菌渣,有利于改善土壤通透性及团聚体结构,提升土壤肥力,增加土壤微生物群落丰度,促进烟叶生长,提高烟叶产量、产值,烟叶化学成分更协调。

雪茄茄芯和茄衣烟叶不同区段化学成分和品质差异性分析

为明确雪茄烟叶不同区段的品质差异,以雪茄品种德雪1号发酵后分拣出的一等茄衣和茄芯烟叶为材料,对叶基至叶尖5个不同区段的常规化学成分、中性香气成分、烟草特有亚硝胺(TSNAs)及前体物含量进行测定,并进行感官评吸鉴定。结果表明,雪茄烟叶不同区段化学成分差异显著,还原糖、总糖含量在叶尖和近叶尖区段相对较高,总氮和蛋白质含量在近叶基区段较高,烟碱含量自叶基到叶尖先升高后降低。茄芯、茄衣烟叶的中性香气成分含量从叶基至叶尖均先增加后减少,其中茄芯烟叶在叶中区段最高,茄衣在近叶基区段最高。2种类型雪茄烟叶的TSNAs含量从叶基至叶尖均持续下降,但降幅不同,茄芯、茄衣烟叶叶尖较叶基分别下降68.25%、30.19%。除刺激性外,2种烟叶的6项感官质量指标得分及总分从叶基至叶尖均表现为先升高后降低,以叶中和近叶尖区段较优。综上,雪茄烟叶以叶中和近叶尖区段香气浓郁,有害成分低,评吸质量较好。