Soil-cement mixture properties and design considerations for reinforced excavation

soil-cement is a mixture produced by grouting or mixing cement with soils. This paper reviews and discusses the general classifications of grouting techniques and the suitability of their applications.The mechanical properties of soil-cement mixture and the influence of sodium silicate added are discussed. Design considerations for deep soil mixed wall(DSMW) for excavation support and vault arch for tunnelling stabilisation are presented. Parameters for the numerical analysis of soil-cement mixture are evaluated and recommended.

Effects of Soil-Cement Stabilization on the Index Properties of Subgrades of Three Selected Roads in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

In this study, the impact of soil-cement stabilization on the index properties of the subgrade of roads was investigated. Efforts were on the means of improving the bearing capacity of the subgrade of a flexible pavement structure. Three selected roads (Ogbia-Nembe, section of the East-West Road and section of Port Harcourt-Aba Road) in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria were examined to determine the effect of sand-cement stabilization on the compaction index property of their undisturbed subgrade and the optimal ratio of soil-cement on the expansive soils at which the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is optimized. Disturbed soil samples were collected from twenty trial pits on each of the three study roads using a hand ulger and tested for their respective compaction index properties. It was discovered that their California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was very low. Some of the collected specimen materials were stabilized with varying percentages of soil-cement contents ranging from 6% - 14% in order to ascertain its effects on the compaction index properties of the sample soils. Results of the various stabilization test procedures show that: Stabilization of the soil using Soil-Cement Stabilization affected the Compaction Index properties of the soil and further improved the California Bearing Ratio (CBR). On the Ogbia-Nembe Road;Soil-Cement stabilization improved the CBR and is optimized at a 10% sand-cement ratio with optimum moisture content ranging from 6.2% - 14%, maximum dry density ranges from 1700 - 1780 kg/m3, yielding an average CBR of 42.7% for soaked samples. On the section of East-West Road from Eleme Junction to Etteh Junction;Soil-Cement stabilization improved the CBR and is optimized at a 14% sand-cement ratio with optimum moisture content ranging from 6.2% - 14.2%, maximum dry density ranges from 1660 - 1800 kg/m3, yielding an average CBR of 43.9% for soaked samples. On the section of Port Harcourt-Aba Express Road from Eleme Junction to Osisioma Junction;Soil-Cement stabilization improved the CBR and is optimized at a 12% sand-cement ratio having an optimum moisture content ranging from 5.4% - 17.3%, maximum dry density ranges from 1610 - 1740 kg/m3, and an average California Bearing Ratio for soaked samples at 40%.

Simplified method for predicating consolidation settlement of soft ground improved by floating soil-cement column

A simplified method is presented for predicting consolidation settlement of soft ground improved by floating soil-cement column on the basis of double soil-layer consolidation theory. Combining the axisymmetric consolidation model and equal strain assumption, the governing equation was derived for the consolidation of clayey subsoil reinforced by soil-cement column. By modifying the boundary condition of the interface between the improved layer and underlying layer on seepage and pore-water pressure, the analytical solution of consolidation of soft ground improved by floating soil-cement column was developed under depth-dependent ramp load. The results of the parameter analysis of consolidation behavior show that the consolidation rate is closely related with the depth replacement ratio by the column and the permeability of upper layer. The influence of column-soil constrained modulus ratio and radius ratio of the influence zone to the column on consolidation is also affected by depth replacement ratio. The column-soil total stress ratio increases with time and approaches the final value accompanied with the dissipation of excess pore water pressure.

Experimental study on interaction mechanism of small H-beams and a soil-cement retaining wall

Small H-beams such as the No.14–20 I-steel can be inserted into soil-cement retaining walls to form small H-beam soil-cement compound walls, functioning both as a retaining wall and a cutoff wall for braced structure excavations. Being different from the mixed soil-cement wall (SMW), the interaction between soil-cement and small H-steel is very good. We have carried out a series of bending experiments on small H-beams in soil-cement model compound beams to study the mechanism of interactions. The results show that the interaction between H-beams and soil-cement is very good, whether the H-beam is single or double. Joint forms of double H-beams at one end have little effect on both the contribution coefficient and on ultimate deflection before cracking. But after cracking, the joint forms greatly affect the contribution coefficient. We conclude that the rigid joint girder for double H-beams is a better choice in practice.

Characterization of frozen soil-cement mixture for berm construction in cold regions

Lagoon berms in western Alaska are difficult to design and build due to limited resources, high cost of construction and materials, and warm permafrost conditions. This paper explores methods to treat locally available frozen materials and use them for berm construction. The goal is to find an optimized mix ratio for cement and additives that can be effective in increasing the strength and decreasing the thaw settlement of an ice-rich frozen silty soil. Soil of similar type and ice content to the permafrost found at a project site in Eek, Alaska is prepared in a cold room. The frozen soil is pulverized and cement, additives and fibers are added to the samples for enhancing shear strength and controlling thaw settlement. Thaw settlement and direct shear tests are performed to assess strength and settlement characteristics. This paper presents a sample preparation method, data from thaw settlement and direct shear tests, and analyses of the test results and preliminary conclusions.

水泥-微硅粉改良膨胀土工程特性试验研究

为研究水泥和微硅粉复合改良膨胀土作为路基填筑材料的工程性质,以南阳市内乡县某路段膨胀土路基填料为研究对象,通过膨胀力试验、无荷膨胀率试验、无侧限抗压强度试验以及直剪试验,分析其在不同养护龄期下的膨胀特性和力学特性,结合SEM电镜扫描分析改良机理,并探讨了改良膨胀土力学特性变化与微观形貌之间的关系。结果表明:随着水泥、微硅粉的加入及养护龄期的增加,改良膨胀土的抗压强度及抗剪强度提高,膨胀性降低;采用水泥-微硅粉复合改良膨胀土的效果更优;综合考虑改良效果和经济性,改良剂的最优掺量为水泥7%、微硅粉10%。

干湿循环作用下融雪剂对玻璃纤维水泥土力学性能影响的试验研究

为研究在干湿循环作用下不同种类融雪剂对玻璃纤维水泥土力学性能的影响,制备浓度为0.2mol/L的醋酸钾、氯化镁和硫酸钠溶液作为融雪剂溶液,将养护后的无纤维水泥土和有纤维水泥土试块在不同种类的融雪剂溶液中浸泡3d,然后将试块取出放入烘干箱内分别进行8~10次干湿循环。进而分析融雪剂类型、干湿循环次数对试块表面破坏状态、强度和质量等的影响。试验结果表明:经过10次干湿循环后,醋酸钾融雪剂溶液对试块质量和强度的影响程度小于氯化镁溶液和硫酸钠溶液,说明醋酸钾融雪剂对水泥土侵蚀作用较小;试块表面裂纹随着干湿循环次数的增加逐渐增多加深,在经历相同干湿循环次数后,有纤维水泥土试块的裂纹发展程度、质量损失率和强度损失率均低于无纤维水泥土试块,说明通过添加玻璃纤维可有效提高水泥土抗干湿循环和融雪剂侵蚀的能力。

粉煤灰联合水泥原位固化软土现场试验研究

针对软土含水率高、承载能力低和粉煤灰资源利用化等工程难题,采用原位固化和强力搅拌工艺,进行粉煤灰联合水泥固化软土施工,开展了不同固化剂配比、处理深度和龄期下固化土轻型动力触探测试,并对数据进行系统分析。结果表明:加入1%粉煤灰能够有效降低水泥固化软土含水率,含水率降低幅度随水泥用量增加而增加;粉煤灰联合水泥原位固化对软土密度影响较小,但会限制固化土早期承载力的发展;固化土承载力随深度增加存在较大波动,增加处理深度有助于减小波动幅度;粉煤灰联合水泥使用将进一步提升水泥固化土对重金属及污染物稳定作用。尤其地,基于双线性插值算法提出固化配比量化方法,并引入变异系数建立原位固化评价指标,可为类似软土原位固化施工工程提供参考依据。

基于相对结构度的水泥固化压实土力学与变形特性研究

由于胶结作用和孔隙结构的影响,结构性土的力学与变形特性显著区别于重塑土.为了解结构性土的特性,采用人工制备水泥固化压实土,并通过固结试验和固结排水剪切试验对其相对结构度及其衰变规律展开研究.详细分析了胶结作用和初始孔隙比对水泥固化压实土压缩特性与剪切特性的影响,并根据压缩试验结果建立了适用于水泥固化压实土的相对结构度发展式,最后采用所提出的相对结构度发展式对水泥固化压实土的剪切特性进行分析.研究结果表明,相对结构度的衰变速率随着水泥掺量的增大而减小,但初始孔隙比并不影响水泥固化压实土变形过程中相对结构度随塑性体应变的衰变速率;水泥固化压实土的峰值应力与相对结构度有关,并随着相对结构度的降低而减小.

水泥固化滨海软土动力特性研究进展与评述

水泥搅拌桩加固技术是滨海软土地基处理最常用也最有效的方法之一。充分掌握水泥固化滨海软土的动力特性及其动态演化规律,是确保水泥搅拌桩软土地基在密集地铁线网和持续波浪作用所产生的动力荷载下维持安全稳定的重要前提。本文对当前国内外水泥固化滨海软土的动力特性和本构模型进行综述,系统归纳和分析水泥固化滨海软土的动力试验类型、动力特性指标、动力本构模型以及动力特性优化方法,讨论当前水泥固化滨海软土动力特性研究的不足,探讨具有针对性的研究建议,为水泥土动力特性研究提供新的思考和思路。

糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元分析

糯米浆灰土是一种常见的遗址保护建筑材料,为研究糯米浆灰土压缩加载过程中的糯米-石灰胶结破坏和接触组构演化情况,采用离散单元法开展了糯米浆灰土无侧限压缩和三轴剪切离散元模拟。首先基于软胶结模型考虑糯米浆-石灰的强度特征,制备了糯米浆灰土离散元试样;然后通过参数敏感性分析为试样赋予合理的接触模型等效模量和胶结强度参数,最后对试样开展无侧限和三轴压缩模拟。结果表明:离散元模拟能再现糯米浆灰土加载试验的主要特征;加载过程中胶结破坏数量先缓后快增加,最终趋于平缓,胶结破坏呈现一定的聚集效应;无侧限压缩下胶结接触主要发生拉伸破坏,随着围压增加,剪切破坏接触数量增加;试样偏组构快速增加段为胶结破坏诱发。

混凝土芯水泥土复合桩竖向承载特性分析方法

基于Euler梁理论和状态空间法,建立了综合考虑非线性芯桩-水泥土-桩周土界面作用的双层叠合直梁分析模型及其状态方程,推导了成层土中不同组合形式的复合桩截面内力与变形的统一解析解,有效地考虑了复合桩分析中土与结构相互作用、结构局部参数发生变化等难点。通过与已有文献中现场试验和数值计算结果对比,验证了该方法的有效性,并讨论了桩径比、芯长比和水泥土弹性模量对桩承载特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)桩径比增大,可提供的桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力增大,复合桩竖向承载力基本呈线性增长;(2)芯长比增大,复合桩竖向承载力的增长幅度逐渐增大;(3)水泥土弹性模量对于桩竖向承载力影响较小。

玄武岩纤维提升水泥土抗压性能试验研究

水泥土搅拌桩常用于处治山区软弱土路基,但其抗压强度和变形性能较弱,易发生脆性破坏。为此,提出采用玄武岩纤维提升水泥土搅拌桩抗压性能的方法,并通过单轴抗压试验分析纤维掺量和长度对玄武岩纤维水泥土抗压性能的影响规律,最后通过电镜扫描试验(SEM)揭示玄武岩纤维对水泥土的抗压性能提升机理。结果表明:玄武岩纤维水泥土的应力-应变曲线先后经历孔隙压密、弹性变形、弹塑性变形及破坏4个典型阶段;玄武岩纤维的掺入有效提高了水泥土的抗压性能,抗压强度、峰值应变随着纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小,弹性模量随之先减小后小幅上下波动;抗压强度随着纤维长度的增加而减小,峰值应变随之先增大后减小,而弹性模量则先减小后增大,在纤维掺量为0.6%、长度为6 mm时抗压强度最大;玄武岩纤维通过与水泥土颗粒之间的摩擦力和机械锚固力对土体进行摩擦加筋,锚固水泥土内部的裂纹增强颗粒之间的连接作用力,但当纤维过多或者较长时,会出现“堆聚”和“交叉搭接”现象,减少有效加筋纤维数量,从而降低试样的抗压性能,因此在水泥土中掺入玄武岩纤维时,纤维掺量和长度要适宜。

橡胶水泥土动剪模量和阻尼比共振柱试验研究

橡胶水泥土作为一种经济环保的耐腐蚀轻质填筑材料,在沿海港口工程及灯塔等基础建设中具有广泛的应用前景。基于共振柱试验,对不同橡胶掺量、水泥掺量和围压下橡胶水泥土动力特性展开研究,重点探究各影响因素对其动剪模量和阻尼比的影响规律。结果表明:固结压力下橡胶水泥土的累计轴向应变随着橡胶掺量和围压的增大而增大,随水泥掺量增大而减小;橡胶水泥土动剪模量曲线衰减程度随橡胶掺量的增加和水泥掺量的减小而减弱,非线性特征减弱,而受围压影响则较小;最大动剪模量随着橡胶掺量的增大而减小,随水泥掺量和围压的增大而增大。当橡胶掺量较低或水泥掺量较高时,其掺量改变对最大动剪模量影响最大;橡胶的掺入减缓了动剪模量衰减幅度,并且在较低围压下促使其更早地发生衰减。而水泥掺量的减小和围压的增大则会推迟衰减,衰减幅度也相对更大;阻尼比随动剪应变的增加而单调递增,增大橡胶掺量和减小围压会使其阻尼比增大,当水泥掺量小于15%时,阻尼比随水泥掺量增加而增大,而当水泥掺量大于15%时,阻尼比反而随之降低。

不同胶结度的饱和土壤孔隙尺度结构对地下水渗流特性的影响

饱和土壤中地下水渗流过程的研究在诸多领域具有重要意义,土壤孔隙尺度结构差异对地下水渗流特性有显著影响。土壤颗粒胶结度是土壤的基本属性之一,但是目前针对不同胶结度的土壤孔隙尺度结构差异对地下水渗流影响的研究尚少。采用整体重排算法构建不同胶结度的土壤介质孔隙尺度结构,基于此运用有限元软件模拟介质中地下水渗流过程开展相关研究。结果表明:土壤颗粒胶结度对饱和土壤中地下水渗流具有显著影响。随着胶结土壤颗粒百分数Pc从0增至60.20%,流场的变异函数增大了70.15%(从1.233到2.098),即随着胶结度增大,流速空间非均质性显著增强。此外,沿地下水主要流动方向和垂直于主要流动方向上的流速概率密度分布函数均越来越发散。流速接近平均流速的区域减少,不流动区、优势流区同时显著增大。当Pc从0增至60.20%时,地下水中不流动区比例增大了23倍(从2.06%到48.31%),而优势流区比例增大了将近9倍(从0.27%到2.41%)。当平均流速不同时,渗流特征的以上变化趋势保持不变。此外,本研究发现不同胶结度介质间的孔隙尺度结构差异正是引起地下水渗流特性发生上述变化的内在原因。

冻融循环作用下不同路基材料力学特性对比研究

为探究寒区路基新型材料泡沫轻质土强度特性,完成了不同湿密度下的泡沫轻质土路基的冻融强度损伤试验。并将新型路基材料泡沫轻质土和传统路基材料水泥改良土进行对比发现:水泥改良土在冻融前期强度会大幅下降,但是在冻融循环5次左右,抗压强度会有回升趋势;而泡沫土从冻融开始到结束始终随冻融循环次数增加抗压强度缓慢下降。强度损失方面,2种路基材料的强度损失速率不同,水泥改良土抗压强度下降速率比泡沫轻质土更快。泡沫轻质土损失率随循环次数变化波动较小,相较为稳定。冻融循环对水泥改良土损失率影响离散型较大。

水泥粉煤灰改良盐渍土最优配比研究

【目的】在传统水泥改良土的基础上加入粉煤灰复合改良盐渍土,粉煤灰固化盐渍土与“双碳”目标契合,具有积极的意义。【方法】设计三因素四水平正交试验分析改良剂掺量、养护条件、含水率对试样抗压强度及弹性模量的影响。控制水泥粉煤灰固定比例为1∶2,掺量及含水率水平为12%、14%、16%、18%,养护方式分别为清水、盐水、高温养护及标准养护。【结果】通过击实试验可得试验范围内水泥粉煤灰掺量对最大干密度的影响不大,最大干密度约为1.8 g/cm^(3),最优含水率介于14%~16%之间。改良土呈应变软化型,7 d及14 d龄期不同组别抗压强度最高为1.69 MPa、1.99 MPa,最小为0.34 MPa、0.55 MPa。【结论】试样随着掺量增大及火山灰反应、水化程度的加深应变软化特征明显;改良剂掺量为18%、含水率为16%、养护方式为高温养护时强度最大,三个因素对盐渍土强度的影响排序依次为养护条件>改良剂掺量>含水率,因素影响权重分别为养护条件57%、改良剂掺量24%、含水率19%;将抗压强度与回弹模量进行拟合,发现二者具有良好的线性关系。

水泥土地层冻融温度场全过程发展影响研究

为研究水泥改良土地层冻融温度场发展的影响因素,以广州地铁三号线某地铁隧道冻结工程为背景,通过水、热耦合的方式模拟隧道冻融温度场,研究其冻融温度场全过程发展影响规律,并与实测数据对比证明模型的精确性,分析导热系数、容积热容、原始地温和水泥掺量等因素对冻融温度场的影响。结果表明,土体在冻融温度场全过程发展过程中,先是大幅度降温,形成稳定冻结帷幕后,降温速率变缓,有效冻结壁厚度缓慢增加,进入自然解冻阶段后,温度快速上升直至达到相变阶段,在该阶段维持一段长时间后,土体迅速恢复正温;分析不同因素对冻结温度场的影响规律,其中土体容积热容,原始地温对冻结温度场冻结效果呈负相关,对于自然解冻温度场影响不大;土体导热系数的降低会抑制冻结温度场的发展,但是可以缩短自然解冻的周期;在水泥掺量为12%时,土体冻结效果最好,且融沉温度场发展速率最快,自然解冻周期最短。

砂浆胶-水泥改良膨胀土试验研究

为改良宿迁至连云港段航道膨胀土,选取地表以下0.5~2 m的中等膨胀土,在土中掺入不同比例高分子化合物砂浆胶和水泥混合物,通过直剪试验、膨胀率试验、干湿循环试验和裂隙分析,研究改良后膨胀土的物理力学性质。试验结果表明,随着砂浆胶和水泥的掺入和养护天数增加,膨胀土黏聚力和内摩擦角明显增加,膨胀率减小。改良后的膨胀土裂隙明显减小,且不会随干湿循环次数增加而产生更多裂隙,因此改良后膨胀土强度明显提高、胀缩性明显降低。砂浆胶和水泥改良膨胀土效果显著,成本低,优于其他改良方法,可满足工程需求。

水泥土搅拌桩加固铁路饱和黄土地基承载特性试验及分析

针对兰州西至中川机场城际铁路沿线分布着大量饱和黄土,天然承载力低,无法满足工程建设要求这一问题,依据复合地基理论,提出用水泥土搅拌桩加固饱和黄土地基。通过FLAC 3D软件建立柔性荷载作用下水泥土搅拌桩复合地基模型,进行承载特性分析。得出以下结论:复合地基承载力为150 kPa,较原位地基土的承载力100.24 kPa有明显的提高;随着上部荷载的增加,沉降量也增大,中桩沉降量最大,边桩次之,角桩最小;桩身轴应力沿深度变化曲线存在一个中性点,此处桩身轴应力达到最大值;桩顶应力、桩间土应力随着荷载增加而增大,荷载为180 kPa是增长幅度发生变化的转折点。