Current Status of Soil-transmitted Nematode Infection in China

Objective To carry out national surveys for ascertaining the current status and trends of soil-transmitted nematode infections in China, providing scientific basis for further developing control strategies. Methods In 1988-1992 （hereinafter abbreriated as ＂survey in 1990＂）, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used in the survey. In 2001-2004 （hereinafter abbreriated as ＂survey in 2003＂）, in order to compare with the survey in 1990, two-characteristic stratified cluster random sampling method was used and 687 investigation spots were sampled from the 2848 spots selected in the survey in 1990. Kato-Katz thick smear method was used to examine the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes in fecal samples. Results The prevalence rates were 53.6% and 19.6% for soil-transmitted nematodes, 14.6% and 6.120% for hookworms, 44.6% and 12.7% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 17.4% and 4.630% for Trichuris trichiura in survey 1990 and survey 2003, respectively. The prevalence rates of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in 13 provinces than the average level in China in the survey in 1990, and higher in 8 provinces than the average level in the survey in 2003. The prevalence of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the overall prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes were higher in females than in males. It is estimated from the results of survey in 2003 that the number of persons with soil-transmitted nematode infections in the country is about 129 million, less than that in the survey in 1990. Conclusion The prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes has declined considerably but is still relatively high in some provinces and autonomous regions. Control activities and socioeconomic development may have contributed to the decreased prevalence.

Soil-transmitted helminth egg contamination from soil of indigenous communities in selected barangays in Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines

Objective:To provide baseline data on the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination in the soil among indigenous communities.Methods:A total of 317 soil samples from three barangays of indigenous communities communities in Tigaon,Camarines Sur,Philippines were examined for soil-transmitted helminthiasis egg contamination using optimized sugar flotation method.Results:Of the soil samples examined,141(44.48%)were contaminated by Ascaris spp.,Toxocara spp.,and Trichuris spp.with cumulative prevalence varying across the study sites(P<0.01).Ascaris spp.was predominant in all study sites,followed by Toxocara spp.and Trichuris spp.with a prevalence of 41.96%,7.57%,and 5.36%,respectively.Interestingly,Toxocara pp.has the highest intensity of contamination,followed by Ascaris spp.and Trichuris spp.in term of geometric mean soil-transmitted helminthiasis eggs recovered per one gram soil sample(34.25,21.45,and 11.85 respectively).Each study site harbors significant amount of soiltransmitted helminthiasis eggs and zoonotic Toxocara eggs,which present high risk of soil-transmitted helminthiasis infection,particularly among children observed to play and cohabitate with animals known to be hosts of these parasites.Conclusions:The alarming rate of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and Toxocara egg contamination reported in this study suggests that additional measures should be undertaken to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis and zoonotic intestinal infections in the country.

High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths in Southern Belize-highlighting opportunity for control interventions

Objective:To assess prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths(STH) in school age children of two southern districts as baseline information prior to implement a deworming program against intestinal parasites as part of an integrated country development plan.Methods:Children randomly selected from urban and rural schools in Southern Belize provided one stool sample each,analysed by the Kato-Katz method to assess prevalence and intensity of STH infections.Epi Info software was used for data analysis;Chi-square test and Fischer exact test were applied to compare group proportions;P<0.05 was considered of statistical significance;descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages.Results:A total of 500 children from 10 schools participated in the study from May to December2005.Prevalence of STH ranged between 40%and 82%among schools,with a median of 59.2%;the majority of light intensity,and with 2.2%high intensity infection.Trichuris and Axaris infections presented similar frequency in children aged from 6 to 9 years old;hookworm infections tended to be more frequent in the older group 10 to 12 years old.Statistical significances(P≤0.01)were found in children in rural schools infected with any species of STH,in moderate Trichuris infections,in hookworm infections in rural areas with strong Mayan presence and in Ascaris infections in children of Mayan origin.Conclusions:High prevalence of STH in Southern Belize provided sound ground for implementing an integrated deworming control program.

2021—2023年邹城市土源性线虫病监测结果分析

目的:了解邹城市土源性线虫病感染现状,掌握其流行规律及影响因素,为相关部门制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法:2021—2023年选取邹城市常住居民3165人作为研究对象,每年收集常住居民的粪便样本,采用改良加藤厚涂片法检验。结果:在3165名常住居民中,检出土源性线虫病感染16人,总感染率为0.51%,其中鞭虫、蛔虫和蛲虫感染率分别为0.03%、0.03%和0.44%;不同年份土源性线虫病感染率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.002,P<0.05);2021—2023年邹城市不同性别、不同年龄段、不同职业、不同文化程度人群土源性线虫病感染率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:邹城市已达到土源性线虫病传播控制与阻断标准,应加大健康教育宣传,提高人群对土源性线虫病的认识程度,开展重点人群驱虫防治工作,降低人群感染率,加强无害化厕所管理。完善人民健康促进政策,把保障人民健康放在优先发展的战略位置,从而进一步巩固阻断土源性线虫病防治成果。

抗松材线虫病马尾松种质资源遗传多样性分析及核心种质构建

【目的】对来自安徽省林业科学研究院和异地保存在浙江省临海市林业技术推广和场圃旅游服务总站的114份抗松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus病马尾松Pinus massoniana种质进行遗传多样性与群体结构分析,构建抗性马尾松核心种质库。【方法】对114份抗性马尾松种质进行检测,使用分子生物学软件计算遗传多样性参数,并进行主坐标(PCoA)和群体结构分析。利用M策略和随机取样策略分别构建核心种质,分析不同核心种质的的遗传多样性参数,确定最适合的构建方法。【结果】114份抗性马尾松种质共检测到115个等位基因,平均有效等位基因数(N_(e))为5.54,平均Shannon’s多样性指数(I)为1.51,平均多态信息含量(P_(IC))为0.90,结果表明其具有较高的遗传多样性水平。群体结构分析将114份抗性马尾松种质分为4个亚群,主坐标分析结果与上述基本一致。根据遗传多样性参数和抽样数量综合考虑,M策略构建的核心种质能以最小的种质数保留原有种质最大的遗传多样性,为最佳的取样策略。利用该策略得到了72份核心种质,其保留了原有种质100%的等位基因数,N_(e)、I、期望杂合度(H_(e))、PIC等遗传参数的保留率分别为95.67%、94.96%、98.12%和100.00%,将构建的核心种质与原有种质进行t检验、PCoA分析和UPGMA聚类分析,结果表明两者间的遗传多样性无显著差异。【结论】114份抗性马尾松种质遗传多样性水平较高,构建的72份抗性马尾松核心种质,去除了遗传冗余,有利于抗性马尾松种质资源的有效保护和科学利用,可为优异基因发掘和新品种选育提供参考。

基于ResNet模型的松材线虫病变色疫木识别方法研究

本文使用配备高分辨率RGB数码相机的无人机,在松林上空捕捉具有高空间分辨率的航空影像,并对获取的可见光正射影像进行高程和地形特征的预处理,提取纹理信息后采用ResNet神经网络进行分类和识别训练。最终,采用深度卷积网络训练的模型对松材线虫病变色疫木进行智能识别。结果显示,平均准确率为92.29%,识别精确率最高可达96.51%,同步验证了基于ResNet模型的松材线虫病变色疫木识别方法研究的可行性,以期为松材线虫病防治提供参考。

Effectiveness of ivermectin mass drug administration in the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections in endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Current soil-transmitted helminth(STH)control guidelines endorse the use of albendazole or meben-dazole for school-based targeted preventive chemotherapy(PC),yet their reduced efficacy against Strongyloides sterc-oralis and Trichuris trichiura presents significant limitations.Emerging evidence indicates that community-wide PC[or mass drug administration(MDA)]using ivermectin,commonly used in other neglected tropical disease(NTD)control programs,may play an important role in controlling these parasites.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of ivermectin PC in reducing STH prevalence in endemic populations.Methods We searched Pubmed,EMBASE,and Web of Science on February 14,2023,for studies that investigated the effectiveness of ivermectin PC,either alone or in combination with other anthelmintic drugs,on STH infec-tions,and provided a measure of STH prevalence before and after PC.We calculated pooled prevalence reductions for each STH using random-effects meta-analyses.Our protocol is available on PROSPERO(registration number CRD42023401219).Results A total of 21 were eligible for the systematic review,of which 15 were eligible for meta-analysis.All studies delivered ivermectin through MDA.The pooled prevalence reduction of S.stercoralis following MDA with ivermec-tin alone was 84.49%(95%CI:54.96-94.66)across five studies and 81.37%(95% CI:61.62-90.96)across seven studies with or without albendazole.The prevalence reduction of T.trichiura was 49.93%(95%CI:18.23-69.34)across five studies with ivermectin alone,and 89.40%(95%CI:73.66-95.73)across three studies with the addition of albendazole.There was high heterogeneity for all syntheses(I^(2)>65%).Conclusions This study underscores the key role of ivermectin-based MDA in addressing limitations in current global STH guidelines in terms of limited efficacy against S.stercoralis and T.trichiura.Based on these findings,revising inter-national STH guidelines to include ivermectin is a promising option to progress the control and eventual elimination ofSTHsandotherNTDs.

奶山羊常见体内寄生虫病及防治

羊是草食动物,以放牧为主要饲养方式,易感染寄生虫并致病。奶山羊妊娠和泌乳期长,而驱虫药一般禁用于妊娠前期和泌乳期。定期或计划驱虫时,要避开妊娠和泌乳期,导致奶山羊寄生虫病更严重。常见的奶山羊体内寄生虫病有消化道线虫病、肺线虫病、脑脊髓丝虫病、绦虫病等。本文重点介绍奶山羊常见的几种体内寄生虫病及预防、治疗措施。

Ancylostoma ceylanicum and other zoonotic canine hookworms:neglected public and animal health risks in the Asia-Pacific region

Zoonotic hookworm infections remain a significant public health problem,causing nearly 500 milion cases globally and approximately four million disability-adjusted life years lost annually.More than one-fth of these cases are attrib-uted to Ancylostoma ceylanicum,an emerging zoonotic health issue in the Asia-Pacific region.This review presents key research gaps regarding the epidemiology,diagnosis,control,prevention and elimination of A.ceylanicum and other canine zoonotic hookworms as neglected health threats.A.ceylanicum is the second most prevalent human hook-worm in the region;it is the most common hookworm among dogs and cats-reservoirs of zoonotic infections.Previous population genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that A.ceylanicum has three possible transmis-sion dynamics:zoonotic,animal-only,and human-only pathways.The actual burden of zoonotic ancylostomiasis in most endemic countries remains unknown due to the use of parasitological techniques(e.g.,Kato-Katz thick smear and floatation techniques)that have reduced diagnostic performance and do not allow accurate species identifica-tion in helminth surveys.The emergence of benzimidazole resistance in soil-transmitted helminths(STHs),includ-ing hookworms,is a concern due to the protracted implementation of mass drug administration(MDA).Resistance is conferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)that occur in theβ-tubulin isotype 1 gene.These mutations have been reported in drug-resistant A.caninum but have not been found in A.ceylanicum in the field.A.ceylanicum remains understudied in the Asia-Pacific region.The zoonotic nature of the parasite warrants investigation of its occur-rence in human and animal reservoir hosts to understand the dynamics of zoonotic transmission in different endemic foci.The detection of benzimidazole resistance-associated SNPs in zoonotic hookworms from Asia-Pacific countries has yet to be thoroughly explored.Considering the high level of hookworm endemicity in the region,the circulation of resistant isolates between humans and animals potentially presents a significant One Health threat that can under-mine current MDA and proposed animal deworming-based control efforts.

2016—2022年山东省临沂市农村土源性线虫病感染状况调查

目的 了解临沂市2016—2022年土源性线虫病感染现状,为制定有针对性的防治策略和措施提供依据。方法 每个监测点采集1 000份粪便样本,采用改良加藤厚涂片法和透明胶纸肛拭法检测,计算土源性线虫感染率。采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,感染率的差异比较采用χ^(2)检验。结果 2016—2022年临沂市土源性线虫监测点共调查16 361人,总感染率为2.15%(352/16 361)。土源性线虫感染率在不同县区、年龄组、职业、文化程度之间均存在显著差异(P<0.001)。结论 临沂市农村土源性线虫病人群感染率总体呈下降趋势,农村60岁人群以上老年人和学龄前儿童是土源性线虫防控的重点人群。

安徽省松材线虫病生态环境影响评价

为探讨松材线虫病生态环境影响评价,本文在掌握安徽省松材线虫病分布情况的基础上,以2021年为研究基准年,设置多项指标,就松材线虫病对生态环境的影响进行定性分析和定量评估。结果表明,2021年松材线虫病对安徽省生态环境影响价值损失为25.69亿元。比照2021年安徽省GDP和林业行业社会总产值,松材线虫病对安徽省生态环境影响的价值分别占前两者的0.060%和0.505%,可见其对安徽省生态环境以及可持续发展均有一定影响。

泾县松材线虫病防治现状及防控对策

本文介绍了安徽省泾县松材线虫病的防治现状及采取的防治措施,分析了防治过程中存在的问题,并从强化风险排查与治理同步开展,落实松材线虫病防治各方责任、建立联动监管机制,强化科技创新、解决关键技术难题等方面提出了防控建议。

金寨县松材线虫病防控存在的问题及防控对策

松材线虫病被称为松树“癌症”,是造成松林毁灭性的一种灾害,防控工作至关重要。通过对六安市金寨县松材线虫病防控工作现状的分析,总结该县防控工作中经验做法和存在的主要问题,并针对性地提出防控对策,以期为该县防控工作提供参考。

江苏省肠道线虫病防治效果分析

目的评估化疗对防治肠道线虫病的效果，并为制定下阶段防治对策提供依据。方法在全国首次人体寄生虫分布调查中签县（市）分层抽样，采用相同的方法调查人群感染率；收集驱虫服药、社会经济等资料进行分析。结果人群肠道线虫总感染率、蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫和蛲虫感染率分别由防治前的59．32％、39．51％、21.80％、27．30％和36．08％下降为3．01％、0．83％、1．07％、1．31％和2．78％。苏南、苏中和苏北3个区域感染率分别下降了96．96％、97．65％和91．43％。全省1994～2005年共驱虫服药8390万人次，人均服药1．40次。苏南、苏中和苏北人均服药0．97、2．03、和1．26次。苏中地区服药率最高，感染率下降幅度最大。结论服药驱虫对降低人群肠道线虫感染率有十分显著的效果，今后要加强对重点地区和高危人群的防治，对不同感染率地区采取分类指导的防治措施。

肠线虫感染低度流行区的目标化疗

目的 探讨肠道线虫病低度流行区的防治措施。 方法 自 1 995年根据流行区人群肠道线虫感染的年龄及临床症状等流行病学特点 ,在江苏省江都市吴堡乡 3个试点村中 ,每年每村选择 2 0 0人左右作为高危人群采取目标化疗 ,以阿苯达唑和甲苯达唑各 2 0 0mg顿服 ,每年 1次连续 3年。次年化疗前在村民中抽样粪检 1次 ,末次治疗 3年后再复查 1次。以饱和盐水漂浮法和定量透明法粪检结果评价疗效。 结果 3个试点村居民肠道线虫感染率由1 995年的 6 .2 %降至 1 996年的 5 .4 %和 1 997年的 3 .2 % ,2 0 0 0年复查感染率为 2 .3 %。对照村仅对小学生化疗每年 1次连续 5年 ,蛔虫和鞭虫的感染率分别由 1 995年的 1 .4 %和 4 .2 %降至 2 0 0 0年的 0 .9%和 1 .4 % ,钩虫感染率下降不明显。钩虫易感人群的目标化疗结果表明 ,41岁以上人群感染率由 1 995年的 1 9.4 %降至 2 0 0 0年的 1 0 .9%。 结论 在肠道线虫低度流行区 。

乙酰氨基阿维菌素浇泼剂对奶牛线虫病的疗效试验

为探索治疗奶牛线虫病疗效好、方便、对奶牛应激反应小的药物和剂型,将乙酰氨基阿维菌素研制成2种配方的浇泼剂,即配方Ⅰ和配方Ⅱ。在同一个奶牛小区将37头自然感染线虫病的奶牛分为8个组:配方Ⅰ低剂量组(0.05 mL/kg)、配方Ⅰ中剂量组(0.10 mL/kg)、配方Ⅰ高剂量组(0.20 mL/kg);配方Ⅱ低剂量组(0.05 mL/kg)、配方Ⅱ中剂量组(0.10 mL/kg)、配方Ⅱ高剂量组(0.20 mL/kg);进口伊维菌素浇泼剂对照组;空白对照组。除药物对照组2头奶牛外,其余每组5头奶牛。在投药前和投药后d7、d14、d21、d28、d35、d42、d49、d56、d63采集试验奶牛粪便检测线虫和前后盘吸虫虫卵数量。结果显示,投药后d7,6个试验组和1个药物对照组的奶牛粪便中线虫虫卵全部转阴,这表明研制的乙酰氨基阿维菌素配方Ⅰ和配方Ⅱ的低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组对奶牛的线虫病治疗具有很好效果。

新型药剂线蛟清对柞蚕线虫病的防治效果

柞蚕线虫病是危害柞蚕生产的主要病害之一。为了避免长期使用单一药剂防治柞蚕线虫病给柞蚕生产带来的潜在危机,从10种线虫防治药剂中筛选出了新型药剂线蛟清。以0.108 00%、0.054 00%、0.021 67%和0.016 25%线蛟清药液喷洒的药叶饲喂柞蚕,对柞蚕寄生线虫病的防治效果均达100%,但前2种浓度的药液可导致柞蚕慢性中毒。给柞蚕全龄添食0.016 25%线蛟清药液喷洒的药叶,其结茧率和全茧量与清水对照没有显著差异,且子代的产卵量、孵化率、收蚁结茧率、全茧量及茧层率均与清水对照差异不显著。喷洒0.016 25%线蛟清药液0.5 h后人工降水20~25 mm,用药叶给柞蚕添食的防效仍达到100%,正常情况下该浓度药液的持效期达35 d,柞蚕被线虫寄生8 d内,连续4 d取食药叶,可全部杀死寄生于体内的线虫。试验结果表明：0.016 25%线蛟清药液对柞蚕线虫病具有显著的防治效果,药液喷洒后的内吸性好,药效持续时间较长,对柞蚕的安全性好。

青海省西宁市人体肠道线虫现状调查

[目的]根据《全国重要人体寄生虫现状调查实施细则》要求,通过对西宁市仓门街、韵家口及陶家寨3个点的土源性线虫感染情况进行调查,了解西宁市土源性线虫感染现状。[方法]用改良加藤厚涂片法对3个调查点采集的粪便进行虫卵检测,同时采用透明胶带肛拭法对12岁以下儿童进行蛲虫检测。[结果]本次调查应检2916人,实检2575人,受检率为88.31%。共查见寄生虫5种。寄生虫感染者203人,总感染率为7.88%。以蛔虫的感染率最高(7.81%)。韵家口村的总感染率(11.30%)高于陶家寨村(7.55%)和仓门街(1.20%)。男、女寄生虫感染率分别为7.30%和8.80%。各年龄组均有蛔虫感染,其中以5岁年龄组最高,10岁年龄组和15岁年龄组次之。各民族总感染率间则无差异。西宁地区肠道线虫的感染存在职业性差异,以学生和学龄前儿童的感染率为最高。12岁以下儿童的蛲虫感染用肛拭法检查儿童388人,蛲虫感染率为3.35%。[结论]西宁市肠道线虫感染情况严重,需进一步加强卫生宣传教育。改善环境卫生,提高个人防病意识。

低感染地区肠线虫病与社会、经济因素关系的研究

在肠线虫低感染地区的江苏省江都吴堡乡5个自然村，对居民粪检线虫卵阳性及阴性者各150人进行有关社会、经济因素的问卷调查，并进行影响肠线虫病传播和控制的有关社会、经济因素的单因素分析。结果，45岁以上居民感染率高于45岁以下居民；且初中及以上文化程度者感染率低于未受教育者；经济状况好者、已进行粪管改厕者、接受过健康教育者、家庭卫生状况好者感染率均较低；接受过健康教育者比未接受健康教育者预防知识拥有量多、信念态度强、卫生习惯好。结果提示：在肠线虫低感染地区，其感染受文化、经济状况、知识、信念态度、行为、环境卫生、粪管改厕、健康教育等社会、经济因素的影响。

肠道线虫病现场防治研究

经对肠道线虫病现场防治研究，结果为单纯普治试点乡（淮阳）经１９９１～１９９３年连续３年冬季普治抽检人群防治后，钩虫、鞭虫感染率下降显著，分别由１９９１年的１４．６％和８．０％下降为１９９５年的１．２％和０．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。蛔虫、蛲虫感染率下降幅度较小，分别由１９９１年的２９．６％和２７．８％下降为１９９５年的２６．２％和１３．０％。土壤和水样中虫卵和钩蚴污染率亦明显下降。综合防治试点乡（项城）防治后蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫感染率呈逐年下降态势，防治前与防治后（至１９９５年）各年间同种虫感染率有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。防治前蛔虫、钩虫和鞭虫感染率分别为３５．２％、７．２％和２．９％，至１９９５年分别降至７．１％、０．２％和０．５％。土壤和水样中虫卵和钩蚴污染率亦明显下降。但蛲虫感染率无明显下降。结果表明，冬季全民普治对钩虫、鞭虫感染有良好的防治效果，对蛔虫、蛲虫感染防治效果较差；而综合防治可弥补前者的不足。