Analysis of Heavy Metal Sources for Vegetable Soils from Shandong Province, China

Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils has serious negative influence on human health. Concentrations of Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni in top soils （0-20 cm） of greenhouses and farmlands from four main vegetable production areas Shouguang, Laiyang, Jinxiang, and Zhangqiu in Shandong Province, one of the most rapidly developing regions in China, were measured in this study. Shouguang is mainly occupied by greenhouse vegetables and the other three areas are mainly open field culture. Total of 149 soil samples were collected. The average concentrations of the eight heavy metals of the tested 149 soil samples were all below the threshold values according to ＂Farmland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products （HJ332-2006）＂ of China. However, most of the studied heavy metals were present at higher concentrations than those of the natural background levels in local agricultural soils. Among the total 149 soil samples, 22 samples were contaminated by Cd, Ni, Cu, or Hg. Comparisons showed that the main pollution element in greenhouse vegetable soils was Cd, while that of open field vegetable soils was Cu. The results of principal components analysis （PCA） suggested that concentrations of Cr, As, and Ni were mainly controlled by parent rocks; Hg and Pb were affected by anthropogenic activities such as vehicle and industrial fumes and waste water irrigation. Meanwhile, concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn were affected mainly by the use of agrochemicals. Most of the heavy metals were positively correlated with each other in concentration. Appropriate measures should be taken to effectively control heavy metal levels in vegetable soils and thus protect human health.

Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China

Heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province were monitored to indicate the status of heavy metal contamination and assess environmental quality of agricultural soils. A total of 908 soil samples were collected from 38 counties in Zbejiang Province and eight heavy metal （Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Ni and As） concentrations had been evaluated in agricultural soil. It was found 775 samples were unpolluted and 133 samples were slightly polluted and more respectively, that is approximately 14.65% agricultural soil samples had the heavy metal concentration above the threshold level in this province by means of Nemerow＇s synthetical pollution index method according to the second grade of Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of China （GB15618- 1995）. Contamination of Cd was the highest, followed by Ni, As and Zn were lower correspondingly. Moreover, Inverse Distance Weighted （IDW） interpolation method was used to make an assessment map of soil environmental quality based on the Nemerow＇s pollution index and the soil environmental quality was categorized into five grades. Moreover, ten indices were calculated as input parameters for principal component analysis （PCA） and the principal components （PCs） were created to compare environmental quality of different soils and regions. The results revealed that environmental quality of tea soils was better than that of paddy soils, vegetable soils and fruit soils. This study indicated that GIS combined with multivariate statistical approaches proved to be effective and powerful tool in the mapping of soil contamination distribution and the assessment of soil environmental quality on provincial scale, which is beneficial to environmental protection and management decision-making by local government.

Evaluation on environmental quality for heavy metal elements of Xihe soil

According to "Environmental quality standard for soil" and using As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb,Zn elements as evaluation index,the author evaluated soil environmental quality in Xihe area of Shenyang.The results show that the soil in Xihe area is polluted rifely by heavy metal elements.The polluted areas are mainly distributed near the upstreams of Xihe River,Shenxin River and Shenliao irrigation canal.There exist large distinctions among the heavy metal elements to the pollution degree.Cd pollution area is the biggest and the most serious in pollution degree.

Review of Soil Environmental Contamination Caused by Heavy Metals from Electronic Wastes

The reports about soil environmental contamination from heavy metals in electronic wastes were reviewed. The production, sources and disposition of electronic wastes were introduced. The negative impacts of electronic wastes on the environment were analyzed, and soil pollution from electronic wastes in several typical districts were discussed and summarized.

Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Soil and Stream Sediment in Panzhihua Mining and Smelting Area,Southwestern China

Mining and smelting activities are the main causes for the in creasing pollution of heavy metals in soil, water body and stream sediment. An e nvironmental geochemical investigation was carried out in and around the Panzhih ua mining and smelting area to determine the extent of chemical contamination in soil and sediment. The main objective of this study was to investigate the envi ronmental geochemistry of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn and As in soil and sediment and to assess the degree of pollution in the study area. The data of heavy metal concentrations reveal that soils and sediments in the area have been slightly c ontaminated. Geochemical maps of I\-\{geo\} of each heavy metal show that the co ntaminated sites are located in V-Ti-magnetite sloping and smelting, gangues d am. The pollution sources of the selected elements come mainly from dusts result ant from mining activities and other three-waste-effluents. The area needs to be monitored regularly for trace metal, especially heavy metal enrichment.

Comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal contamination of sediment in Lake Dianchi by using modified AHP method and ^(137)Cs dating

Through the use of general sampling and measurement by ^(137)Cs dating,problems regarding the absence of monitoring data can easily be resolved.Further,weighted values need to be determined while Environment Quality Comprehensive Index(EQCI)is commonly used as applied in environmental quality comprehensive evaluation.In order to overcome the subjectivity in determining weights,the modified Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP)method was designed.The modified AHP method involved the following key procedures:First,the parameters y_(i1) and y_(i2) were calculated based on the monitoring data;second,the factors were put in order according to the symbol and value of y_(i1) and y_(i2);third,the continuous odd integers,which represented the importance of factors,were given to factors according to their seating order;and,fourth,the factor weights were determined from the pair-wise comparison matrix calculated by the ratio of the given odd integers.Therefore,the weights were completely based on the monitoring data.In the present study,the comprehensive quality of sediments in five sections of Lake Dianchi were evaluated and the results indicated that the current contamination of sediments in each lake section is much more serious than at any other time in history.

Impact of Urbanization on Shanghai's Soil Environmental Quality

Heavy metal contents in the soils in the Baoshan District of Shanghai were monitored to evaluate the risk of soil environmental quality degradation due to rapid urbanization and to reveal the ways of heavy metal accumulation in soil during rapid urban sprawl. It was found that the soils in this district were commonly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd. Evaluated with a geo-accumulation index (Igeo), the rate of Pb contamination in soils was 100% with 59% of these graded as moderate-severe or severe; Zn contamination reached 59% with 6% graded as moderate-severe or severe; and Cd contamination was over 50%, with one site graded as moderate-severe and another severe-extremely severe. Metal contamination of soils around the Shanghai metropolis was mainly attributed to traffic, industrial production, wastewater irrigation and improper disposal of solid wastes. Because of continuing urbanization, the cultivated land around the metropolis should be comprehensively planned and carefully managed. Also the soil environmental quality of vegetable production bases in this area should be monitored regularly, with vegetables to be grown selected according to the degrees and types of soil contamination.

土壤环境基准的科学问题与研究方法:以Cd为例

土壤环境基准是土壤环境质量标准制定的科学依据和基础。环境基准是土壤环境保护研究的前沿领域,涉及土壤环境化学、环境毒理学、生物学和风险评估等多学科交叉与基础性科学问题,了解和解决其所涉及的这些科学问题,是土壤环境基准研究的前提。本文针对土壤环境基准研究中影响重金属毒性阈值的非生物因子、生物因子、剂量效应关系测定中等几个关键科学问题进行了阐述,包括土壤老化因子与淋洗因子的矫正,低剂量刺激效应拟合及毒性数据归一化方法等,最后以农田土壤Cd为例,推导出不同性质土壤中Cd环境基准(HC_(5))及其与土壤性质的连续性分布曲线方程(LogHC_(5)=0.132pH+0.083OC+0.008CEC-1.448),以期为农田土壤环境指标基准的研究提供参考与借鉴。

凤垟乡稻田土壤重金属污染评价及其来源

以泰顺县凤垟乡稻田土壤为研究对象,采集了6个种植区域站位点的土壤,通过电感耦合等离子质谱仪法测定了土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Ni含量,并采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和地累积指数法对研究区域稻田土壤的污染程度进行了分析。结果表明:稻田土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr和Ni的平均含量分别为11.35、26.75、0.29、57.92、23.92、14.35 mg·kg^(-1)。通过单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数和地累积指数法评价后,表明6个站位点均为无污染状态。通过与农用地土壤风险筛选值比对,所调查的稻田土壤重金属含量均值均小于对应的农用地土壤风险筛选值。

我国农用地土壤重金属污染防治标准体系现状及展望

标准体系建设是实施土壤污染防治与农产品安全保障的重要保障.该文系统分析了我国农用地土壤环境质量管理发展历程,总结了土壤重金属污染控制标准体系的最新进展.在总结发达国家与国际组织关于农用地土壤重金属污染控制标准建设经验的基础上,分析我国标准体系当前所面临的问题及挑战,并提出本土化规划发展与完善建议,以期为我国农用地土壤重金属污染防范及风险阻控提供经验借鉴.该文将我国标准的建设历程大致总结为初识探索、质量管理、污染控制与风险管控4个阶段,初步形成了以法律、法规与国家政策为指导,国家、行业、地方与团体标准为基本框架,污染防治与农产品安全保障为总体原则的多维度、层次化、全链条污染防控标准体系.针对现行标准体系有待完善的内容,未来可通过应用导向与前瞻引领的顶层设计,强化农用地土壤重金属污染防治标准体系建设的科学规划和整体布局,满足适合我国不同阶段的农用地土壤环境管理需求,为深入打好净土保卫战提供理论基础和标准支撑.

海南琼中岩-土体系重金属迁移特征及表土环境质量评价

地球关键带和土壤重金属污染是当今研究的前沿与热点,岩-土体系是地球关键带的重要组成部分。目前海南岛针对不同成壤母质岩-土体系的详细研究较少,并且重金属亟需基于新标准进行评价。为了查清岩-土体系中重金属元素迁移特征及污染状况,本文以海南岛琼中3个土壤垂向剖面及7115件表层土壤样品为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法(ICP-MS/OES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)等分析方法,测定岩石和土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg共8种重金属元素含量,利用土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态危害指数法定量评价了表层土壤样品重金属污染状况及生态风险。结果表明,①海南岛琼中二长花岗岩岩-土体系中,不同重金属元素表现出明显的分异特征,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd元素以亏损为主,As元素以富集为主,Hg元素则表现出不同的富集或亏损特征,As、Hg元素尤其富集在表层。②琼中绝大多数表层土壤中重金属元素含量低于土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,土壤污染风险低。③以琼中和海南岛背景值为评价标准时,应关注Cr、Ni和As污染以及Hg、As和Cd的生态危害。以土壤环境质量为评价标准时,研究区表层土壤的环境质量总体清洁,生态风险较弱。

无机材料固化镉铅镍污染土的环境效应及失稳机制

固化污染土的环境效应是废土二次应用过程中需研究的工程问题。以镉、铅、镍污染土为研究对象,通过固化率指标初筛适宜固化材料配比,模拟干湿循环、长期浸水、高温、冻融循环环境,以浸出毒性指标评价水泥、水泥+粉煤灰、石灰固化后土体的环境效应,并结合微观形态及重金属形态分析,评价失稳机制。结果表明:无机材料可将土中重金属的固化率提高至90%以上,8%的石灰适用于镉污染土的固化,32%+8%的水泥+粉煤灰适用于铅及镍污染土的固化。水环境(干湿、浸水)条件下固化污染土均不存在环境风险,其浸出毒性均低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3-2007)中的限值;但无机材料固化污染土对温度(高温、冻融)敏感,特别是水泥、水泥+粉煤灰固化污染土,在温度超过70℃时的浸出毒性超过标准中限值,在冻融循环5~7次时接近标准限值。高温会促使重金属赋存形态从稳定态向非稳定态转化,冻融循环会破坏重金属-固化产物体系的结构。无机材料固化重金属污染土的应用需要考虑环境温度的影响。

南方典型稻田土壤-水稻系统环境质量评价

为研究南方典型区域稻田土壤-水稻系统中重金属含量,采集江西省进贤县、金溪县、渝水区、高安市、安福县和兴国县6个水稻主产区典型田块土壤、水稻和灌溉水,重点分析土壤和水稻铅、镉、砷和汞含量及其土壤养分,并采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合指数对土壤-水稻系统中重金属含量进行评价。结果表明:研究区稻田土壤pH、有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾总均值分别为5.48、32.99 g/kg、2.06 g/kg、0.54 g/kg、16.04 g/kg、156.71 mg/kg、14.00 mg/kg和94.98 mg/kg。研究区土壤铅、镉、砷和汞含量总均值分别为35.46、0.18、7.21、0.17 mg/kg,单因子污染指数均小于1,内梅罗综合污染指数为0.56,土壤环境质量等级为清洁;但渝水土壤镉含量为0.37 mg/kg,超过限量标准(0.30 mg/kg),土壤环境质量属于警戒状态。研究区糙米铅、镉、砷和汞的含量总均值分别为0.06、0.17、0.24、0.0086 mg/kg,单因子污染指数均小于1,内梅罗综合污染指数均值为0.77,糙米环境质量等级为警戒限;但兴国和渝水糙米镉含量分别为0.22、0.35mg/kg,均超过限量标准(0.20 mg/kg),环境质量等级分别为警戒限和轻度污染。相关性表明,糙米镉与土壤镉和铅呈显著正相关,而与土壤砷呈显著负相关;糙米砷与土壤砷和有效磷呈显著正相关。总之,重金属镉是调查区域水稻安全性最主要的潜在污染元素,需重点关注兴国和渝水两地水稻食品安全。

我国污染场地风险管理制度地方标准规范的分析与展望

我国在土壤环境质量及污染场地风险筛选管理制度的立法上遵循“地方—国家—地方”路线,随着国家标准及技术规范体系的基本完善和土壤修复市场的快速发展,“十四五”期间我国地方污染场地风险筛选管理的立法进程大大加速。本文调研了2019~2023年间我国发布的污染场地风险筛选管理相关的省级或市级标准文件,包括土壤环境质量标准(筛选值)、技术规范、指导性文件3大类别。通过对比地方标准文件对国家标准或技术规范的补充规定,从土壤环境质量标准、风险评估程序、检测结果的统计分析3方面总结了现行地方标准立法的要点。基于现行地方标准文件的立法原则和方向,可为新时代下污染场地精细化风险评估、新污染物治理等方面的国家与地方立法提供参考。

茶树枝生物质炭对农田土壤肥力与水稻镉吸收和转运的影响

开展受污染耕地治理技术探索,是确保耕地合理利用与缓解资源紧张的重要措施。该研究以茶树枝进行生物质炭烧制,在镉污染稻田中通过设置3种不同用量(3000、6000和9000 kg·hm^(-2))茶树枝生物质炭开展田间试验,探究茶树枝生物质炭对稻田土壤养分、有效态镉、水稻生长与镉吸收和转运的影响,结果表明,中用量生物质炭处理千粒重、株高、产量与空白对照处理相比分别增加5.04%、9.00%和3.77%,籽粒镉含量下降46.67%,显著降低镉在水稻体内的富集和转运系数。同时土壤pH值增加0.23,有机质含量、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量分别增加11.41%、13.77%、8.28%、40.94%,土壤有效态镉含量下降13.04%。综合来看,采取茶树枝生物质炭6000 kg·hm^(-2)用量时,能够实现水稻增产与降镉,同步提升土壤肥力的目标,可作为安全利用技术措施进行推广应用。

长三角地区环境水文地质特征及其对重金属污染物迁移的影响

基于大量勘察资料和文献调研,对长三角典型水文地质特征及地层分布特征进行了分析,在此基础上对长三角土壤—地下水系统典型地层组合进行归纳总结,并分析其对重金属污染迁移的影响。研究结果表明:长三角的环境水文地质分区以平原区为主,面积占比达49.2%,地下水类型以孔隙水为主,其次为以基岩裂隙水为主的低山—丘陵区,面积占比为36.2%,而以孔隙裂隙水及孔隙岩溶水为主的丘陵平原区的面积占比为14.6%。典型地层组合可概化为4类,其中:组合A中饱和带以高渗透性土层为主,对流弥散作用强,土壤吸附能力弱,重金属易随地下水流动迁移;组合B中饱和带高/低渗透性土层交互,重金属易在高渗透性土层中迁移,不易在低渗透性土层中迁移;组合C中饱和带以低渗透性土层为主,对流弥散作用较弱,重金属易被土壤吸附,不易迁移;组合D中饱和带以破碎基岩为主,且基岩埋藏较浅,重金属迁移与包气带厚度及介质类型和基岩岩性及破碎程度等因素有关。研究结果可为长三角土壤重金属污染防治提供一定的理论依据。

利用腐殖酸改良技术修复铅污染土壤的效果评价

为评估腐殖酸盐改良技术在修复重金属污染土壤中的效果及其机理,通过对上海市某处铅污染农田土壤进行实验,使用腐殖酸作为吸附剂,设计了8个试验组,包括7个处理组和1个对照组,以探讨不同处理浓度和条件下对土壤中铅含量及土壤性质的影响。实验结果显示,腐殖酸改良剂对土壤pH值的影响有限,但对电导率和铅含量有显著影响。粉煤灰(FM)和腐殖酸组合(H1、H2)处理在减少铅污染土壤中铅的淋溶方面表现出较好的效果。未来的研究应进一步探索腐殖酸盐对不同类型和浓度重金属污染土壤的修复效果,以及其在不同环境条件下的稳定性和生态影响。

Study on the proposed environmental guidelines for Cd, Hg, Pb and As in soil of China

This paper deals with the soil-environmental standard. According to the current situation of researching on the soil-environmental quality guideline at home and abroad, and on the basis of the foundations and principles of enacting the soil-environmental standard, the soil environment quality guideline values of Hg, Cd, Pb and As were suggested.

某页岩气开发场地重金属污染风险分析

为探究页岩气开发不同阶段对开发场地土壤中重金属含量的影响,以长宁区块某平台为例,监测开发过程中场地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的质量比变化,并对其分布特征评价。结果表明:页岩气开发各阶段场地土壤中重金属元素As的超标率最高达到了76.92%,页岩气开发对场地土壤中重金属Hg、Cd、As质量比变化影响程度相对较大;部分采样点土壤受重金属元素Cd与Hg影响存在中等生态危害风险,但场地内土壤重金属的综合生态风险指数RI平均值为70.357<150,仍有0.67%的比例存在中等生态危害风险;4.35%采样点土壤中因重金属元素As影响为中度污染风险,场地内土壤重金属的综合污染指数P的平均值为0.880,但1.35%采样点的土壤为中度污染风险。因此页岩气开发场地内土壤重金属存在一定的污染风险,为避免页岩气开发过程对场地土壤的污染,应加强重点区域防控与措施整改降低页岩气开发过程对场地土壤的污染风险,减少页岩气开采对资源地环境的影响。