Study on the Allelopathic Effects of Alien Invasive Species Cenchrus echinatus on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Solanaceae Crops

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the potential ecological dam- ages of alien invasive species Cenchrus echinatus. [Method] By using seed germi- nation method, the effects of different concentrations of C. echinatus aqueous extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of three Solanaceae crops were investigated. [Result] After incubated for 5 d, no significant differences were observed in germination speed indices of Lycopersicum esculentum seeds between aqueous extract groups and control groups; germination speed indices of Solarium melongena seeds were significantly reduced with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts; however, Capsicum frutescens seeds in various groups were not germinated. After incubated for 7 d, root lengths of Lycopersicum esculentum seedlings were inhibited with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts, while stem lengths and comprehensive allelopathic effects were promoted; germination rates of Solanum melongena seeds in various groups were all significantly lower than control groups; root length, stem length and comprehen- sive allelopathic effects in higher concentration groups were inhibited; germination rates of Capsicum frutescens seeds were significantly inhibited, and those in the highest concentration group were not generated. After incubated for 14 d, all indica- tors of Solanum melongena were significantly inhibited; various indicators of Capsicum frutescens in the highest concentration group were significantly inhibited. [Conclusion] The sensitivity of three Solanaceae crops to Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts presented an overall order of Solanum melongena 〉 Capsicum frutescens 〉 Lycopersicum esculentum, suggesting that Cenchrus echinatus can to some extent inhibit the growth of several crops, which should be strictly prevented and controlled in agricultural production.

Biogeographic diversification in Nolana(Solanaceae),a ubiquitous member of the Atacama and Peruvian Deserts along the western coast of South America

The present paper reconstructs the biogeographic diversification for Nolana L.f. （Solanaceae）, a genus of 89 endemic species largely restricted to fog-dependent desert lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile. Previous efforts have reconstructed a phylogenetic estimate for Nolana using a combination of molecular markers. Herein, we expand on those results to examine hypotheses of biogeographic origins and diversification patterns. Nolana occupies habitats within a continuous coastal desert and forms a terrestrial archipelago of discrete ＂islands＂ unique in size, topography, and species composition. Each locality contains at least one Nolana species and many contain multiple species in sympatry. The genus has a Chilean origin, with the basal clades confined to Chile with wide geographic and ecological distributions. Peru contains two strongly supported clades, suggesting two introductions with subsequent radiation. A Chilean clade of shrubby, small-flowered species appears to have had its origins from the same ancestors of the second line that radiated in Peru and northern Chile. Nolana galapagensis is endemic to the Islas Galapagos, with origins traced to Peruvian taxa with a divergence time of 0.35 mya. Rates of diversification over the past 4.02 mya in Nolana, in one of the driest habitats on Earth, suggest rapid adaptive radiation in several clades. Success in Nolana may be attributed to characters that confer a competitive advantage in unpredictable and water-dependent environments, such as succulent leaf anatomy and ecophysiology, and the reproductive mericarp unique to Nolana. The processes affecting or shaping the biota of western South America are discussed.

Plastid phylogenomics and biogeography of the medicinal plant lineage Hyoscyameae(Solanaceae)

The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae,which originated and first diversified in South America,is economically important.The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World;Hyoscyameae genera are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia,and have centers of species diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent regions.Although many phylogenetic studies have focused on Solanaceae,the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Hyoscyameae and its biogeographic history remain obscure.In this study,we reconstructed the phylogeny of Hyoscyameae based on whole chloroplast genome data,and estimated lineage divergence times according to the newly reported fruit fossil from the Eocene Patagonia,Physalis infinemundi,the earliest known fossil of Solanaceae.We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of Hyoscyameae that reveals the berry fruit-type Atropa is sister to the six capsule-bearing genera(Hyoscyameae sensu stricto),Atropanthe is sister to the clade(Scopolia,Physochlaina,Przewalskia),and together they are sister to the robustly supported AnisoduseHyoscyamus clade.The stem age of Hyoscyameae was inferred to be in the Eocene(47.11 Ma,95%HPD:36.75e57.86 Ma),and the crown ages of Hyoscyameae sensu stricto were estimated as the early Miocene(22.52 Ma,95%HPD:15.19e30.53 Ma),which shows a close correlation with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.Our results provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships and the history of the biogeographic diversification of the tribe Hyoscyameae,as well as plant diversification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The impact of tandem duplication on gene evolution in Solanaceae species

Whole genome duplication(WGD) and tandem duplication(TD) are important modes of gene amplification and functional innovation, and they are common in plant genome evolution. We analyzed the genomes of three Solanaceae species(Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, and Petunia inflata), which share a common distant ancestor with Vitis vinifera, Theobroma cacao, and Coffea canephora but have undergone an extra whole genome triplication(WGT) event. The analysis was used to investigate the phenomenon of tandem gene evolution with(S. lycopersicum) or without WGT(V. vinifera). Among the tandem gene arrays in these genomes, we found that V. vinifera, which has not experienced the WGT event, retained relatively more and larger tandem duplicated gene(TDG) clusters than the Solanaceae species that experienced the WGT event. Larger TDG clusters tend to be derived from older TD events, so this indicates that continuous TDGs(absolute dosage) accumulated during long-term evolution. In addition, WGD and TD show a significant bias in the functional categories of the genes retained. WGD tends to retain dose-sensitive genes related to biological processes, including DNA-binding and transcription factor activity, while TD tends to retain genes involved in stress resistance. WGD and TD also provide more possibilities for gene functional innovation through gene fusion and fission. The TDG cluster containing the tomato fusarium wilt resistance gene I3 contains 15 genes, and one of these genes, Solyc07g055560, has undergone a fusion event after the duplication events. These data provide evidence that helps explain the new functionalization of TDGs in adapting to environmental changes.

Tandem repetitions in transcriptomes of some Solanaceae species

Characterization of occurrence, density and motif sequence of tandem repeats in the transcribed regions is helpful in understanding the functional significance of these repeats in the modern genomes. We analyzed tandem repeats present in expressed sequences of thirteen species belonging to genera Capsicum, Nicotiana, Petunia and Solanum of family Solanaceae and the genus Coffea of Rubiaceae to investigate the propagation and evolutionary sustenance of these repeats. Tandem repeat containing sequences constituted 1.58% to 7.46% of sequences analyzed. Tandem repetitions of size 2, 15, 18 and 21 bp motifs were more frequent. Repeats with unit sizes 21 and 22 bp were also abundant in genomic sequences of potato and tomato. While mutations occurring in these repeats may alter the repeat number, genomes adjust to these changes by keeping the translated products unaffected. Surprisingly, in majority of the species under study, tandem repeat motif length did not exceed 228 bp. Conserved tandem repeat motifs of sizes 180, 192 and 204 bp were also abundant in the genomic sequences. Our observations lead us to propose that these tandem repeats are actually remnants of ancestral megasatellite repeats, which have split into multiple repeats due to frequent insertions over the course of evolution.

Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory and Sedative Effects of Leaf Aqueous Extract of Withania somnifera （L.） Dunal （Solanaceae）in Rats and Mice

The use of medicinal plants in South Africa is cultural. Withania somnifera is one of the medicinal plants used to treat various ailments in the country. The plant species has been used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat inflammation and painful conditions like rheumatism. It is also known to be used as a sedative and hypnotic drug. Despite the claims, there is no information in literature to corroborate the therapeutic success of Withania somnifera in the treatment of inflammation and insomnia. The study, therefore, investigated the anti-inflammatory and central nervous system depressant activities of the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species in mice and rats. Fresh leaves of W. somnifera were collected from Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South Africa, authenticated by a taxonomist and a voucher specimen （UWC 005） deposited in the University＇s Herbarium. Leaf aqueous extract was prepared using standard extraction methods. The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used to determine the anti-inflammatory effects while pentobarbitone-induced sleep and locomotor activity tests were used to evaluate the sedative effect of the plant species. Phytochemical qualitative analysis, acute toxicity and HPLC studies of the plant species were also carried out using standard methods. The phytochemical qualitative analysis carried out on the dried powdered leaves of W. somnifera showed the presence of saponins, tannins and triterpene steroids. Leaf aqueous extract of IV. somnifera （100-200 mg/kg IP） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice in a dose dependant manner. Diazepam （0.5 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice. The doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg （i.p.） of the plant species and 0.5 mg/kg （i.p.） of diazepam significantly reduced the locomotor activity of mice. Leaf aqueous extract of the plant species （50-200 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced the oedema produced by carrageenan （1%） in rats over 90 min period of testing. Indomethacin （20 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced carrageenan （1%）-induced oedema in rats over 120 min period of testing. The LDs0 value obtained for the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species following inter-peritoneal injection was 1,600 mg/kg while that following oral administration was probably over 4,000 mg/kg. The HPLC finger-print of the aqueous extract showed distinct peaks at the following retention times 2.977, 3.594, 4.154, 4.406, 4.660 and 15.267 min. The results obtained show that leaf aqueous extract of W. somnifera has both sedative and anti-inflammatory effects.

Nuclear phylogeny and insights into wholegenome duplications and reproductive development of Solanaceae plants

Solanaceae,the nightshade family,have2700 species,including the important crops potato and tomato,ornamentals,and medicinal plants.Several sequenced Solanaceae genomes show evidence for wholegenome duplication(WGD),providing an excellent opportunity to investigate WGD and its impacts.Here,we generated 93 transcriptomes/genomes and combined them with 87 public datasets,for a total of 180 Solanaceae species representing all four subfamilies and 14 of 15 tribes.Nearly 1700 nuclear genes from these transcriptomic/genomic datasets were used to reconstruct a highly resolved Solanaceae phylogenetic tree with six major clades.The Solanaceae tree supports four previously recognized subfamilies(Goetzeioideae,Cestroideae,Nicotianoideae,and Solanoideae)and the designation of three other subfamilies(Schizanthoideae,Schwenckioideae,and Petunioideae),with the placement of several previously unassigned genera.We placed a Solanaceae-specific whole-genome triplication(WGT1)at81 million years ago(mya),before the divergence of Schizanthoideae from other Solanaceae subfamilies at73 mya.In addition,we detected two gene duplication bursts(GDBs)supporting proposed WGD events and four other GDBs.An investigation of the evolutionary histories of homologs of carpel and fruit developmental genes in 14 gene(sub)families revealed that 21 gene clades have retained gene duplicates.These were likely generated by the Solanaceae WGT1 and may have promoted fleshy fruit development.This study presents a well-resolved Solanaceae phylogeny and a new perspective on retained gene duplicates and carpel/fruit development,providing an improved understanding of Solanaceae evolution.

Discovery,Identification and Comparative Analysis of Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Protein (nsLtp) Family in Solanaceae

Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins （nsLtps） have been reported to be involved in plant defense activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified 135 （122 putative and 13 previously identified） Solanaceae nsLtps, which are clustered into 8 different groups. By comparing with Boutrot’s nsLtp classification, we classified these eight groups into five types （I, II, IV, IX and X）. We compared Solanaceae nsLtps with Arabidopsis and Gramineae nsLtps and found that （1） Types I, II and IV are shared by Solanaceae, Gramineae and Arabidopsis; （2） Types III, V, VI and VIII are shared by Gramineae and Arabidopsis but not detected in Solanaceae so far; （3） Type VII is only found in Gramineae whereas type IX is present only in Arabidopsis and Solanaceae; （4） Type X is a new type that accounts for 52.59% Solanaceae nsLtps in our data, and has not been reported in any other plant so far. We further built and compared the three-dimensional structures of the eight groups, and found that the major functional diversification within the nsLtp family could be predated to the monocot/dicot divergence, and many gene duplications and sequence variations had happened in the nsLtp family after the monocot/dicot divergence, especially in Solanaceae.

Cardioactive properties of Solanaceae plant extracts and pure glycoalkaloids on Zophobas atratus

Glycoalkaloids, the biologically active secondary metabolites produced by Solanaceae plants, are natural defenses against animals, insects and fungi. In this paper, the effects of glycoalkaloids present in extracts of Solanaceae plants （potato, tomato and black nightshade） or pure commercial glycoalkaloids on the coleopteran Zophobas atratus E were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo bioassays using heart experimental models. Each tested extract induced a dose-dependent cardioinhibitory effect. The perfusion of Zophobas atratus semi-isolated heart using the highest potato and tomato extract concentration （1 mmol/L） caused irreversible cardiac arrests, while extract from black nightshade pro- duced fast but reversible arrests. Pure commercial glycoalkaloids caused similar but less evident effects compared with extracts. Our results showed that the bioactivity of tested compounds depended on their structure and suggested the existence of synergistic interac- tions when combinations of the main glycoalkaloids of potato and black nightshade were used for trials. Surprisingly, injection of tomato and potato extracts in 1-day-old pupae of Zophobas atratus induced reversible positive chronotropic effects and decreased the duration of the both phases （anterograde and retrograde） of the heart contractile activity. Furthermore, these extracts affected the amplitude of the heart contractions.

Suppressive Effects of Traditional Mulching Using Japanese Knotweed(Fallopia japonica)on Solanaceae Crop Diseases

Poaceae plant species,such as silver grass,are commonly used in mulching activities Japan.In contrast,local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed(Fallopia japonica)mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous crops in the Nishi-Awa area of Japan,which is a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site.We have previously evaluated the positive effects of Japanese knotweed mulching on solanaceous crops,such as eggplants,tomato,and potato.In the present study,we observed that the naturally occurring diseases in the solanaceous crops tended to decrease when the knotweed mulching system was adopted,in comparison to when Poaceae mulch was adopted.In eggplants,leaf mold and powdery mildew decreased under Japanese knotweed mulching.We further evaluated the effects of Japanese knotweed mulching by inoculating test plants with Pseudomonas cichorii.We observed suppression of bacterial disease and tomato mosaic virus under Japanese knotweed mulching and following spraying with Japanese knotweed extracts.In addition,disease-resistance genes were expressed at high levels in Arabidopsis thaliana,a model plant,following treatment with Japanese knotweed extracts.The results suggest that Japanese knotweed has potential applications in future sustainable agriculture activities.

茄科主要经济作物青枯病抗性育种研究进展及综合防治

综述了中国茄科(Solanaceae)主要栽培植物番茄、辣椒、茄子、马铃薯和烟草等青枯病病原菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)菌系的分类研究概况。总结了青枯病病原菌侵染过程、青枯病主要抗源材料的结构特征及茄科青枯病抗性遗传规律的研究进展。结合以上研究结果,提出了青枯病防治的主要途径。

不同扰动生境中动物对酸苔菜种子的捕食和散布

有效的种子散布是木本植物形成入侵种需要经历的过程之一,但在预测入侵种时却常常被忽略。紫金牛科东方紫金牛(Ardisia elliptica)原产热带亚洲而在北美成为入侵植物,分布在云南南部的其同属种酸苔菜(A.solana-cea)与之具有相似的生物学特征。本文以酸苔菜为研究对象,于2004年12月至次年2月分别在人为干扰轻的野象谷和人为干扰重的植物园进行酸苔菜的种子散布及捕食研究,试图了解生境变化对其种子散布和种子捕食的影响。结果表明,酸苔菜在两地的种子散布者均为白喉冠鹎(Alophoixus pallidus)、黑冠黄鹎(Pycnonotus melanicterus)和灰眼短脚鹎(Iole propinqua),但3种食果实鸟类的组成比例、拜访行为、频率及种子捕食者的影响在两地均不相同。人为干扰轻的野象谷生境中白喉冠鹎、黑冠黄鹎与灰眼短脚鹎的拜访频率分别为25%、32%和26%,取食后的第一次停栖地点有4%在10m以外;人为干扰重的植物园生境中3种鸟的拜访频率分别为67%、8%、5%,取食后的第一次停栖地点有26%在10m以外。人工摆放种子试验表明,地面上种子捕食者主要是啮齿类;在两生境中种子捕食率均较低(2-6%),但野象谷生境中种子捕食率仍显著高于植物园生境。野象谷生境中种子还受到象鼻虫幼虫的危害,危害率为17.9±3.5%(n=512);而植物园生境中未发现种子被象鼻虫危害(n=489)。干扰对生境中的动物组成及行为造成了明显影响,并可能通过种子散布与捕食的改变而间接影响与其有密切关系植物的种群动态。

Decoding Phthorimaea operculella(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the new age of change

Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length,changes in population growth rates,number of generations,crop-pest relationship,and therefore affecting their expansion.Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide.Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves,stems,and tubers,while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable.Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P.operculella,but many factors determine the success of the control chosen.This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.

The Genus Solanum:An Ethnopharmacological,Phytochemical and Biological Properties Review

Over the past 30 years,the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies.Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae,comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa,Australia,and parts of Asia,e.g.,China,India and Japan.Many of them are economically signifcant species.Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identifcation of steroidal saponins,steroidal alkaloids,terpenes,favonoids,lignans,sterols,phenolic comopunds,coumarins,amongst other compounds.Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to diferent tumors as breast cancer(4T1 and EMT),colorectal cancer(HCT116,HT29,and SW480),and prostate cancer(DU145)cell lines.The biological activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins,steroidal alkaloids and phenols.This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018,fetched from SciFinder,Pubmed,ScienceDirect,Wikipedia and Baidu,using“Solanum”and the species’names as search terms(“all felds”).

Chemistry and bioactivities of natural steroidal alkaloids

Steroidal alkaloids possess the basic steroidal skeleton with a nitrogen atom in rings or side chains incorporated as an integral part of the molecule.They have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities,and some of them have even been developed as therapeutic drugs,such as abiraterone acetate(Zytiga®),a blockbuster drug,which has been used for the treatment of prostate cancer.Structurally diverse natural steroidal alkaloids present a wide spectrum of biological activities,which are attractive for natural product chemistry and medicinal chemistry communities.This review comprehensively covers the structural classification,isolation and various biological activities of 697 natural steroidal alkaloids discovered from 1926 to October 2021,with 363 references being cited.

黑紫马铃薯病虫害防治

黑紫马铃薯是茄科（Solanaceae）茄属（Solanum）马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L.）经人工选育的新品种,俗名黑土豆、紫土豆。薯型长椭圆形,芽眼小。表皮黑紫色,乌黑发亮,富有光泽。薯肉深紫黑色。耐旱、耐寒,适应性广,抗病力强,块茎对光不敏感、不易变绿,块茎内不易形成对人体有害的龙葵素（茄碱）,并耐贮藏。

A snapshot of the Chinese SOL Project

In 2003, the International Solanaceae Project （SOL） was initiated by an international consortium of ten countries including Korea, China, the United Kingdom, India, the Netherlands, France, Japan, Spain, Italy and the United States. The first major effort of the SOL aimed to produce a DNA sequence map for euchromatin regions of 12 chromosomes of tomato （Solanum lycopersicum） before 2010. Here we present an update on Chinese effort for sequencing the euchromatin region of chromosome 3.

Applications of Decision Support System:A Case Study of Solanaceous Vegetables

Crop simulation models constitute the major proportion in decision support systems.A large number of crop models have been developed for potato and few for tomato and peppers.In the literature,thirty three crop models have been reported to simulate potato,nine for tomato and six for peppers.Some of these models dealt with the climate change scenario and others with the crop management practices such as sowing time,irrigation,nitrogen,and insect-pests management.The most evaluated and applied models for potato include;SUBSTOR,and LINTUL-Potato,whereas CROPGRO-tomato model is the most tested and applied for tomato.The AQUACROP is the most widely used model to simulate the water dynamics.The CROPGRO model has been tested for elevated temperatures and CO_(2) under greenhouse conditions for tomato.In tomato and peppers,almost similar models have been applied for field conditions as well as under greenhouse environments with some modifications.Nitrogen dynamics has been widely tested by employing the EU-Rotate-N model for tomato and peppers.Simulation studies dealing with changing climate conditions are rare in potato and are not found for tomato and peppers.To modify potato,tomato and peppers models for climate impact studies,it is required that they are(a)calibrated and evaluated with new cultivars under various agro-environmental conditions and(b)assessed under varying field conditions under changing climates and crop management practices,including temperature increases,water and nutrient management and their interactions.These comprehensive model studies and modifications need a collaborative international effort and a multi-year,large scale field research studies on potato,tomato and peppers.

Spiralosides A–C, Three New C_(27)-Steroidal Glycoalkaloids from the Fruits of Solanum spirale

Three new C_(27)-steroidal glycoalkaloids,spiralosides A–C(1–3),were obtained from the total alkaloids of Solanum spirale by chromatographic methods.On the basis of spectroscopic evidence,spiralosides A–C were elucidated as(22R,25S)-22,26-epiminocholest-5-ene-3β,16a-diol-N-acetyl-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1),(22R,25S)-22,26-epiminocholest-5-ene-3β,16α-diol-N-acetyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(2),(22R,25S)-22,26-epiminocholest-3β,16α-diol-N-acetyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(3),respectively.The total alkaloids of S.spirale have been screened for their antitussive and expectorant effects in intact animal model.

Aromatic compounds from Solanum nigrum L.and their antioxidant activities

Solanum nigrum L.,belonging to the genus Solanum of Solanaceae family,is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions of the world.It possesses the effects of clearing away heat and detoxification.A wide spectrum of chemical constituents have been isolated from the Solanum nigrum L.,including lignans,steroids,etc.The structures of the eight compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses.It is noteworthy that compounds 1–4,6 and 8 have been isolated from Solanum nigrum L.for the first time.All compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant activities by ABTS and DPPH assays.Based on the results,Solanum nigrum L.could be used as a new natural antioxidant in biomedical applications.