Study on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Physiology and Biochemistry of Solanum nigrum L. under Glyphosate Stress

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the scientific prevention and control of Solanum nigrum L. [Methods] Through experiments on S. nigrum from different sources, it was found that glyphosate stress had significant effects on antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative damage of sensitive S. nigrum plants. [Results] Sensitive S. nigrum showed oxidative damage under glyphosate stress, while resistant S. nigrum responded to adversity damage by improving its antioxidant enzyme activity. The experimental results showed that the antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione of S. nigrum had certain metabolic detoxification effects under glyphosate stress. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for scientific prevention and control of S. nigrum , and has a certain reference value for revealing the glyphosate resistance mechanism of S. nigrum .

Investigating the genetic diversity of several varieties of Iranian tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers

Background:Numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of approximately 7,500 genetic tomato varieties worldwide.Hence,it is crucial to assess the genetic diversity among tomato cultivars.This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of selected Iranian tomato cultivars(Solanum lycopersicum)using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers.Method:Ten RAPD primers and ten ISSR primers were employed to assess the genetic diversity among 10 tomato cultivars:Matin,RFT 112,Hirad,Golsar,Raha,Hengam,Hedah,Fasa,JS12,and Emerald.Data analysis involved the UPGMA algorithm and NTYSYSpc software.Results:RAPD analysis revealed close genetic proximity between Fasa and JS12,as well as between Raha and Hadieh.Conversely,the RFT 112,Hengam,Hirad,and Emerald cultivars exhibited significant genetic diversity within this group.ISSR primer analysis identified Hengam as the most diverse variety,while Matin,Emerald,and Vibrid,as well as Raha and JS12,displayed genetic similarities with minimal observed diversity.Furthermore,the overall analysis of the cultivars using RAPD and ISSR markers indicated that Hengam exhibited the highest diversity among all the varieties.Notably,Raha and JS12 demonstrated limited diversity in this analysis.Conclusion:This research demonstrates substantial genetic diversity among the investigated tomato varieties,with Hengam displaying the highest diversity within this group.Furthermore,ISSR markers proved more effective in determining genetic diversity in tomato plants.

Exploring the molecular mechanism of Solanum nigrum L in breast cancer treatment through network pharmacology and molecular docking validation

In 2020,breast cancer emerged as the leading type of cancer worldwide,surpassing lung cancer in the number of new cases.The high cost and frequent failure of current treatments due to drug resistance and other challenges underscore the urgent need for novel,affordable,efficient,and less toxic breast cancer therapies with fewer side effects.This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Solanum Nigrum L.counters breast cancer,employing network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.Methods:The study identified the primary active compounds of Solanum Nigrum L.using databases such as TCMSP,TCM-ID,NPASS,and BATMAN.Prediction of the compounds'targets was facilitated by the SwissADME website,while main breast cancer targets were sourced from the GeneCards,OMIM,and TTD databases.The identified drug-disease intersection targets were analyzed using the STRING platform to construct a protein interaction network,which was then visualized and refined to select hub targets using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software.The Metascape database's MOCDE functional plugin was employed for identifying potential functional modules within the protein interaction network.Further,the DAVID database was utilized for GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the intersection targets.Molecular docking of key active compounds with core targets was performed using AutoDock Tools 1.5.7 software.Lastly,the GEPIA2.0 database was used for predicting overall survival curves of hub targets and conducting a pan-cancer analysis.Results:Eleven active compounds of Solanum Nigrum L.,including Diosgenin,Tigogenin,and Quercetin,were identified from traditional Chinese medicine databases.We discovered 113 targets common to both Solanum Nigrum L.and breast cancer.Solanum Nigrum L.exhibits anti-breast cancer properties through interactions with 14 key targets,including SRC,PIK3R1,HSP90AA1,PIK3CA,AKT1,VEGFA,and ESR1.These interactions influence several critical signaling pathways,notably the cancer signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,Ras signaling pathway,and EGFR signaling pathway.Survival analysis indicated that the aberrant expression of these 14 key targets significantly affects patient survival times.Furthermore,pan-cancer analysis highlighted marked differences in the expression patterns of these targets between breast cancer patients and control groups.Conclusion:Solanum Nigrum L.mediates its therapeutic impact on breast cancer through a comprehensive approach,targeting multiple components,targets,and pathways.

Protective effect of Solanum Nigrum Linn green fruit ethanolic extract on alcoholic liver injury in mice

Alcoholic liver injury is a liver disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption,which can lead to chronic liver disease death.Solanum Nigrum Linn taste bitter,cold,has the effect of clearing heat and detoxification,promoting blood and detumescence.Solanum Nigrum Linn fruit contains a variety of antioxidant enzymes,can remove the body produced by aerobic metabolism harmful substances.In this paper,a model of alcohol-induced liver injury in C57BL/6 mice was established to evaluate the protective effect of Solanum Nigrum Linn green fruit(SNGF)ethanolic extract on alcohol-induced liver injury.H&E staining and oil red O(ORO)staining showed that hepatic lobules were clearly demarcated,vacuoles were significantly reduced and lipid droplets were reduced in SNGF ethanolic extract treatment group.Serum levels of TC,TG,LDH,TBA,AKP,ALT and AST were decreased in the SNGF ethanolic extract treatment group,and SNGF ethanolic extract could clear reactive oxygen species(ROS)in time.MDA content was signifi cantly decreased after SNGF ethanolic extract treatment,while superoxide dismutase(SOD)and GSH-Px contents were increased after SNGF ethanolic extract treatment.These results suggest that SNGF ethanolic extract has a protective effect on alcohol-induced liver injury.

Effect of Grafting on Growth and Shelf Life of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grafted on Two Local Solanum Species

The Rio Grande variety of tomato is widely grown because of its high productivity during the cold and dry seasons, and its resistance to Verticillium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporium) and to stem canker (Alternaria). Grafting tomato onto compatible rootstocks resistant to these diseases offers a better potential to overcome soil-borne diseases, abiotic stresses, improve growth, yield and fruit quality. However, in Cameroon, there is little or no information on grafting between Rio Grande tomato and selected eggplant rootstocks. The objectives of this study were: 1) To determine the compatibility between Rio tomato grafting and a popular local eggplant (Nkeya) rootstock;2) To verify the effect of grafting on flowering time;3) To evaluate the effect of eggplant rootstocks on growth, fruit shelf life and fruit quality of Rio tomatoes. The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Rio Grande (To) was the ungrafted treatment used as a control. To/Ko, To/To and To/Nk were the grafted treatments eventually transplanted to the field. Growth data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS software. Descriptive analyses were performed for the other parameters. The results revealed that, 1) The cleft grafting method used was successful with success rate varying between 90 and 100%;2) Grafting influenced flowering date (DAT, p = 0.05) as well as tomato growth parameters including stem height (H, 1.49 × 10-10 p 0.00014) and collar diameter (SD, 4 × 10-14 p 0.009). The To/To treatment was significantly different from the ungrafted cultivar To, which had no significant difference in stem diameter. A significant difference in plant height was also observed between the ungrafted treatment To and the To/Ko and To/Nk treatments. In addition, only the collar diameter of To/Nk was different from To. Also, there was no significant difference between To/To and To, but a significant difference between To/Ko and To/Nk compared to To. Conversely, grafting improved the lifespan of To/Ko. Ultimately, the grafting method used was successful, but further studies are needed to overcome the problem of graft incompatibility in order to improve the agronomic performance of grafted plants.

冷驯化前后野生马铃薯Solanum acaule内参基因的筛选

为找到表达稳定性最好的内参基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了4个内参基因ef1-a、Actin、β-tubulin2和β-tubulin3在野生马铃薯S.acaule冷驯化前后的表达稳定性。结果表明:β-tubulin2和ef1-a表达均稳定,Actin变化最大。因此,β-tubulin2和ef1-a适宜作为野生马铃薯S.acaule的内参基因。

喀西茄Solanum khasianum形态特征·分布与危害研究

对新入侵的外来杂草喀西茄Solanum khasianum的植株、花、果实、种子的形态特征、分布与危害开展了研究,并对同属的近似种(检疫性杂草北美刺龙葵Solanum carolinense L.、刺萼龙葵Solanum rostratum Dunal.、水茄Solanum torvum Swartz和外来杂草蒜芥茄Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.)等形态特征进行比较,对快速准确鉴定茄属重要杂草、提高疫情检出率及加强对检疫重要杂草的风险管理提供信息依据。

Establishment of Rapid Propagation Technique for Cotyledon of Solanum torvum

[Objective] To research the mass propagation system for cotyledon of Solanum torvum. [Methods] With cotyledon of S. torvum as the research object, ef- fects of hormone combination on callus induction and adventitious buds differentia- tion of S. torvum were researched. [Results] With cotyledon of S. torvum as the ex- plants, the optimal culture medium for callus induction and adventitious buds differ- entiation was MS＋2.0 mg/L 6-BA＋0.3 mg/L NAA. The induction rates of callus and adventitious bud reached 100% and 85%, respectively. The number of average buds was 6. The optimal culture medium for the induction of adventitious roots was MS＋ 0.3 mg/L IAA. The rooting rate reached 100% and the number of average roots was 9. [Conclusions] One-step induction of callus and adventitious buds simplified the mass propagation system, and enhanced the test test efficiency.s

类番茄茄(Solanum lycopersicoides)生长发育习性的研究

为了克服类番茄茄空间引种的困难 ,对类番茄茄的种子萌发、植株生长和开花结果习性进行了初步的研究。结果表明 ,类番茄茄接受短日反应的时间为 12 .75 h,S.lyccpersicoide种子在正常情况下不能萌发 ,用市售 5 0 % HCIO处理后 ,可顺利发芽。植株开花有昼开夜闭习性 ,自花授粉不结实 ,株间交结实率冬季为 4 %～ 5 % ,春季为 15 %～ 17% ,温室中栽培果实为绿色。

Identifi cation of micro RNAs in two species of tomato, Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum habrochaites,by deep sequencing

MicroRNAs （miRNAs） are -21 nucleotide （nt）, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in plants. Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs play an important role in species-specific development in plants. However, the detailed miRNA profile divergence has not been performed among tomato species. In this study, the small RNA （sRNA） profiles of Solanum lycopersicum cultivar 9706 and Solanum habrochaites species PI 134417 were obtained by deep sequencing. Sixty-three known miRNA families were identified from these two species, of which 39 were common. Further miRNA profile comparison showed that 24 known non-conserved miRNA families were species-specific between these two tomato species. In addition, six conserved miRNA families displayed an apparent divergent expression pattern between the two tomato species. Our results suggested that species-specific, non-conserved miRNAs and divergent expression of conserved miRNAs might contribute to developmental changes and phenotypic variation between the two tomato species. Twenty new miRNAs were also identified in S. lycopersicum. This research significantly increases the number of known miRNA families in tomato and provides the first set of small RNAs in S. habrochaites. It also suggests that miRNAs have an important role in species-specific plant developmental regulation.

托鲁巴姆(Solanum torvum Sw.)在茄子嫁接栽培上的应用研究

茄子近缘野生种托鲁巴姆(Solanum torvum Sw.)具有良好的抗病、抗逆性,作为砧木在茄果类蔬菜嫁接生产上得到广泛应用,显示出良好的抗病增产效果。本文对近年来国内外S.torvum作为砧木在茄子嫁接栽培生产上的应用,以及嫁接栽培抗病、克服逆境伤害机理的研究进展等作了阐述。

基于SOLANUM模型的甘肃中东部马铃薯潜在产量研究

为探究马铃薯专用生长模拟模型SOLANUM对甘肃省中东部马铃薯产量预测的适用性,并分析该地区主要气候因子对马铃薯产能差的影响。本试验以3个马铃薯基因型为参试材料,利用SOLANUM模型计算并校准甘肃省天水市和定西市马铃薯模型参数,并对SOLANUM模型进行统计学的模型评价。结果表明,SOLANUM模型在甘肃省适用性评价中,产量和冠层覆盖度模拟结果相对均方根误差(RRMSE)均在16%~76.2%之间,模型效应系数(EF)在0.068~0.805之间。相关性分析表明,产能差变化与太阳辐射变化相关系数为0.8,与年降雨量变化相关系数为0.71;潜在产量与年降雨量相关系数为0.92,与太阳辐射相关系数为0.78;实际产量与年降雨量相关系数为0.89,与太阳辐射相关系数为0.68。综上,SOLANUM模型对甘肃省中东部地区马铃薯潜在产量和冠层覆盖度模拟具有适用性,但还需对马铃薯生长发育和生育期长短的估算进行深入研究,从而提高模型模拟精度和适用性。为缩小产能差,甘肃省应选择晚熟抗旱马铃薯品种种植。本研究结果为补充SOLANUM模型模拟精度和提高甘肃省马铃薯潜在产量提供了决策依据。

Antimicrobial Activities of Solanum aculeastrum Fruit Extract against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans: Significance of African Traditional Medicine in Combating Infections and Attaining Universal Health Coverage

Solanum aculeastrum, a member of the Solanum genus, has a rich history of traditional use in various populations throughout tropical and southern Africa for treating different ailments. This study investigated the antimicrobial activities of S. aculeastrum fruit extracts grown in Zambia against Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (ATCC 25923), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). After being dried in an oven at 50°C for eight days, the fruits of S. aculeastrum were pulverised and subjected to extraction using methanol and distilled water as solvents. The resulting crude extract was then filtered, concentrated using a water bath, and packed into airtight containers separately. The disc diffusion method was employed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracts. The results showed that both the methanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans, but not against E. coli. The zone of inhibition was greater in S. aureus than in C. albicans. This study highlights the importance of researching plants for their medicinal properties, which can pave the way for discovering natural product-based drugs with potential antimicrobial properties. These findings recommend further studies on plants used in African traditional medicine.

马铃薯野生种Solanum pinnatisectmumgn与栽培种下寨65原生质体融合与培养研究

为获得较佳的原生质体融合培养体系,以野生种马铃薯Solanumpinnatisectmum和栽培种下寨65试管苗叶片为材料,进行原生质体分离纯化与融合培养研究,对2个融合亲本的无菌苗叶片进行原生质体化学融合和电融合。结果表明,采用电融合方式,融合参数为交变电压80 V/cm,成串时间10 s,直流脉冲1 000 V/cm,作用时间60μs,脉冲l次,原生质融合效率最高,达到45. 72%。融合细胞在液体浅层培养中形成0. 1 mm的愈伤组织后,转入到增殖培养基(0. 4 mg/L 6-BA+1 mg/L IAA)中培养80 d以上,愈伤组织变为鲜绿色时,移入诱导分化培养基(0. 5 mg/L IAA+2. 5 mg/L Zeatin)中,愈伤组织在分化培养基上生长约60 d时,开始分化形成小芽,分化频率平均达16. 7%,显著好于其他分化处理。

栽培茄与红茄(Solanum integrifolium)种间杂交及其杂种的特性分析

运用有性杂交方法 ,以野生种红茄与栽培种七叶茄、徐紫茄、安长茄为亲本进行种间杂交 ,结果仅获得红茄×七叶茄种间杂种。对F1 杂种若干特性进行分析 ,结果表明 :种间F1 多数形态性状居中 ,在生长势方面具有明显的杂种优势 ;F1 叶片中POD同工酶表现为双亲“完全互补型” ,COD、EST同工酶兼含双亲的部分谱带 ,多偏向母本野生红茄 ,有时还出现杂种酶带 ;RAPD标记表现为“偏母的互补型” ;花粉育性极低。另外还对F1 回交中柱头与花粉内相互作用进行了初步研究 ,发现红茄、七叶茄、安长茄花粉与花粉管可在F1 柱头与花柱中正常萌发。

土壤镉胁迫对龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度Cd(0、10、20、40、80、160 mg·kg-1)处理下,龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)幼苗对氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)吸收及质膜ATPase活性的影响。结果表明,土壤添加Cd浓度≤40 mg·kg-1时显著促进龙葵幼苗生长及生物量的积累与分配,添加Cd浓度>40 mg·kg-1时抑制作用加强;叶绿素含量随Cd添加浓度的增大而下降,在较低浓度Cd(10 mg·kg-1)处理时,显著提高叶绿素含量。随Cd添加浓度的增加,根、茎、叶和果实中的全N、全P和全K含量先升后降(除茎全P降低外);叶片中的Cd积累量最高,茎次之,果实中最低;丙二醛含量与过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增大,但超氧化物歧化酶(POD)活性先升后降;幼苗地上(茎与叶)和地下(根)部H+-ATP以及地下部Ca2+-ATP酶活性随Cd添加浓度的增加不断降低,而地上部Ca2+-ATP酶活性则先升后降。这些结果表明,龙葵在高Cd胁迫(≥40 mg·kg-1)下,能通过加快根系对Cd离子积累来提高抗氧化酶(CAT和SOD)活性、降低POD与质膜ATP酶活性、改变对N、P和K的吸收,从而起到对Cd胁迫的解毒作用。

马铃薯野生种Solanum chacoense的特征特性及其在育种中的利用

Solanum chacoense是马铃薯种中分布范围最广、变异最大的野生种之一,具有抗青枯病、抗马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)、抗晚疫病、抗线虫和优良加工品质等特性。为了更好地利用该野生种,从S.chacoense的分类进展、植物学性状、农艺学性状等方面对其基本性状进行了描述,并对其重要抗性资源和在育种中的利用进行梳理,为基于该野生种的种质资源创新和育种利用提供了参考。

醋栗番茄Solanum pimpinellifolium遗传多样性分析

野生种醋栗番茄包含丰富的变异,具有众多优良性状。本研究对从世界不同地区收集的433份醋栗番茄遗传资源进行了表型鉴定及遗传多样性分析。表型鉴定结果表明,在收集的433份醋栗番茄中约有14%为樱桃番茄,370份典型醋栗番茄中约22%的材料存在不同程度的分离。群体变异分析表明,不同性状间变异系数存在较大差异,其中柱头变异系数最大,为56.716%;花瓣数遗传稳定,变异系数最小,为2.082%;相关分析表明,多个性状间存在显著相关性;利用表型和基因型数据聚类均将醋栗番茄群体划分为两大类群;主成分分析表明,坐果率、单果重、可溶性固形物对变异的贡献率较大。研究结果将为利用醋栗番茄进行栽培种番茄遗传改良奠定一定的基础。

外来入侵有害植物刺萼龙葵(Solanum rostratum Dunal.)幼苗的形态学特征初步研究

采用石蜡切片法和徒手切片法对刺萼龙葵的幼苗进行研究,结果发现:刺萼龙葵子叶长1.2～1.8cm,宽0.2～0.6cm,厚度180～270μm,栅栏组织1层,厚55～65μm,海绵组织相对很发达,占叶肉的很大比例,厚155～165μm,气孔器在上、下表皮都有分布,气孔指数平均为46.1;真叶长2～2.5cm,宽1.5～2cm,厚度220～340μm,栅栏组织1层,厚108～114μm,海绵组织细胞4～6层,厚111～118μm;上下表皮均具表皮毛。皮层中的细胞具有叶绿体;维管束为双韧型。刺萼龙葵根的表皮细胞1层,排列紧密;皮层细胞均为薄壁细胞,凯氏带就分布于此层上。

野生茄子(Solanum torvum)抗黄萎病相关基因StoVe1的克隆与分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术从野生茄子中扩增克隆到一个抗黄萎病相关基因,命名为StoVe1,其cDNA全长3400bp,含有3153bp的完整开放阅读框,编码1051个氨基酸,该基因编码的蛋白序列与刚果野茄、类番茄和番茄Ve1编码的氨基酸序列同源性分别为82%、81%和80%,且有很高的功能区段保守性。将该cDNA全长序列提交GenBank,登陆号为DQ020574。半定量PCR表明该基因为组成型表达,在根中表达最多,叶中最少。