Design of Diversified Intelligent Control System for Energy-saving Optimization of Solar Greenhouse in North China

Intelligent greenhouse can promote the development of modern agriculture, realize the high quality and high yield of crops, and also bring greater economic benefits. In accordance with the climate conditions in northwest China, a set of intelligent control system for diversified environment of solar greenhouse was designed. The system divides the annual greenhouse control into six stages according to the optimal energy saving. It uses modern detection technology to collect the greenhouse environmental temperature, environmental humidity, soil humidity, CO_(2) concentration and illumination parameters under different working modes. It uses programmable logic control technology to realize the data processing of various parameters and the action control of rolling film, wet curtain fan and other actuators. It uses KingView monitoring software to realize the monitoring and manual control of greenhouse environment parameters. The operation results indicate that the control system runs stably and basically meets the control requirements.

Improved root zone temperature buffer capacity enhancing sweet pepper yield via soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation in solar greenhouse

A novel soilless cultivation method,called as soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation(SSC)was invented,and an experiment was designed to investigate root zone temperature and production efficiency of sweet pepper cultivated by two SSC patterns,i.e.,SSC-P(polyethylene groove inserted)and SSC-W(wire-mesh groove inserted),and also other two cultivation methods,i.e.,soil ridge(SR)and naked polyethylene groove(PG).Results showed that PG,SSC-P and SSC-W increased the average minimal root zone temperature by 1.01℃,0.75℃,and 1.16℃ compared to SR(16.33℃)during March 16-20,2015.During June 1-5,SSC-P and SSC-W decreased the average maximal root zone temperature by 1.28℃ and 1.29℃ compared to SR(34.99℃),while PG increased it by 1.44℃.PG,SSC-P,and SSC-W decreased the differences of average daytime and night time temperatures by 1.34℃,2.13℃,and 2.88℃ compared to SR(4.56℃)during early stage.However,SSC-P and SSC-W decreased temperature differences of average daytime and night time by 0.9℃ and 1.07℃ compared to SR(0.95℃)during later stage,but PG improved by 2.85℃.Temperature difference of daytime and night time of SSC-W was minimal,and the temperature difference between the diurnal highest and the lowest temperature of SSC-W was also minimal.The buffer capacity of SSC-W was slightly better than that of SSC-P.SSC-W significantly improved the growth of sweet pepper compared to SR.Similarly,fruit yield per square meter of sweet pepper cultivated on SSC-P and SSC-W improved by 21.24%and 50.33%,respectively compared to SR(3.06 kg/m^(2)),while PG lowered the yield by 13.72%.SSC-W was a better SSC pattern compared with SSC-P in terms of production efficiency.

Two-stage seedling cultivation method for sweet peppers combining closed plant factory and solar greenhouse

This study introduced a two-stage cultivation method for sweet pepper seedlings, integrating the strengths of a closed plant factory and solar greenhouse, to mitigate the environmental constraints in Northeast China during the early spring season. In the first stage, seedlings were cultivated in a closed plant factory, followed by a second stage in a solar greenhouse. Four treatments- T1 (9 and 36 d), T2 (12 and 33 d), T3 (15 and 30 d), and T4 (18 and 27 d) - were designed for the first and second stages, respectively, with solar greenhouse-only approach serving as the control (CK). The findings reveal that the two-stage methodology significantly outperformed the control across multiple metrics, including seedling health index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, yield, etc. Specifically, T3 emerged as optimal, boosting the health index by 38.59%, elevating chlorophyll content by 39.61%, increasing net photosynthesis by 34.61%, and augmenting yield per plant by 40.67%. Additionally, T3 expedited the time to harvest by 25 d compared to the control. Although the seedling cost for T3 was 0.12 RMB yuan higher, the benefits offset the additional investment. In conclusion, the two-stage cultivation method effectively leverages the advantages of both closed-plant factories and solar greenhouses, resulting in superior seedling quality compared to using only solar greenhouses. It offers a practical and economically viable solution for enhancing the quality and yield of sweet pepper seedlings, thus contributing to the progress in the field of facility seedling cultivation research.

浅析园林花卉日光温室栽培设施

设施栽培是花卉栽培的主要手段。结合多年的工作实践经验,该文先对温室的结构类型进行了介绍,又阐述了温室的配套设备,包括温室加温系统、降温系统和微雾系统,最后介绍了日光温室的环境特点及温室内光照、湿度、温度、气体及土壤营养条件的调控措施,供园林科技工作者和园林业余爱好者借鉴。

日光温室秋冬茬番茄东西垄宜机化栽培适宜垄距参数研究

为了促进日光温室蔬菜机械化生产,探求适宜日光温室番茄东西垄宜机化栽培的垄距参数,以番茄品种瑞一郎为试验材料,以传统南北垄栽培方式为CK,设置RD1(中心垄距1.6 m)、RD2(中心垄距1.8 m)、RD3(中心垄距2.0 m)东西垄3个处理,研究东西垄不同垄距处理对日光温室番茄植株冠层环境、生长、产量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,东西垄3种垄距处理番茄株高、茎粗、茎叶鲜质量、果实品质等无显著差异;RD2处理单株光截获量、单株产量分别比CK增加11.22%和11.17%,差异均达到显著水平。在RD2条件下,与CK相应位置比较,东西垄南侧行单株光截获量普遍高于北侧行,并高于CK,同时东西垄南侧行平均单株产量提升6.30%~21.46%、北侧行平均单株产量提升4.06%~10.93%。此外,RD2垄间(作业道)宽1 m能够满足宽度为50~75 cm的多功能作业平台车作业需求。综上,中心垄距1.8 m是适宜日光温室番茄东西垄宜机化栽培的垄距参数。

火龙果在敦煌市的引种表现及日光温室栽培关键技术

2020年在敦煌市引种红心火龙果进行日光温室栽培试验,定植第2年即开花结果,平均单果质量0.35 kg,第3年每茬产量30 t/hm^(2)以上。经3年观察,该品种抗逆性强、品质佳、风味好、经济效益好及市场潜力大,具有较好的推广价值,是敦煌市发展生态休闲农业的优选品种。从品种及苗木选择、定植技术、整形修剪、土肥水管理、环境调控、花果管理和病虫害防治等方面介绍了敦煌市日光温室火龙果栽培关键技术。

Sustainable energy management of solar greenhouses using open weather data on MACQU platform

Precision energy management is very important for sustainability development of solar greenhouses,since huge energy demand for agricultural production both in quantity and quality.A proactive energy management,according to the optimal energy utilization in a look-ahead period with weather prediction,is presented and tested in this research.A multi-input-multi-output linear model of the energy balance of solar greenhouses based on on-line identification system can simulate greenhouse behavior and allow for predictive control.The good time allocation of available solar energy can be achieved by intelligent use of controls,such as store/retrieve fans and ventilation windows,i.e.solar energy to warm up the air or to be stored in the storage elements(wall,soil,etc.)or to be exhausted to outside.The proactive energy management can select an optimal trajectory of air temperature for the forecasted weather period to minimize plants’thermal‘cost’defined by an‘expert’in terms of set-points for the specific crop.The selection of temperature trajectory is formulated as a generalized traveling salesman problem(GTSP)with precedence constraints and is solved by a genetic algorithm(GA)in this research.The simulation study showed good potential for energy saving and timely allocation to prevent excessive crop stress.The active control elements in addition to predefining and applying,within energy constraints,optimal climate in the greenhouse,it also reduces the energy deficit,i.e.the working hours of the‘heater’in the sustained freezing weather,as well as the ventilation hours,that is,more energy harvest in the warm days.This intelligent solar greenhouse management system is being migrated to the web for serving a‘customer base’in the Internet Plus era.The capacity,of the concrete ground CAUA system(CAUA is an abbreviations from both China Agricultural University and Agricultural University of Athens),to implement web‘updates’of criteria,open weather data and models,on which control actions are based,is what makes use of Cloud Data for closing the loop of an effective Internet of Things(IoT)system,based on MACQU(MAnagement and Control for QUality)technological platform.

Effects of different root zone heating systems on the microclimate and crop development in solar greenhouses

Heating greenhouse is indispensable for plant development particularly in winter when the air temperature is lower.In that sense,root zone heating is more energy-saving than traditional air heating.The current work was devoted to the study of the effect of two root zone heating systems based on carbon crystal electrothermal film and low temperature hot water pipe on the microclimate and tomato yield in solar greenhouse.And their performance was tested in the coldest period of winter in Yongqing County of Hebei Province.The results showed that the use of root zone heating system can improve the average substrate temperature by 6.8℃.This microclimate improvement had a positive impact on tomato production.The output per square meter has increased by 19%compared to the unheated.It was also noted that the presence of root zone heating leads to a decrease in the development of disease in heated areas.Based on these results,the root zone heating system can be an effective method of improving the environmental temperature of crop plant,which is of great significance for increasing crop yield.

日光温室水果黄瓜岩棉椰糠复合基质高效栽培技术

为了解决当前土壤种植条件下土壤病原菌富集、盐分积累、土壤酸化等问题,本文总结了日光温室水果黄瓜岩棉椰糠复合基质高效栽培技术,包括日光温室准备、基质栽培系统构建、品种选择、育苗、栽培管理、吊蔓整枝、采收、采后处理等方面内容,以期实现水果黄瓜的周年无障碍生产,达到效益提升的目的。

北疆日光温室辣椒越冬节能高效栽培技术

近年来随着新疆辣椒保护地生产规模的不断扩大,越冬茬辣椒栽培成为重要的栽培茬口,在元旦、春节前后供应市场,市场价格好,菜农效益高,对辣椒周年生产、均衡供应有着重大意义。对北疆地区原有老旧日光温室节能优化改造后,开展越冬茬辣椒节能(免加温)高效栽培技术研究,总结提炼出越冬茬辣椒节能生产中不同时期的管理措施,达到大幅提高辣椒产量和品质的目标。

北京地区日光温室草莓栽培管理技术

北京市草莓产业作为都市农业的一个特色,已成为一二三产业融合的典范,对提升农业效益和农民收入起到了关键作用。该文深入分析了北京地区日光温室草莓的栽培现状,详细介绍了温室草莓的栽培设施、品种选择、温度湿度光照管理、植株管理、水肥管理和病虫害管理等关键技术环节,并对温室草莓的收获技术和经济效益进行了探讨。通过综合运用先进的温室技术和科学的管理方法,有效提高草莓产量和品质。

日光温室番茄栽培技术与病害防治

日光温室栽培番茄时,其产量、质量和栽培管理技术密切相关。传统栽培管理技术模式下,番茄产量和质量并不理想。为实现日光温室番茄高产稳产的目标,做好栽培技术管理及病害防治工作意义重大。以黄店镇为例,着重对日光温室番茄栽培技术要点和病害防治措施展开了深入探讨。

凌海市日光温室番茄冬春茬栽培模式探讨

日光温室番茄能够减少气候、温度等因素带给番茄生产的影响,有助于增加农户收入。阐述日光温室番茄的栽培要点,总结番茄种植中容易出现的病虫害及防治方法,以期为当地农户从事日光温室番茄的高效生产提供参考依据。

日光温室蔬菜栽培对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响——以陕西省泾阳县日光温室土壤为例

土壤的团聚状况是土壤重要的物理性质之一,团聚体的数量是衡量和评价土壤肥力的重要指标。用干筛法、湿筛法及带水振荡法对日光温室土壤和露地土壤的团聚体含量进行了测定,并进行了比较。根据干筛法测得的各级团聚体含量及平均重量直径(MWD)的评判,日光温室土壤大于10 mm团聚体的机械稳定性低于露地土壤。根据大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、水稳性团聚体的MWD值、团聚体的破坏率及团聚体的原始稳定系数和崩解速率等指标评判,日光温室土壤团聚体的水稳性高于露地土壤。日光温室蔬菜栽培年限长于5 a后,土壤中团聚体的机械稳定性显著降低,水稳性显著提高。

后墙立体栽培草莓提高冬季日光温室内温度

在日光温室的后墙上,采用管道无土栽培方式进行蔬菜或草莓生产,可以提高温室空间利用率和作物种植量,但可能会出现因为管道和植物的挡光而减少后墙蓄热、降低冬季温室温度的问题。为此,通过冬季连续31d的温度监测,在3种典型气象(晴天、阴天、雪天)条件下,对比分析了有后墙立体基质栽培的日光温室(solargreenhouse with equipment,ESG)和无后墙立体栽培的日光温室(solar greenhouse with no equipment,NSG)温度环境的变化。监测结果表明,ESG的月平均气温较NSG高0.84℃,其中最大日温差为2.22℃,最小日温差为0.14℃。晴天条件下,ESG的日平均冠层温度和1.5m高度处的空气温度分别是12.72和13.04℃,NSG分别是10.68和11.04℃;ESG的冠层温度最低值是4.68℃,而NSG最低值是4.10℃。可见,ESG较NSG的气温要略高一些;阴天和雪天条件下,2种温室内的温度环境无显著差别。因此,利用日光温室后墙进行立体基质栽培草莓,不但没有降低反而提高了冬季温室内的温度,是一种可行、值得推广应用的温室高效栽培技术。

日光温室黄瓜冬春茬栽培氮磷钾吸收特性研究

【目的】在日光温室内,以黄瓜品种津绿3号为试材,进行冬春茬栽培,研究黄瓜对主要矿质营养氮、磷、钾的吸收特性。【方法】分别于苗期、初花期、初瓜期、盛瓜初期、盛瓜中期、盛瓜末期、拉秧期测定黄瓜的根、茎、叶、瓜等部位氮、磷、钾的含量。计算不同生育时期黄瓜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量、吸收速率及吸收比例。【结果】在本试验条件下,黄瓜在不同时期对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例不同,全生育期内N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.63:1.36。氮、磷、钾的吸收量呈单峰曲线,盛瓜中期达最大值,植株对养分的吸收速率最大值也出现在盛瓜期,盛瓜期吸收的N、P2O5、K2O分别占全生育期吸收总量的73.10%、71.08%、70.65%,黄瓜产量占全生育期产量的71.91%。进入采收期每生产100kg黄瓜产品需吸收N为0.18～0.27kg,P2O5为0.10～0.16kg,K2O为0.19～0.36kg。【结论】黄瓜对主要矿质营养的吸收比例只与其本身特性有关,而与栽培方式及栽培季节无关。

越冬长季节日光温室番茄高产栽培配套技术研究

对长季节日光温室番茄栽培进行了品种筛选、施肥指标和环境调控的研究，筛选出适宜长季节日光温室番茄栽培的品种中杂９号、粉皇后、佳粉１５号和卡鲁索，提出６６７ｍ~２产量２００００ｋｇ番茄的复合肥和钾肥施肥指标及采用遮阳网、反光幕、防虫网、黄板、膜下滴灌等环境调控技术和措施。

栽培模式对柠条复合基质栽培有机番茄生长发育的影响

以番茄为试材,采用宁夏沙漠治理的优良豆科植物—柠条(Caragana korshinskiiKom)复合基质作栽培基质,研究了不同栽培模式对番茄生育时期、生物学性状、产量及水分利用的影响。结果表明:黑膜包双行栽培和深畦双行栽培模式处理较CK不仅生长势和产量都优于其它栽培模式,提早上市2～4d,不同生育时期株高分别高9.20～26.00、7.17～14.00cm,茎粗分别增加0.29～0.82、0.28～1.17mm,产量分别高21.32%和16.52%,且差异达显著或极显著水平,而且与CK相比,提高了灌水利用率,即在番茄整个生长期总体节水达35%～55%。综合各项指标,黑膜包双行栽培和深畦双行栽培2个处理为适宜的有机番茄柠条复合有机基质栽培模式。

追日式草莓立体栽培架改善光温环境提高草莓产量

为解决草莓多层立体栽培中同一栽培架上位层对下位层的遮光问题,将固定式A字型栽培架在添加转动和控制部件后,使其以"追日"的方式运动,实现栽培架行向与太阳光照射方向平行,最大限度地利用直射光。试验测试并比较了3层追日式与固定式栽培架上草莓冠层光环境、根际以及冠层温度环境、草莓产量。结果表明:冬季3个月内(2015年11月8日立冬至2016年2月4日立春),追日式栽培架上、中、下层与固定式相应位置光合有效光量子流密度(photosynthetic photon flux density,PPFD)日累积量平均值相比,东侧分别高28.0%、79.3%、38.6%,西侧分别高30.1%、41.0%、18.2%。追日式栽培架西侧上、中、下层根际达到根系最适生长温度15~20℃的时间分别比固定式相应位置长60、40、120 min;相应地,前者冠层温度2016年1月19日晴天低于5℃的时间分别比后者短130、170、230 min。追日式栽培架东侧和西侧上、中、下草莓单株产量分别高于固定式栽培架相应位置,在试验时间内追日式栽培架的总产量比固定式栽培架高214.8 kg/667 m2。因此,追日式栽培系统可有效地改善冠层光温环境,提高作物产量和效益。

宁夏非耕地沙漠新建日光温室性能分析

为促进宁夏非耕地日光温室发展,建造了以混凝土空心砌块与沙子为主要建材的复合墙体构造温室,并于2012年冬季分析测定了日光温室各方面性能。结果表明:新建试验温室性能在光照强度、空气最低温度变化、墙体吸放热总量、不同深度土壤日平均温度方面优于对照温室,在空气湿度、积温方面差异不大。