Design of Diversified Intelligent Control System for Energy-saving Optimization of Solar Greenhouse in North China

Intelligent greenhouse can promote the development of modern agriculture, realize the high quality and high yield of crops, and also bring greater economic benefits. In accordance with the climate conditions in northwest China, a set of intelligent control system for diversified environment of solar greenhouse was designed. The system divides the annual greenhouse control into six stages according to the optimal energy saving. It uses modern detection technology to collect the greenhouse environmental temperature, environmental humidity, soil humidity, CO_(2) concentration and illumination parameters under different working modes. It uses programmable logic control technology to realize the data processing of various parameters and the action control of rolling film, wet curtain fan and other actuators. It uses KingView monitoring software to realize the monitoring and manual control of greenhouse environment parameters. The operation results indicate that the control system runs stably and basically meets the control requirements.

Two-stage seedling cultivation method for sweet peppers combining closed plant factory and solar greenhouse

This study introduced a two-stage cultivation method for sweet pepper seedlings, integrating the strengths of a closed plant factory and solar greenhouse, to mitigate the environmental constraints in Northeast China during the early spring season. In the first stage, seedlings were cultivated in a closed plant factory, followed by a second stage in a solar greenhouse. Four treatments- T1 (9 and 36 d), T2 (12 and 33 d), T3 (15 and 30 d), and T4 (18 and 27 d) - were designed for the first and second stages, respectively, with solar greenhouse-only approach serving as the control (CK). The findings reveal that the two-stage methodology significantly outperformed the control across multiple metrics, including seedling health index, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, yield, etc. Specifically, T3 emerged as optimal, boosting the health index by 38.59%, elevating chlorophyll content by 39.61%, increasing net photosynthesis by 34.61%, and augmenting yield per plant by 40.67%. Additionally, T3 expedited the time to harvest by 25 d compared to the control. Although the seedling cost for T3 was 0.12 RMB yuan higher, the benefits offset the additional investment. In conclusion, the two-stage cultivation method effectively leverages the advantages of both closed-plant factories and solar greenhouses, resulting in superior seedling quality compared to using only solar greenhouses. It offers a practical and economically viable solution for enhancing the quality and yield of sweet pepper seedlings, thus contributing to the progress in the field of facility seedling cultivation research.

Improved root zone temperature buffer capacity enhancing sweet pepper yield via soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation in solar greenhouse

A novel soilless cultivation method,called as soil-ridged substrate-embedded cultivation(SSC)was invented,and an experiment was designed to investigate root zone temperature and production efficiency of sweet pepper cultivated by two SSC patterns,i.e.,SSC-P(polyethylene groove inserted)and SSC-W(wire-mesh groove inserted),and also other two cultivation methods,i.e.,soil ridge(SR)and naked polyethylene groove(PG).Results showed that PG,SSC-P and SSC-W increased the average minimal root zone temperature by 1.01℃,0.75℃,and 1.16℃ compared to SR(16.33℃)during March 16-20,2015.During June 1-5,SSC-P and SSC-W decreased the average maximal root zone temperature by 1.28℃ and 1.29℃ compared to SR(34.99℃),while PG increased it by 1.44℃.PG,SSC-P,and SSC-W decreased the differences of average daytime and night time temperatures by 1.34℃,2.13℃,and 2.88℃ compared to SR(4.56℃)during early stage.However,SSC-P and SSC-W decreased temperature differences of average daytime and night time by 0.9℃ and 1.07℃ compared to SR(0.95℃)during later stage,but PG improved by 2.85℃.Temperature difference of daytime and night time of SSC-W was minimal,and the temperature difference between the diurnal highest and the lowest temperature of SSC-W was also minimal.The buffer capacity of SSC-W was slightly better than that of SSC-P.SSC-W significantly improved the growth of sweet pepper compared to SR.Similarly,fruit yield per square meter of sweet pepper cultivated on SSC-P and SSC-W improved by 21.24%and 50.33%,respectively compared to SR(3.06 kg/m^(2)),while PG lowered the yield by 13.72%.SSC-W was a better SSC pattern compared with SSC-P in terms of production efficiency.

浅析园林花卉日光温室栽培设施

设施栽培是花卉栽培的主要手段。结合多年的工作实践经验,该文先对温室的结构类型进行了介绍,又阐述了温室的配套设备,包括温室加温系统、降温系统和微雾系统,最后介绍了日光温室的环境特点及温室内光照、湿度、温度、气体及土壤营养条件的调控措施,供园林科技工作者和园林业余爱好者借鉴。

北京地区日光温室草莓栽培管理技术

北京市草莓产业作为都市农业的一个特色,已成为一二三产业融合的典范,对提升农业效益和农民收入起到了关键作用。该文深入分析了北京地区日光温室草莓的栽培现状,详细介绍了温室草莓的栽培设施、品种选择、温度湿度光照管理、植株管理、水肥管理和病虫害管理等关键技术环节,并对温室草莓的收获技术和经济效益进行了探讨。通过综合运用先进的温室技术和科学的管理方法,有效提高草莓产量和品质。

凌海市日光温室番茄冬春茬栽培模式探讨

日光温室番茄能够减少气候、温度等因素带给番茄生产的影响,有助于增加农户收入。阐述日光温室番茄的栽培要点,总结番茄种植中容易出现的病虫害及防治方法,以期为当地农户从事日光温室番茄的高效生产提供参考依据。

日光温室水果黄瓜岩棉椰糠复合基质高效栽培技术

为了解决当前土壤种植条件下土壤病原菌富集、盐分积累、土壤酸化等问题,本文总结了日光温室水果黄瓜岩棉椰糠复合基质高效栽培技术,包括日光温室准备、基质栽培系统构建、品种选择、育苗、栽培管理、吊蔓整枝、采收、采后处理等方面内容,以期实现水果黄瓜的周年无障碍生产,达到效益提升的目的。

CO_(2)气肥在温室大棚辣椒栽培中的应用

CO_(2)是作物生长必不可少的主要原料之一,对温室大棚辣椒栽培中增施CO_(2)气肥,研究其对辣椒的长势、产量及抗病性的影响。结果表明增施CO_(2)气肥对辣椒生长、产量、品质及抗病性具有明显的促进作用,在其它栽培措施相同的条件下,向温室大棚中增施CO_(2)气肥,使温室内空气中CO_(2)含量晴天保持在500~700 ppm左右,阴雨天保持在400 ppm左右,可使辣椒产量增加25%左右。

山西省日光温室番茄宜机化生产可行性研究

为验证宜机化栽培模式在山西省推广的可行性,对日光温室番茄种植中农机作业薄弱环节进行了农机选型与配置,将传统南北垄向改为东西垄向。在该条件下,日光温室的机械化水平由原来的38.5%提升至73.3%,节约人工113.10工日/hm^(2)。经济分析结果显示,宜机化和传统栽培模式下的差额净现值为29281元/hm^(2)。结果表明,采用宜机化栽培模式对提高山西省日光温室机械化水平、应对未来农业人口短缺和劳动力成本升高具有积极的意义。

Sustainable energy management of solar greenhouses using open weather data on MACQU platform

Precision energy management is very important for sustainability development of solar greenhouses,since huge energy demand for agricultural production both in quantity and quality.A proactive energy management,according to the optimal energy utilization in a look-ahead period with weather prediction,is presented and tested in this research.A multi-input-multi-output linear model of the energy balance of solar greenhouses based on on-line identification system can simulate greenhouse behavior and allow for predictive control.The good time allocation of available solar energy can be achieved by intelligent use of controls,such as store/retrieve fans and ventilation windows,i.e.solar energy to warm up the air or to be stored in the storage elements(wall,soil,etc.)or to be exhausted to outside.The proactive energy management can select an optimal trajectory of air temperature for the forecasted weather period to minimize plants’thermal‘cost’defined by an‘expert’in terms of set-points for the specific crop.The selection of temperature trajectory is formulated as a generalized traveling salesman problem(GTSP)with precedence constraints and is solved by a genetic algorithm(GA)in this research.The simulation study showed good potential for energy saving and timely allocation to prevent excessive crop stress.The active control elements in addition to predefining and applying,within energy constraints,optimal climate in the greenhouse,it also reduces the energy deficit,i.e.the working hours of the‘heater’in the sustained freezing weather,as well as the ventilation hours,that is,more energy harvest in the warm days.This intelligent solar greenhouse management system is being migrated to the web for serving a‘customer base’in the Internet Plus era.The capacity,of the concrete ground CAUA system(CAUA is an abbreviations from both China Agricultural University and Agricultural University of Athens),to implement web‘updates’of criteria,open weather data and models,on which control actions are based,is what makes use of Cloud Data for closing the loop of an effective Internet of Things(IoT)system,based on MACQU(MAnagement and Control for QUality)technological platform.

高效节能日光温室蔬菜栽培技术

我国作为农业生产大国,受区域气候、昼夜温差等因素影响,部分地区蔬菜栽培受限,而现代农业种植技术发展有效解决了传统种植缺陷,其中日光温室蔬菜栽培技术被广泛应用于农业生产。该技术有效解决了土地资源紧张、高品质蔬菜种植等问题,符合现代绿色生活与消费理念,提高农民经济收入。为此,本文阐述了推广高效节能日光温室蔬菜栽培技术的重要性,分析技术应用要点,探究日光温室高品质建设策略,为相关人员提供技术参考,以期推动区域经济发展。

Effects of different root zone heating systems on the microclimate and crop development in solar greenhouses

Heating greenhouse is indispensable for plant development particularly in winter when the air temperature is lower.In that sense,root zone heating is more energy-saving than traditional air heating.The current work was devoted to the study of the effect of two root zone heating systems based on carbon crystal electrothermal film and low temperature hot water pipe on the microclimate and tomato yield in solar greenhouse.And their performance was tested in the coldest period of winter in Yongqing County of Hebei Province.The results showed that the use of root zone heating system can improve the average substrate temperature by 6.8℃.This microclimate improvement had a positive impact on tomato production.The output per square meter has increased by 19%compared to the unheated.It was also noted that the presence of root zone heating leads to a decrease in the development of disease in heated areas.Based on these results,the root zone heating system can be an effective method of improving the environmental temperature of crop plant,which is of great significance for increasing crop yield.

渭南日光温室黄瓜高效栽培技术

黄瓜是重要的果蔬类作物,口感清甜,营养价值高,市场需求量大。本文总结了陕西渭南日光温室冬春茬黄瓜高效栽培的品种选择与育苗、整地定植、结瓜期管理、植株调整、病虫害防治、注意事项6方面内容,为区域内日光温室黄瓜栽培提供价值性技术参考。

内蒙古日光温室黄瓜栽培管理技术

黄瓜作为我国设施蔬菜栽培中的第二大作物,在全国各地广泛种植。黄瓜口味鲜美,食用方法多,具有减肥强体、健脑安神、降低血糖等保健功效,深受消费者欢迎。近年来,反季节黄瓜生产为种植户带来了可观的经济效益。内蒙古中西部地区保护地黄瓜生产越冬茬和早春茬栽培面积较大、经济效益较好,栽培设施以日光温室为主。本文着重介绍日光温室越冬茬和早春茬黄瓜种植的系列应用技术,包括栽培管理技术、病虫害防治技术和采收技术。在温度管理、水肥管理、覆膜、架蔓与落蔓、株型调控、特殊天气管理、病害防治、虫害防治等方面进行了详细叙述,为相同或相近自然条件下保护地黄瓜科学种植提供技术参考和依据。

后墙立体栽培草莓提高冬季日光温室内温度

在日光温室的后墙上,采用管道无土栽培方式进行蔬菜或草莓生产,可以提高温室空间利用率和作物种植量,但可能会出现因为管道和植物的挡光而减少后墙蓄热、降低冬季温室温度的问题。为此,通过冬季连续31d的温度监测,在3种典型气象(晴天、阴天、雪天)条件下,对比分析了有后墙立体基质栽培的日光温室(solargreenhouse with equipment,ESG)和无后墙立体栽培的日光温室(solar greenhouse with no equipment,NSG)温度环境的变化。监测结果表明,ESG的月平均气温较NSG高0.84℃,其中最大日温差为2.22℃,最小日温差为0.14℃。晴天条件下,ESG的日平均冠层温度和1.5m高度处的空气温度分别是12.72和13.04℃,NSG分别是10.68和11.04℃;ESG的冠层温度最低值是4.68℃,而NSG最低值是4.10℃。可见,ESG较NSG的气温要略高一些;阴天和雪天条件下,2种温室内的温度环境无显著差别。因此,利用日光温室后墙进行立体基质栽培草莓,不但没有降低反而提高了冬季温室内的温度,是一种可行、值得推广应用的温室高效栽培技术。

日光温室蔬菜栽培对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响——以陕西省泾阳县日光温室土壤为例

土壤的团聚状况是土壤重要的物理性质之一,团聚体的数量是衡量和评价土壤肥力的重要指标。用干筛法、湿筛法及带水振荡法对日光温室土壤和露地土壤的团聚体含量进行了测定,并进行了比较。根据干筛法测得的各级团聚体含量及平均重量直径(MWD)的评判,日光温室土壤大于10 mm团聚体的机械稳定性低于露地土壤。根据大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、水稳性团聚体的MWD值、团聚体的破坏率及团聚体的原始稳定系数和崩解速率等指标评判,日光温室土壤团聚体的水稳性高于露地土壤。日光温室蔬菜栽培年限长于5 a后,土壤中团聚体的机械稳定性显著降低,水稳性显著提高。

日光温室黄瓜冬春茬栽培氮磷钾吸收特性研究

【目的】在日光温室内,以黄瓜品种津绿3号为试材,进行冬春茬栽培,研究黄瓜对主要矿质营养氮、磷、钾的吸收特性。【方法】分别于苗期、初花期、初瓜期、盛瓜初期、盛瓜中期、盛瓜末期、拉秧期测定黄瓜的根、茎、叶、瓜等部位氮、磷、钾的含量。计算不同生育时期黄瓜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量、吸收速率及吸收比例。【结果】在本试验条件下,黄瓜在不同时期对氮、磷、钾的吸收比例不同,全生育期内N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.63:1.36。氮、磷、钾的吸收量呈单峰曲线,盛瓜中期达最大值,植株对养分的吸收速率最大值也出现在盛瓜期,盛瓜期吸收的N、P2O5、K2O分别占全生育期吸收总量的73.10%、71.08%、70.65%,黄瓜产量占全生育期产量的71.91%。进入采收期每生产100kg黄瓜产品需吸收N为0.18～0.27kg,P2O5为0.10～0.16kg,K2O为0.19～0.36kg。【结论】黄瓜对主要矿质营养的吸收比例只与其本身特性有关,而与栽培方式及栽培季节无关。

越冬长季节日光温室番茄高产栽培配套技术研究

对长季节日光温室番茄栽培进行了品种筛选、施肥指标和环境调控的研究，筛选出适宜长季节日光温室番茄栽培的品种中杂９号、粉皇后、佳粉１５号和卡鲁索，提出６６７ｍ~２产量２００００ｋｇ番茄的复合肥和钾肥施肥指标及采用遮阳网、反光幕、防虫网、黄板、膜下滴灌等环境调控技术和措施。

栽培模式对柠条复合基质栽培有机番茄生长发育的影响

以番茄为试材,采用宁夏沙漠治理的优良豆科植物—柠条(Caragana korshinskiiKom)复合基质作栽培基质,研究了不同栽培模式对番茄生育时期、生物学性状、产量及水分利用的影响。结果表明:黑膜包双行栽培和深畦双行栽培模式处理较CK不仅生长势和产量都优于其它栽培模式,提早上市2～4d,不同生育时期株高分别高9.20～26.00、7.17～14.00cm,茎粗分别增加0.29～0.82、0.28～1.17mm,产量分别高21.32%和16.52%,且差异达显著或极显著水平,而且与CK相比,提高了灌水利用率,即在番茄整个生长期总体节水达35%～55%。综合各项指标,黑膜包双行栽培和深畦双行栽培2个处理为适宜的有机番茄柠条复合有机基质栽培模式。

温度对不同年限日光温室土壤氮素矿化特性的影响

【目的】日光温室作为具有我国特色的一种高强度的栽培方式,过量施肥问题突出。随着温室栽培在我国北方地区规模的不断扩大,由此带来的土壤退化和地下水污染问题值得关注。不少研究表明,随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质含量不断增加;且温室栽培中的土壤温度与露地存在很大差异,其土壤氮素矿化特性如何,尚缺乏研究。【方法】本研究以位于黄土高原南部陕西省杨凌示范区不同栽培年限的日光温室土壤为研究对象,采用室内好气培养法(84 d)测定不同培养温度(20℃和30℃)对不同年限温室(0 3年)土壤0—20 cm及20—40cm土层氮素矿化量,采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤氮素矿化曲线,根据土壤氮矿化势(N0)评价不同栽培年限温室土壤氮素矿化特性。【结果】1)随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质、全氮含量和氮素累积矿化量随之显著增加。2)30℃的土壤氮素累积矿化量高于20℃的矿化累积量;栽培年限长的日光温室矿化作用对温度的敏感程度高于年限短的温室。3)若温度和栽培年限同时增加,土壤氮素累积矿化量随之增加,说明温度和栽培年限对土壤氮素净矿化量有一定的交互作用,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)日光温室栽培年限越长,土壤氮矿化势(N0)越大;与种植前相比,第2a、3a温室土壤氮矿化势增加了5.59和11.48倍。5)回归分析表明,0—20 cm土层土壤有机质含量每增加1 g/kg,20℃和30℃条件下土壤氮矿化势(No)分别增加2.70及3.18 mg/kg;土壤全氮含量每增加1g/kg,No分别增加37.28及43.12 mg/kg。【结论】日光温室土壤氮素矿化量随其栽培年限的增加显著增加;培养温度由20℃增加到30℃,土壤氮素矿化量也明显增加,日光温室栽培年限和温度对土壤氮矿化有一定的正交互效应。因此,在日光温室氮素管理中应考虑栽培年限和温度对土壤氮素矿化的影响,以采取针对性的氮素管理措施。