Effect of Hole Configuration on Heat Transfer through a Hollow Block Subjected to Solar Flux

In this paper,some effort is provided to optimize the geometry of a concrete hollow brick(used in the construction of building roofs)in order to increase the related thermal resistance,thereby reducing energy consumption.The analysis is conducted for three different configurations of the hollow concrete bricks.Coupling of conduction,natural convection and thermal radiation phenomena is considered.Moreover,the flows are assumed to be laminar and two-dimensional for the whole range of parameters examined.The conservation equations are solved by a finite difference method based on the control volumes approach and the SIMPLE algorithm for velocity-pressure coupling.The results show that the aspect ratio affects neither the nature of the fluid flow nor the number of convective cells.However,the extension of the circulation cells increases with this parameter.Moreover,the cavities with a large aspect ratio lead to significant reductions in the heat transfer through the hollow block,these reductions reaching approximately 14%.

The Effect of IMF-Bz and F10.7 Solar Flux on Neutral Molecule Density of Ionospheric E-Region

In this study, the relationship between the neutral components （N2 and 02） in the E-region of the ionosphere （at 110 km altitude） for the Singapore （01.23 N; 103.55 E） station in the equatorial region and the FI0.7 solar flux and z-component of Interplanetary Magnetic Field （IMF-Bz） was investigated. This relationship was determined by means of statistical multiple regression model. As a result, it was observed that the changes in F10.7 solar flux and IMF-Bz were inversely proportional to the changes in N2 and 02. 92% and 83% of changes in N2 and O2 were found to be explained by F10.7 solar flux and IMF-Bz, respectively. When the F10.7 solar flux is changed by 1 s.f.u., it causes a decrease of 2.61×10TM m-3 in N2 and 2.96×1014 m-3 in O2. Change of I nT in IMF-Bz causes a decrease of 9.95× 1015 m-3 in N2 and 1.69× 1015 m-3 in O2.

Inverse Correlations between Daily Average Energy of Global 0.01 to 1 M Earthquakes and Solar Flux Units: Possible Source of Coupling

The potential coupling between discrete releases of solar energy within the 2.8 GHz band and increments of seismic energy could suggest alternative mechanisms for solar-terrestrial interactions. Daily measures of Solar Flux Units (SFU) and the average energy of global earthquakes between 0.01 and 1 M for a 5 year period (2009-2013) shared about 25% of the same variance (r = -0.50). Average energies from the other successive 1 M intervals did not display the strength of this effect or were not statistically significant. The slope of the association indicated that for every 10-22 W/m2Hz1 decrease in daily SFUs, the average energy per earthquake in the 0.01 to 1 M range increased over the earth’s surface area on average by ~3 × 10-12 J/m2. The discrepancy of ~1010 in energy density was accommodated by multiplication of the solar unit by the frequency equivalent (1.39 × 1010 Hz/T) of the Bohr magneton and its intrinsic magnetic field strength. Although the results and the convergent quantification suggest a coupling between the mechanisms responsible for fluctuations in 2.8 GHz power from the sun and the energies of the smallest magnitude earthquake activities as predicted, the presence of a third factor related to time or to the sun’s movement through space must still be accommodated.

A design method and numerical study for a new type parabolic trough solar collector with uniform solar flux distribution

The non-uniform concentrated solar flux distribution on the outer surface of the absorber tube can lead to large circumferential temperature difference and high local temperature of the absorber tube wall,which is one of the primary causes of parabolic trough solar receiver(PTR)failures.In this paper,a secondary reflector used as a homogenizing reflector(HR)in a conventional parabolic trough solar collector(PTSC)was recommended to homogenize the solar flux distribution and thus increase the reliability of the PTR.The design method of this new type PTSC with a HR was also proposed.Meanwhile,the concentrated solar flux distribution was calculated by adopting the Monte Carlo ray-trace(MCRT)method.Then,the coupled heat transfer process within the PTR was simulated by treating the solar flux calculated by the MCRT method as the heat flux boundary condition for the finite volume method model.The solar flux distribution on the outer surface of the absorber tube,the temperature field of the absorber tube wall,and the collector efficiency were analyzed in detail.It was revealed that the absorber tube could almost be heated uniformly in the PTSC with a HR.As a result,the circumferential temperature difference and the maximum temperature could be reduced significantly,while the efficiency tended to decrease slightly due to the inevitably increased optical loss.Under the conditions studied in this paper,although the collector efficiency decreased by about 4%,the circumferential temperature difference was reduced from about 25 to 3 K and the maximum temperature was reduced from667 to 661 K.

Influence of solar wind energy flux on the interannual variability of ENSO in the subsequent year

Previous studies have tended to adopt the quasi-decadal variability of the solar cycle （e.g.sunspot number （SSN） or solar radio flux at 10.7 cm （F10.7） to investigate the effect of solar activity on El Ni（n）o-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）.As one of the major terrestrial energy sources,the effect of solar wind energy flux in Earth＇s magnetosphere （Ein） on the climate has not drawn much attention,due to the big challenge associated with its quantitative estimation.Based on a new Ein index estimated by three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations from a previous study,this study reveals that Ein exhibits both quasi-decadal variability （periodic 11-year） and interannual （2-4 years） variability,which has rarely before been detected by SSN and F10.7.A significant interannual relationship between the annual mean Ein and subsequent early-winter ENSO is further revealed.Following high Ein,the sea level pressure in the subsequent early winter shows significant positive anomalies from Asia southward to the Maritime Continent,and significant negative anomalies over the Southeast and Northeast Pacific,resembling the Southern Oscillation.Meanwhile,significant upper-level anomalous convergence and divergence winds appear over the western and eastern Pacific,which is configured with significant lower-level anomalous divergence and convergence,indicating a weakening of the Walker circulation.Consequently,notable surface easterly wind anomalies prevail over the eastern tropical Pacific,leading to El Ni（n

Theoretical Analysis of Retrieving Atmospheric Columnar Mie Optical Depth from Downward Total Solar Radiative Flux

In this paper, the principle to determine the atmospheric columnar Mie optical depth from downward total solar radiative flux is theoretically studied, and the effect on Mie optical depth solution of the errors in surface albedo, sin-gle scattering albedo, asymmetrical factor of scattering phase function, instrumental constant and the approximate expression of diffusion flux is analy/ed, and then a method for determining surface albedo in shorter wavelength range is presented.

Model of Spectral Fluxes for Solar Spectrograph

Taking use of the solar spectrograph in Yunnan Observatory, we built a model to estimate the spectral fluxes of solar spectrograph with computer and confirmed the result by observations. The spectral fluxes in visible and near infrared bands were calculated for the solar spectrograph of Yunnan Observatory.

新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管设计方法及其光学性能研究

针对传统槽式太阳能集热系统工质运行温度受限,以及真空吸热管表面能流密度分布不均而引起的热应力过大等问题,文章在不改变聚光器结构的条件下,提出了一种新型的槽式太阳能真空吸热管的设计方法,通过减小金属内管直径、下移金属内管位置以及在金属内管上方加装双曲线型二次聚光器来提高太阳能聚光比,改善了金属吸热管表面能流密度分布。利用仿真计算方法研究了新型槽式太阳能真空吸热管的光学性能,结果表明:和传统槽式太阳能真空吸热管相比,该新型结构在仅损失1.88%光学效率的情况下将聚光比从62 kW/m^(2)提升至71 kW/m^(2);能流密度分布均匀度改善了55.05%,提升了聚光-吸热系统的整体性能。

基于红外掩日通量遥感监测的挥发性有机物通量反演技术及其应用研究进展

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是导致城市二次有机气溶胶(SOA)和臭氧(O3)污染的重要前体物。工业园区是人为源VOCs的重要排放源,主要体现在以无组织形式排放的烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等特征污染物。为有效控制工业园区的VOCs排放及评估管控与治理效果,对VOCs排放通量及分布进行监测具有决定性的意义。红外掩日通量(SOF)技术是当前场地VOCs无组织排放通量监测的最佳实用技术之一。本文详细介绍了SOF技术的原理、方法、发展历程与实际应用案例,并展望了SOF技术在我国工业园区VOCs排放通量监测的应用前景。

Measurement of solar pp neutrino flux using electron recoil data from PandaX-4T commissioning run

The proton-proton(pp)fusion chain dominates the neutrino production in the Sun.The uncertainty of the predicted pp neutrino flux is at the sub-percent level,whereas that of the best measurement is O(10%).In this study,for the first time,we measure solar pp neutrinos in the electron recoil energy range from 24 to 144 keV using the PandaX-4T commissioning data with 0.63 tonne×year exposure.The pp neutrino flux is determined as(8.0±3.9(stat)±10.0(syst))×1010 s^(-1)cm^(-2),which is consistent with the Standard Solar Model and existing measurements,corresponding to an upper flux limit of 23.3×10^(10)s^(-1)cm^(-2)at 90%C.L..

滇中“三湖”流域水面蒸发计算研究

为科学精准地计算滇中地区水面蒸发量,基于“三湖”径流区附近玉溪气象站2014-2021年逐月气象观测资料,用对比分析、相关分析等方法分析了FAO PPP-17Penman公式在该地区水面蒸发计算中的使用效果和误差来源。在此基础上,针对计算误差产生的原因和周期性变化规律,引入Morton经验公式等方法,将Penman公式中的水面反射率、太阳辐射参数作了随季节而变化的动态化改进。同时基于热量平衡原理,用误差反推法推导出了一个新的水面热通量估算模型,并在FAO PPP-17Penman公式中增加水面热通量项以修正水面热量收支平衡。结果表明:(1)FAO PPP-17 Penman公式计算的研究区水面蒸发量普遍偏大,平均相对误差为+15.2%,且误差具有冬季小而夏季大的季节性特征和类似正弦曲线的周期变化规律。计算误差主要源于公式中太阳短波辐射参数取值不当以及忽略了水面热通量的影响,导致热量收支不平衡。(2)对公式进行动态化参数改进并增加水面热通量后,计算精度明显提高,相对误差在±5%、±10%和±20%内的准确率比修正前分别提高了40.6%、42.7%和32.3%。异地使用效果也表明,改进后的FAO PPP-17 Penman公式在滇中“三湖”径流区内仍具有较高的拟合准确率,±10%误差范围内的拟合准确率在75%以上。(3)本研究推导出的水面热通量非线性估算模型,能够合理模拟水体储热量对季节变化和水面辐射强弱的非线性响应,在滇中“三湖”地区的蒸发计算中取得较满意的结果。

基于热电效应高倍聚光焦面能流密度测量研究

焦面能流密度分布是评价太阳能聚光器聚光效果的关键因素,对聚光太阳能电池或热发电接收器的设计、安装和传热分析等起到了决定性作用。利用铠装热电偶高温测量的优势,提出基于热电效应原理的能流密度分布间接测量方法。通过ANSYS软件构建铠装热电偶的传热模型,将聚光太阳能能流作为输入,对其稳态传热过程进行分析,得到能流密度与输出温度之间的热力学函数,利用此函数的反函数开展高倍太阳能聚光焦面能流密度的测量。研究了风速和环境温度对模型的影响。结果表明:风速对该函数关系影响较大,环境温度影响很小。采用菲涅尔透镜搭建实验系统,对模型进行了验证,能流密度大于600 kW/m^(2)时,实测数据与模型的相对误差在5%以内,模型的准确度较好。

Relationship between Solar Activity, Total Ozone, and Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Multifractal Analysis

We investigated the relationship between solar activity, total ozone, and solar ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation from the perspective of multi-fractality. Fractal properties are observed in the time series of the dynamics of complex systems. To detect the changes in fractality, we performed a multifractal analysis using a wavelet transform. The changes in fractality indicated that solar activity was closely related to the total ozone and that the total ozone had a strong effect on UV-B radiation. For high solar activity, the F10.7 flux and global total ozone exhibited monofractality. The F10.7 flux and total ozone also increased, and a change from multifractality to monofractality was observed. This corresponded to the formation of the order. The strong interactions between the solar flux and ozone occur during the high solar activity. In contrast, UV-B radiation increased and showed multifractality, when fluctuations in UV-B radiation became large. For low solar activity, the F10.7 flux and total ozone exhibited multifractality, and UV-B radiation exhibited monofractality. Hence, the change in fractality of the F10.7 flux and total ozone was the opposite of UV-B radiation. A significant change in fractality for F10.7 flux and SSN, which had a significant fluctuation and a slight change in fractality for UV-B radiation, and total ozone were identified.

Study Optimization of a Hybrid Solar-Wind System from an Individual in Ouagadougou

This work is a contribution to the study of hybrid systems for converting solar and wind energy into electricity in Burkina Faso. The approach consists of evaluating and analyzing the production of a wind turbine and a solar field in order to optimize the production of all the technologies. The results obtained made it possible to evaluate the operating performance of the installation and to show the complementarity between the two energy sources with regard to temporary and seasonal variations in resources. During nighttime periods or periods of low sunlight, the wind turbine is a good alternative to energy storage by batteries, the output of the wind turbine can be up to 853.76 W. It was also a question of proposing solutions for optimizing the hybrid system through the automation of the hybrid charge regulator. A minimum height of 30 m above the ground has been chosen as the optimum height for the wind turbine.

二次反射塔式电站运行测试与模拟研究

光热发电中的二次反射塔式技术具有高聚光比、低泵耗和安装维护要求低等优点,依托玉门鑫能第一电力有限公司50 MW二次反射塔式电站建立了定日镜场、二次反射模、吸热器、熔盐储罐和发电循环等关键部件模型,并完成了模型验证。运行测试结果表明:当直射辐射为739.70 W/m^(2)时,熔盐出口温度可以在559℃下维持50 min;12:00定日镜场的余弦效率、阴影与遮挡效率、二次反射阴影效率和大气透射率分别为0.856 8、0.999 7、0.994 1、0.974 6,二次反射镜照度和吸热器照度分别为11.3 kW/m^(2)和400.5 kW/m^(2),同时电站在50 MW的额定发电功率下维持16 h。该研究内容对二次反射塔式电站运行和理论研究具有一定参考意义。

基于太阳高度角的光量子通量密度快速检测装置设计

光量子通量密度是农业生产中关键的光环境参数。设计一种光量子通量密度快速检测设备,对温室蔬菜、水果进行合理、精确补光,将有助于提升植物的生长发育和作物的产量与品质。该检测设备以STC90单片机为核心,搭载DAVIS 6450传感器、PCF8591模数转换器以及DS1302芯片,实现对各波段光量子通量密度的检测。首先,利用地物光谱仪OFS-1100对各光波段占太阳光的比例进行检测,并利用数据拟合方法得到任意太阳高度下的准确比例数据。然后,通过DS1302芯片获取时间,计算出太阳高度角,并通过传感器DAVIS 6450经模数转换得到太阳光能量。将得到的比例、能量数据代入公式获得各波段的光量子通量密度,为温室蔬菜、水果的合理、精确补光提供理论基础。

基于气候变化的线性菲涅尔聚光系统能流密度分布规律

文章针对小型线性菲涅尔聚光系统设计了一套能流密度测试装置,研究了呼和浩特地区风沙大和纬度高等特点下系统能流密度的变化。结果表明:线性菲涅尔聚光系统的能流密度存在明显的季节性差异,夏季在11:00-15:00焦平面的平均能流密度较高,而春季和秋季在9:00-10:00和15:00-16:00焦平面上能流密度较高,冬季9:00-10:00的平均能流密度较高,夏季焦平面上的平均能流密度比冬季高2.27 kW/m^(2)。反射镜表面连续积尘54 d后,焦平面上的能流密度下降了62.7%,以镜面积尘密度作为量化指标发现,镜面积尘密度每增加1 g/m^(2),焦平面上的平均能流密度就会下降0.63 kW/m^(2)。该研究可为小型线性菲涅尔聚光系统在干旱高纬度地区运行维护提供数据参考。

The Relation among the Solar Activity, the Total Ozone, QBO, NAO, and ENSO by Wavelet-Based Multifractal Analysis

There is an increasing interest in the relation between the solar activity and climate change. As for the solar activity, a fractal property of the sunspot number was studied by many works. In general, a fractal property was observed in the time series of dynamics of complex systems. The purposes of this study are to investigate the relations among the solar activity, total ozone, Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from a view of multi-fractality. To detect the changes of multifractality, we examined the multifractal analysis on the time series of the solar 10.7-cm radio flux (F10.7 flux), total ozone, QBO, NAO, and Ni?o3.4 indices. During the period 1950 and 2010, for the F10.7 flux and QBO index, the matching in monofractality or multifractality is observed and the increase and decrease of multifractality is similar;that is the change of multifractality is similar. In the same way, it is very similar, during the period 1985 and 2010, for the QBO and the total ozone, and during the period 1950 and 2010, for the QBO, and NAO and for the QBO, and Ni?o3.4. Compared to Ni?o3.4, the multifractality of NAO and QBO was strong and it turns out that they are undergoing unstable change. The relation among the solar activity, total ozone, QBO, NAO, and ENSO was clarified by the methods of fractal analysis and the wavelet coherence. These findings will contribute to the research of the relation between the solar activity and climate change.

Solar Influences on the North Atlantic Oscillation by Wavelet-Based Multifractal Analysis

There is increasing interest in the relation between the solar activity and climate change. Regarding the solar activity, the fractal property of the sunspot number (SSN) has been studied by many previous works. In general, fractal properties have been observed in the time series of the dynamics of complex systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the solar activity, total ozone, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) from a viewpoint of multi-fractality. To detect the changes of multifractality, we performed the wavelets analysis, and plotted the τ-function derived from the wavelets of these time series. We showed that the solar activity relate to the NAO, by observing the matching in monofractality or multifractality of these indices. When the SSN increased and the solar activity was stable, the NAO also became stable. When the SSN became maximum, the fractality of the SSN, F10.7 flux, geomagnetic aa, and NAO indices changed from multifractality to monofractality and those states became stable for most of the solar cycles. When the SSN became maximum, the fluctuations became large and multifractality became strong, and a change from multifractal to monofractal behavior was observed in the SSN, F10.7 flux, geomagnetic aa, and NAO indices. The strong interactions of the solar flux, geomagnetic activity, total ozone, and NAO occur in the SSN maximum. The strong interactions were inferred from the similarity of fractality changes and the wavelet coherence. The influence of the solar activity on the NAO was shown from a viewpoint of multi-fractality. These findings will contribute to the research on the effects of the solar activity on climate change.

The Particular Lines in the Solar Neutrino Energy Spectrum

In this paper, much attention is given to lines of minimum and maximum neutrino energies. Tritium chain of the hydrogen cycle in the Sun including reactions of 3He(e-,νe)3H(p,γ)4 is considered. At the distance of 1 a.u., the flux of tritium neutrinos is equal to 8.1 × 104 cm-2·s-1. It is an order of magnitude higher than the flux of the (hep)-neutrinos. Radial distribution of 3H-neutrinos yield inside the Sun and their energy spectrum which has a form of line at the energy of (2.5 - 3.0) keV are calculated. The flux of thermal tritium neutrinos is accompanied by a very weak flux of antineutrinos (~103 cm-2·year-1) with energy lower than 18.6 keV. These antineutrinos are produced during Urca processes 3He3H. The flux of the neutrinos of maximum possible energy (line 19.8 MeV) produced due to the (heep)-reaction (related to the (hep)-process) is estimated.