Analysis of Water Temperature Influenced by Arduino-Controlled on Solar Desalinator of Low Cost

The solar desalinator is a low cost installation and operation equipment that can contribute to tackling the problem of water shortages in the world.Because of the importance of this equipment,the present work has the objective to quantify the relation of the temperature of the water with the production of the equipment.For this,a compact desalinator with glass cover in square pyramidal form and a heating system controlled by a logic programmer was built.As a result,it was verified the efficiency of the logic controller as an auxiliary tool for experimental work and the relationship between temperature ranges and desalination production.

A Numerical Research on the Influences of the Diurnal Variation of Solar Radiation on the Medium-Range Weather Processes

In this paper, we use a spectral model for the medium-range numerical weather forecast to discuss the impact of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on the medium-range weather processes. Under the tests of two typical winter and summer cases, we find that the influences of the diurnal variation of solar radiation on summer weather are really important, especially on its rainfall, surface heat transport and 500 hPa height field. On winter weather, however, the influences are very weak.

Factors influencing the performance of paintable carbon-based perovskite solar cells fabricated in ambient air

To date, many efforts have been made to improve the performance of paintable carbon-based （PC-based） perovskite solar cells （PSCs）. Though great progress has been achieved, their power conversion efficiencies are still relatively low compared with hole-transport-materials-based PSCs. General research on influencing factors of performance in PC-based PSCs is still insufficient. In this work, PC-based PSCs were fabricated in ambient air and four groups of controlled experi- ments were performed in which the PbI2 layers were prepared with or without antisolvent extraction treatment. These four groups of experiments were designed to find out the effect of different influencing factors on PC-based PSCs performance, for example, PbI2 residual, the surface morphology of the perovskite film, the surface roughness of the perovskite film, and the contact status of the perovskite/carbon electrode interface. With a systematic analysis, we demonstrated that the contact status of the perovskite/carbon electrode interface played a vital role in PC-based PSCs, and a fiat, smooth perovskite surface could help to improve this contact status significantly. Besides, on the precondition of a poor contact interface, no PbI2 residual and a good surface morphology only brought limited benefits to the performances of PC-based PSCs.

The Influence of Ultrasonic Treatment on the Properties of Schottky Diodes

The given work studies the reason of the change of a superfluous current near crystallization temperature of an amorphous αPbSb metal alloy and at the same time founds out the influence of ultrasonic processing (USP) on the properties of αPbSb-nSi solar elements (SE), made by Shottki diodes technology (ShD) with a metal alloy. It is found that occurrence of a superfluous current αPbSb-nSi ShD under the influence of thermoannealing is connected with changes of structure of an amorphous film of metal at transition in a polycrystalline condition. VAC damaged αPbSb-nSi Sh Dare very sensitive to annealing time. Eventually, even at room temperature, level of a superfluous current decreases, i.e. “the wound” put by mechanical damage sort of heals, restoration process occurs the faster, the higher the annealing temperature is. Function of γt annealing parameters changes in an interval and the influence USP on photo-electric properties αPbSb-nSi SE depends on the chosen UIT mode.

Distribution of Solar Irradiance on Inclined Surfaces Due to the Plane of the Ground

Measurements of solar radiation are ordinarily made on horizontal planes recording global, diffuse and reflected components. The beam component and distribution of the global radiation on tilted planes can be calculated via the said components, as the position of the Sun in the sky’s sphere is known. Another ordinary procedure is measuring beam and diffuse components and calculating global radiation. These measurements require stationary equipment and in such a way it is difficult to study the influence of different grounds on the distribution of radiation on the inclined surfaces due to the ground. This distribution has some importance in civil engineering, but it is not popular in the field of solar radiation investigations. Present paper shows how this distribution can be calculated measuring only global irradiance on the horizontal and vertical planes. Such an approach, which is valid in clear-sky and overcast conditions, allows the use of a portable measuring device and studies of different grounds. The coincidence of the calculated values with the actual is good, except for snow-cover and discrete cloud, which do not correspond to the isotropic sky and ground models.

基于多源数据的昆仑山北坡地表太阳辐射调查评估

地表太阳辐射在全球能量平衡中起着至关重要的作用,是气候变化和水文循环的主要动力。但由于太阳辐射组分的多样性、测量仪器的高成本,高海拔山区缺乏长期可靠的观测数据。基于高分辨率的均一化中国陆表气候观测格点数据集和ERA5再分析辐射数据集,分析了1984-2023年昆仑山北坡不同时间尺度地表太阳辐射的变化特征,并利用地理探测器模型对地表太阳辐射与大气因子间的关系进行了诊断。结果表明:(1)昆仑山北坡年均地表太阳辐射在研究时段内呈显著下降趋势,下降速率为-1.24 W·m^(-2)·(10a)^(-1),季节上以夏季下降趋势最为显著,月均地表太阳辐射表现为先增加后减小,于6月达到最大值。(2)昆仑山北坡地表太阳辐射空间分布呈由南向北逐渐降低的特征,变化趋势表现出东西部差异,除冬季外,全年和春夏秋季均为东部下降速率快于西部。(3)根据单因子探测结果,各大气因子对地表太阳辐射空间分异的解释能力存在差异,其中水汽的解释能力较高(q=0.90),表明水汽是影响昆仑山北坡地表太阳辐射空间分布的一个重要因素。

滴灌条件下温室黄瓜土壤蒸发的影响因素及模拟

明确土壤蒸发的变化过程和影响因素,建立简便且具有较高精度的计算模型,对提高水资源利用效率,减少无效水分消耗具有重要指导意义。以温室滴灌黄瓜为试验对象,对土壤蒸发进行了连续测量,引入Priestley-Taylor模型的土壤蒸发模块,将蒸发过程分为2个阶段,探讨了3个限制系数(Deardorff,1977:f_(sw)-1;Yao et al.,2013:f_(sw)-2;Ershadi et al.,2014:f_(sw)-3)对模型精度的影响。结果表明:全生育期温室滴灌黄瓜的土壤蒸发在0.13~9.15 g/d之间变化,平均值为3.15 g/d,总体表现为“增加-降低-增加”的变化趋势;土壤蒸发与表层含水率和LAI均呈e指数函数关系,与含水率呈正比,与LAI呈反比;土壤蒸发系数与含水率变化过程相似,全生育期在0.49~1.26之间变化;3个模型在第2阶段的模拟精度较高,且f_(sw)-1的精度优于f_(sw)-2和f_(sw)-3,MAE和RMSE分别为0.14和0.21 mm/d。因此,采用PT-f_(sw)-1模型模拟滴灌条件下的土壤蒸发具有较高精度,可为精确掌握温室滴灌黄瓜水分消耗提供依据。

五运六气理论历法学探析

探讨运气历法对于深入把握五运六气理论具有重要意义。文章从运气历法概述、运气历法研究中存在的问题、运气历法在中医临床中的体现及运气历法的不足这四个方面对五运六气理论进行了历法学分析。结果认为:运气历法属于干支太阳历;易混淆的干支太阳历和干支农历实是两种历法体系;此外,在《黄帝内经》运气篇章的记载中存在干支太阳历纪时系统不全面的缺点。

Astral Actions on Allais’ Pendulum Apparently Inexplicable by Classical Factors: A Point of the Situation

1) The observation by Allais of the precession of pendulums from 1954 to 1960 highlighted regularities of astral origin an in-depth analysis of which showed that, apparently, no classical phenomenon can explain them. These regularities were diurnal waves whose periods are characteristic of astral influence (the main ones being 24 h and 24 h 50 min), annual and semi-annual components, and a multi-annual component of approximately 6 years, an influence of Jupiter being a very good candidate to explain it. 2) Allais had experimentally established that all these astral influences were expressed globally on the pendulum by an action tending to call back its plane of oscillation towards a direction variable in time, and which ovalized its trajectory. In 2019 the observation of 2 pendulums in Horodnic (Romania), thanks to the use of an automatic alidade, made it possible to identify the main mechanism that, very probably, acted on the pendulum to achieve this result. This perturbation model, called “linear anisotropy”, is characterized by its “coefficient of anisotropy” η, and by the azimuth of its “direction of anisotropy”. The composition of 2 linear anisotropies is always a linear anisotropy. 3) In the search for the phenomena which could be at the origin of all what precedes, the fact that they must create an ovalization immediately eliminates some of them. 4) We have calculated the values of η corresponding to the 24 h and 24 h 50 min waves both for the observations in Horodnic and the Allais observations. The order of magnitude (some 10−7) is effectively the same in both cases. 5) Mathematically, the regularities discovered may result of a new force field but also, as Allais proposes, from the creation, under the astral influences, of a local anisotropy of the medium in which the pendulum oscillates. In the first case the length of the pendulum is involved, in the second one not. The data available do not make it possible to decide. 6) The joint exploitation, in mechanics and optics, of Allais observations and of observations by other experimenters provides additional information: a) Allais, and after him several other scientists, discovered also marked anomalies in the precession of pendulums during certain eclipses, and maybe certain other syzygies. For the few eclipses for which both something was observed and sufficient data were available (one of them being a lunar eclipse for which nothing had been published until now), it was always the above perturbation model which acted on the pendulum, but sometimes with quite exceptional magnitude. b) There are quite possible links with optics. During the observation campaign of August 1958, which had implemented both two pendulums and an optical device, all the 24 h 50 min waves were almost in phase. In the precession of the Allais pendulum, in Miller’s interferometric observations in Mont Wilson, and in Esclangon’s observations in Strasbourg, a same peculiarity is found: the extrema of the annual influence are at the equinoxes, not at the solstices.

不同自然通风方式对日光温室环境及番茄生长的影响

为探究不同自然通风方式对日光温室环境及番茄生长的影响,试验设置了3座温室种植佳西娜番茄,测定通风方式对室内外温度、湿度、番茄品质以及产量的影响。试验结果表明,G3温室内部温度最高,G1和G2温室白天的室内气温较低,湿度有所提升,而在夜间气温差异不显著,并展现出一定的除湿效果,有助于减少番茄落花落果现象以及减少病虫害的发生。与G3温室相比较,G1、G2温室中的番茄糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量均高于G3,同时番茄亩产量也高于G3。综合考虑,G1温室在通风方面表现优越,其采用的是后侧坡面全面开窗的通风策略,能够使日光温室内的温度、光照和气流等环境要素得到更合适的调节,促进了番茄的生长,有效增加了番茄的产量与品质。

太阳能发电电价及成本分析

在国内能源需求快速增长的背景下,电力资源的开发也实现了规模化拓展。但值得注意的是,目前国内大部分地区依靠的是火力发电。这种发电模式本身会给生态环境带来沉重负担和压力,并且电力调度的损耗也十分明显,电荒问题仍有发生,这就在一定程度上加剧了资源的供需矛盾,也让绿色能源的开发获得了更加高度的关注和重视。在其中,太阳能光伏发电显然有着突出的优势。它不仅联合了用户端,满足了自发自用的需求,更是可以贴合多余电量上网调节的趋势。然而,太阳能作为新兴能源,其自身的发电价格和成本并没有完全稳定下来,会受到市场、地域、环境等多方因素的影响,这也需要进一步优化。对此,文章将立足于太阳能发电,分析其电价和成本影响因素,阐述其未来趋势。

Influence of the layer parameters on the performance of the CdTe solar cells

Influence of the layer parameters on the performances of the CdTe solar cells is analyzed by SCAPS-1 D. The Zn O: Al film shows a high efficiency than SnO_2:F. Moreover, the thinner window layer and lower defect density of Cd S films are the factor in the enhancement of the short-circuit current density. As well, to increase the open-circuit voltage, the responsible factors are low defect density of the absorbing layer CdTe and high metal work function. For the low cost of cell production, ultrathin film CdTe cells are used with a back surface field(BSF) between CdTe and back contact, such as PbTe. Further, the simulation results show that the conversion efficiency of 19.28% can be obtained for the cell with 1-μm-thick CdTe, 0.1-μm-thick PbTe and 30-nm-thick CdS.

太阳活动变化对东亚冬季气候的非对称影响及可能机制

基于1959～2013年的观测和再分析资料以及10.7 cm （2800MHz）太阳射电通量资料,本文分析了太阳活动变化与东亚冬季气候的相关关系,分析结果表明：太阳活动变化与东亚冬季大气环流有较好的相关性,且在太阳活动的强、弱时期该相关关系存在很大差异,在强太阳活动时期太阳活动变化与东亚冬季气候的联系更为显著,而在弱太阳活动时期二者之间的直接联系微弱,这表明太阳活动变化对东亚冬季气候的影响具有非对称性特征.在太阳活动较强的时期,随着太阳活动的增强,东亚中高纬对流层中层的大气环流倾向纬向型,东亚大槽减弱,850 hPa出现异常偏南风,地面上西伯利亚高压以及冬季风减弱,东亚大部分地区气温显著偏高;而在太阳活动较弱的时期,太阳活动的年际差异与东亚冬季大气环流之间几乎不存在显著联系.分析太阳活动较强和较弱时期纬向平均纬向风的差异发现,其间平流层行星波活动、热带西北太平洋海表温度的差异可能是造成这种非对称影响的重要原因.在强太阳活动时期,平流层行星波在太阳活动的异常增强年有异常的从极地向赤道的水平传播,高纬地区E-P通量（Eliassen-Palm flux）异常辐散,导致中高纬西风及北极涛动（AO）增强,同时热带西北太平洋海温异常偏冷,海陆热力差异缩小,大气环流经向度减弱,东亚冬季风偏弱.

太阳能集热系统过热影响因素分析

通过分析太阳能供热系统集热、蓄热和用热各个子系统的动态热量热平衡关系,建立太阳能集热系统热量传递数学模型,并结合集热系统内部流体过热汽化原理,提出集热系统过热度评价指标,并对集热系统在不同流量、水箱容积以及不同连接方式等条件下的过热程度进行分析计算。结果表明,集热系统过热度随热媒流量、集热器倾角和水箱容积取值的增大而减小,并通过对上述3种因素进行敏感性分析得到集热器倾角对系统过热度的影响最大。

太阳能热泵应用现状与性能分析

太阳能是清洁可再生能源,热泵是高效节能技术,两者有机结合应用既提高了太阳能集热器效率和热泵性能,又拓宽了应用范围,使其实用性大大增强。在介绍太阳能热泵系统的分类与工作原理基础上,概括了各类太阳能热泵的优缺点,总结了国内外该技术的应用和研究现状,着重分析了非直膨式太阳能热泵系统性能的影响因素——集热器安装朝向和角度、热泵的蒸发温度和冷凝温度是影响系统性能的主要因素。

分析光伏电站输出特性的云遮挡太阳辐射模型

针对云层运动对于太阳辐射的影响,提出一种结合晴天太阳辐射模型与云层运动方程组的云遮挡太阳辐射模型(SRMCI)。首先,将云层运动的Navier-Stokes方程组及热力学方程进行差分后运用于耦合映射格,并结合美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会制定的晴天太阳辐射模型,引入水云对于太阳辐射的衰减因子,最终建立SRMCI模型。将SRMCI模型的结果作为某50MW光伏电站的波动性输入,分析电站的输出功率的随机特性,仿真结果表明:SRMCI模型可模拟云层运动对于光伏电站的影响;50个含不同波动幅度大小的单元输出功率经过整合后,光伏电站总输出功率波动得到了抑制;云对电站总输出功率的衰减约为17.7%,电站总输出功率波动幅度约为单元输出功率平均波动幅度的10.8%。

近48年华东地区地面太阳总辐射变化特征和影响因子分析

利用中国最新公布的截至2008年华东地区13个站点资料,对华东地区平均的地面太阳总辐射长期变化趋势进行了分析,并讨论了该地区云、气溶胶和水汽对地面太阳总辐射变化的影响。研究表明,1961～2008年华东地区平均总辐射呈现减少趋势,减少速率为2.05 W·m^(-2)(10yr)^(-1);1990年前该地区总辐射呈现出显著的下降趋势,1990～1995年呈现快速增加趋势,但是1995～2000年再次呈下降趋势,2000年后在平均线上下波动略有增加。气溶胶、云和水汽对华东地区地面太阳总辐射的长期变化都有一定的影响,但是在不同的时段影响程度不同,在1961～1989年总辐射的减少主要归因为气溶胶的增加;而在1990～1999年和2000～2008年则是以云量的影响为主,而且低云量对地面总辐射的影响要大于总云量的影响。

小面积阴影对太阳电池输出功率的影响

由于鸟的排泄物、灰尘、落叶等因素的影响,小面积阴影在光伏系统中普遍存在。为了研究自然条件下,这类阴影对太阳电池实际输出功率的影响,利用单晶硅和多晶硅太阳电池进行了阴影影响测试。实测数据及分析结果表明:当这类阴影面积小于5 cm2时,基本不会对太阳电池的输出功率造成明显影响;而当阴影面积大于10 cm2时,太阳电池的输出功率将会出现较大幅度的降低,而且下降的幅度基本与阴影面积成线性关系,因此在光伏系统中应避免此类阴影;另外,相同面积的阴影在太阳电池单体表面的分布位置对输出功率基本没有影响。

太阳能烟囱发电系统的CFD模拟研究

太阳能烟囱发电技术是一项综合应用温室效应技术、烟囱技术及风力涡轮发电技术于一体的太阳能发电新技术,是实现大规模开发和利用太阳能的一种新途径。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对太阳能烟囱发电系统的速度场、压力场和温度场进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在其它条件不变的情况下,集热棚周边高度对系统的发电功率没有影响;太阳能烟囱直径存在一最佳值,使发电系统输出的发电功率最大。

集热棚对太阳能烟囱发电系统效率的影响

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对太阳能烟囱发电装置进行数值模拟,得到装置内部的温度场、速度场、压力场等分布情况。对集热棚的各种几何和物理参数进行研究和分析。结果表明,集热棚直径、太阳辐照强度、覆盖材料的透明度等诸多参数对系统效率有直接而重要的影响。