Influence of Lunar Activities on the Twenty-four Solar Terms

Twenty four solar terms is a knowledge system formed by the ancients through long-term observation of the annual activities of the sun.Although it roughly reveals the changing rules of seasons,climate and phenology in a year,and reflects the influence of the sun on the earth’s climate change on a large scale,because the ancients ignored the influence of the moon’s activities on the earth’s climate change on a small scale,the 24 solar terms they summarized often can not accurately predict the earth's climate change.In order to make the 24 solar terms reflect not only the influence of the sun on the earth's climate change on a large scale,but also the influence of the moon's activities on the earth's climate change on a small scale,we must refer to the key time nodes of the moon's activities to divide the 24 solar terms.That is to say,the first day(the seventh or twenty second day of the lunar calendar)after the“Greater Cold”of the old year should be set as the“Beginning of Spring”of the new year,and then the day after half a month should be the next solar term,which is the first day of the moon’s next visit to the Antarctic or the Arctic,and so on.In this way,the 24 solar terms are consistent with the key nodes of lunar activities,and can accurately predict the changes of the earth's climate.

Analysis on the Climatic Characteristics of Temperature in "24 Solar Terms" in Liaoning Province

[Objective] The aim was to analyze the climatic characteristics of temperature in '24 solar terms' in Liaoning Province.[Method] Based on the daily temperature data from 56 stations in Liaoning Province from 1951 to 2009,the climatic characteristics of temperature in '24 solar terms' in Liaoning Province in recent 59 years were analyzed.[Result] The time series of average temperature in '24 solar terms' in Liaoning Province showed quasi normal distribution from 1951 to 2009,namely single peak type.Great Heat meant the hottest time within one year,and next came Slight Heat,while Slight Cold was the coldest time within one year,and Great Cold took the second place.Among 24 solar terms,temperature increased most obviously in Tomb-sweeping Day,with the increase of 4.9 ℃,while temperature decreased most greatly in the Beginning of Winter,with the decrease of 5.1 ℃.There was obvious decadal variation in average temperature in Slight Heat,Great Heat,Slight Cold,Great Cold and the End of Heat which were closely related to temperature,and average temperature went up with time.From 1951-1980 to 1981-2009,average temperature in 22 solar terms showed increase trend,and there was no change in one solar term,while average temperature in one solar term decreased slightly,and average temperature in 24 solar terms increased by 0.66 ℃.[Conclusion] The study could provide scientific reference for meteorological service.

Life Nurturing in the Illustrated Daoyin of the 24 Solar Terms(二十四节气)

China’s“24 Solar Terms”,known as the fifth invention after China’s hour Major Inventions,is a knowledge system and social practice formed through observations of the sun’s annual motion,and cognition of the year’s changes in season,climate and phenology.More and more people in the world have been eager to know more about it since UNESCO inscribed Chinas“24 Solar Terms”on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2016.As a way of nurturing life,the Illustrated Daoyin of the 24 Solar Terms includes twenty-four exercise forms,corresponding to the 24 solar terms respectively,which reflects the significant idea of complying with the law of yin-yang changes in the universe.It presents a series of sitting and standing exercises designed to prevent diseases that occur during seasonal changes throughout the year.The ancient Chinese wisdom of time and life nurturing has been witnessed in China’s“24 Solar Terms”and“Illustrated Daoyin of the 24 Solar Terms”This article aims to arouse readers’concern and interest in life nurturing by introducing how to do all the exercises presented by the Illustrated Daoyin of the 24 Solar Terms,which is helpful to the prevention and cure of diseases as well as good for health.

Cultural Structure of Solar Terms and Traditional Festivals

Solar terms and festivals differ from and relate to each other in terms of application scope and cultural structure.The cultural association and application of the 24 Solar Terms are studied in the areas including philosophy,farming and society,and are exhibited in the natural convergence of views on space and time,life and customs,as well as the facilitation of agricultural practice.The connotations of traditional Chinese festivals concern basic areas such as beliefs,rites,language,symbols,diets and art,which are exhibited in the co-existent "festival tokens," "festival events," "festival messages," "festival symbols," "festival food" and "festival art forms." Festivals feature fixed and periodic occurrence and multi-channel cultural inheritance.

The Origin and Significance of the Twenty-Four Solar Terms in China

The "Twenty-Four Solar Terms" is an integrated knowledge system and functional social practice initiated and developed by ancient Chinese. Appling to their daily lives and agricultural production, based on records of the periodic motions of the sun, this knowledge system echoes seasonal and climate changes, phenological variation and reflects the features of ancient agricultural activities. As a comprehensive demonstration of their lives and production, it is a phenomenal achievement thanks to the ancient Chinese people's experience and wisdom. The "Twenty-Four Solar Terms" is also a cultural phenomenon unique to China, geographic location, the Yellow River Basin being at a mid-latitude zone with distinctive seasonal climate changes; its long-existing agrarian tradition, advanced agricultural philosophy and a harmonious lifestyle. In the meantime, while China's superior knowledge on astronomy made its formation technically possible, the "agriculture first" governmental policy and the "prefectures and counties" administrative system, introduced by governors from Qin and Han Dynasties, cultivated its formation institutionally. Besides, the "Twenty-Four Solar Terms" is the outcome of the harmonious civilization progress and traditional Chinese culture, which is different from Western Europe's aggressive and predatory industrial expansion. The "Twenty-Four Solar Terms" is still of great cultural and practical significance in China even today. It highlights the "unity of mankind and nature" philosophy and serves as another signature symbol of the Chinese culture. While China is more and more engaging in international affairs, the "Twenty-Four Solar Terms" facilitates the rest of the world to understand China from another angle.

Luoxia Hong and 24 Solar Terms and Their Translations

Up to now,there are few academic studies on the great astronomer,Luoxia Hong and the English translation of the 24 Solar Terms.Through the study of Luoxia Hong and the 24 Solar Terms and their English translations,this paper aims to,firstly,further reconfirm the historical status of Luoxia Hong and secondly,make a comparative study of the different translation versions of 24 Solar Terms from the perspective of translation studies,so that more people,home and abroad,can get more familiar with the historical and cultural celebrity Luoxia Hong and traditional Chinese culture.

Research on the Translation of Chinese Twenty-Four Solar Terms: A Skopos Theory Perspective

In the current era of rapid development, excellent culture needs to be inherited and spread to the world. Therefore, it is essential to consider the translation of the 24 solar terms. China persists in the principle of the Belt and Road Initiative, adheres to the guidance of Chinese traditional excellent culture goes global, and enhances the influence of Chinese culture on the words, the culture of the words communicating and developing constantly. This paper analyzes and compares translations of different versions, explores the necessity of translation strategies for translation, then summaries the translation strategy, ultimately figures out the development space, ted texts and promote the exchange of Chinese and foreign cultures.

From solar terms to medical terms(PartⅡ):Some implications for traditional Chinese Medicine

In the traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), the timing of performing the treatment during the year is always an important factor for maximizing its effectiveness. Based on over half a century of observational and reanalysis data, a modified calendric system, named the Twenty-four Medical Terms(24-MTs), has been established for China's Mainland following a systematic calibration and geographical adjustment of the classic Twenty-four Solar Terms(24-STs). In view of "adapting the human body to the changing universe", a core philosophy of the TCM, this improved medical calendar is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of precise Chinese Medicine in the big data era. Specifically, two maps of localized timings for the so-called Triple-Fu(TF) and Triple-Jiu(TF) defined using a joint heat index of air temperature and relative humidity are created as an alternative to the two nationwide unified timings representing the warmest and coldest periods of the year. These location-specific medical calendars, with a maximum regional time shift of one week for TJ and a systematic advancing of 3.6–28.2 days for TF in China's Mainland, are thought to be clinically useful for carrying out precise TCM such as"treating winter deceases in summer". In addition, similar maps of localized timings for peak spring and peak autumn defined as the days of fastest warming and cooling around the years are generated for China's Mainland, so as to provide a helpful guidance for practicing season(ST/MT) related and geographically dependent precise health care in the context of "born in spring, grow in summer, harvest in autumn, and preserve in winter", which is a key ideology in the TCM.

From solar terms to medical terms(Part Ⅰ): A first step with big data

The story of the Twenty-four Solar Terms(24-ST_s) is one of the most popular elements in Chinese culture, which has a profound influence on agriculture production, health care, and even daily life in both ancient and modern China. This traditional calendric system was invented by the Chinese ancestors through combining fundamental astronomical knowledge with climatic and phenological conditions in the Yellow River Basin some 2000 years ago. Although the basic philosophy of the 24-ST_s remains valid for the country as a whole to date, their regional robustness has been increasingly challenged by accumulating observational data in terms of temporal shift and spatial inhomogeneity. To tackle these issues, we propose to recalibrate the medically related critical timings of Great Heat and Great Cold in the classic ST system by using big meteorological data, and adjust them by introducing geographically correlated analytical models. As a result, a novel calendric system, called the Twenty-four Medical Terms(24-MT_s), has been developed as an upgraded version of the traditional 24-ST_s. The proposed 24-MT_s are characterized by two striking features with respect to the 24-ST_s: A varying duration of each MT instead of a fixed one for the ST, and a geographically dependent timing for each MT instead of a unified one for the entire nation. As such, the updated 24-MT_s are expected to provide a more realistic estimate of these critical timings around the year, and hence, a more precise guidance to agronomic planning and health care activity in China.

Climatic changes in the Twenty-four Solar Terms during 1960-2008

The temperature thresholds and timings of the 24 climatic Solar Terms in China are determined from a homogenized dataset of the surface air temperature recorded at 549 meteorological stations for the period 1960-2008 employing the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method.Changes in the mean temperature and timing of the climatic solar terms are illustrated.The results show that in terms of the mean situation over China,the number of cold days such as those of Slight Cold and Great Cold has decreased,especially by 56.8% for Great Cold in the last 10 years(1998-2007) compared with in the 1960s.The number of hot days like those of Great Heat has increased by 81.4% in the last 10 years compared with in the 1960s.The timings of the climatic Solar Terms during the warming period(around spring) in the seasonal cycle have advanced significantly by more than 6 d,especially by 15 d for Rain Water,while those during the cooling period(around autumn) have delayed significantly by 5-6 d.These characteristics are mainly due to a warming shift of the whole seasonal cycle under global warming.However,the warming shift affects the different Solar Terms to various extents,more prominently in the spring than in the autumn.The warming tendencies for Rain Water,the Beginning of Spring,and the Waking of Insects are the largest,2.43?C,2.37?C,and 2.21?C,respectively,for the period 1961-2007 in China as a whole.Four particular phenology-related climatic Solar Terms,namely the Waking of Insects,Pure Brightness,Grain Full,and Grain in Ear,are found to have advanced almost everywhere.In semi-arid zones in northern China,advances of the timings of these four climatic Solar Terms are significant,12-16,4-8,4-8,and 8-12 d,respectively,for the period 1961-2007.These quantitative results provide a scientific base for climate change adaptation,especially in terms of agricultural planning and energy-saving management throughout a year.

Load forecasting using 24 solar terms

Calendar is an important driving factor of electricity demand. Therefore, many load forecasting models would incorporate calendar information. Frequently used calendar variables include hours of a day, days of a week,months of a year, and so forth. During the past several decades, a widely-used calendar in load forecasting is the Gregorian calendar from the ancient Rome, which dissects a year into 12 months based on the Moon's orbit around the Earth. The applications of alternative calendars have rarely been reported in the load forecasting literature. This paper aims at discovering better means than Gregorian calendar to categorize days of a year for load forecasting.One alternative is the solar-term calendar, which divides the days of a year into 24 terms based on the Sun's position in the zodiac. It was originally from the ancient China to guide people for their agriculture activities. This paper proposes a novel method to model the seasonal change for load forecasting by incorporating the 24 solar terms in regression analysis. The case study is conducted for the eight load zones and the system total of ISO New England.Results from both cross-validation and sliding simulationshow that the forecast based on the 24 solar terms is more accurate than its counterpart based on the Gregorian calendar.

Decision Technique of Solar Radiation Prediction Applying Recurrent Neural Network for Short-Term Ahead Power Output of Photovoltaic System

In recent years, introduction of a renewable energy source such as solar energy is expected. However, solar radiation is not constant and power output of photovoltaic (PV) system is influenced by weather conditions. It is difficult for getting to know accurate power output of PV system. In order to forecast the power output of PV system as accurate as possible, this paper proposes a decision technique of forecasting model for short-term-ahead power output of PV system based on solar radiation prediction. Application of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is shown for solar radiation prediction in this paper. The proposed method in this paper does not require complicated calculation, but mathematical model with only useful weather data. The validity of the proposed RNN is confirmed by comparing simulation results of solar radiation forecasting with that obtained from other

Long-Term Visibility Trends in the Riyadh Megacity, Central Arabian Peninsula and Their Possible Link to Solar Activity

In this study, atmospheric visibility (AV) data from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (24.91˚N, 46.41˚E, 760 m), for the period 1976-2011 were utilized to investigate the interannual, monthly, and seasonal AV variations and trends. The magnitudes of these trends were characterized and tested using mann-kendall (MK) rank statistics at different significance levels. No significant trend in AV was observed during the 36-year period. However, a significant increase in the annual mean AV by 0.24 km per year for the period between 1976 and 1999 was found. For the period 1999-2011, AV decreased significantly by 0.16 km per year. The potential effects of air temperature and relative humidity on AV were investigated. While these two variables could explain the observed trend of AV over some periods, they failed to do so for the whole study period. To search for extraterrestrial causes for long-term AV variations, correlation analyses between the time series of cosmic ray (CR) data (measured by NM and muon detector) and solar activity (represented by sunspot number) and AV were conducted and showed that these two variables are able to explain the AV variations for the whole study period. Additionally, power spectra analyses were conducted to investigate periodicities in the AV time series. Several significant periodicities, such as 9.8, 5.2, 2.2, 1.7, and 1.3 years were recognized. The obtained periodicities were similar to those reported by several investigators and found in solar, interplanetary, and CR parameters. The spectral and correlation results suggested that, with the expected effects of terrestrial and meteorological conditions on AV, long-term AV variations can also be related to the solar activity and associated CR modulations.

LSTM neural network for solar radio spectrum classification

A solar radio spectrometer records solar radio radiation in the radio waveband. Such solar radio radiation spanning multiple frequency channels and over a short time period could provide a solar radio spectrum which is a two dimensional image. The vertical axis of a spectrum represents frequency channel and the horizontal axis signifies time. Intrinsically, time dependence exists between neighboring columns of a spectrum since solar radio radiation varies continuously over time. Thus, a spectrum can be treated as a time series consisting of all columns of a spectrum, while treating it as a general image would lose its time series property. A recurrent neural network(RNN) is designed for time series analysis. It can explore the correlation and interaction between neighboring inputs of a time series by augmenting a loop in a network.This paper makes the first attempt to utilize an RNN, specifically long short-term memory(LSTM), for solar radio spectrum classification. LSTM can mine well the context of a time series to acquire more information beyond a non-time series model. As such, as demonstrated by our experimental results, LSTM can learn a better representation of a spectrum, and thus contribute better classification.

基于阳热圆运动解析国医大师夏桂成教授“月周律与调周法”

国医大师夏桂成教授所倡导的“月周律与月经周期调治法”(简称“月周律与调周法”)是中医固有的阐述圆运动生物钟规律的理论,有助于分析月经周期和生殖节律的变化。圆运动是宇宙生命运动的普遍规律,古人通过二十四节气描述大自然中与生物生命相关的阳热降沉升浮的圆运动。月周律是女性自身阳热降沉升浮圆运动的结果,同时受大自然阳热圆运动的影响。月周律与大自然阳热圆运动存在着对应关系:阳热升极而降与经期重阳转阴相应;阳热金秋肃降与经后期阳消阴长相应;阳热降极而升与经间期重阴转阳相应;阳热春木温升与经前期阴消阳长相应。调周法的本质是基于月周律,恢复机体阴阳消长及动静升降的正常节律。

Interannual and Decadal Variations of Surface Solar Radiation over East China in the First Half of the 20th Century

Variability and long-term trends of sunshine duration(SSD) and total cloud cover(TCC) were studied based on surface observations from 10 meteorological stations over East China in the first half of the 20 th century. The correlation coefficients between SSD and diurnal temperature range(DTR), as well as TCC, were analyzed. SSD experienced a significant increasing trend(0.16 h d-1 per decade) from 1908 to 1936, and the maximum brightening was in autumn(0.33 h d-1 per decade). The good agreement between the variability of SSD and DTR, supported by the correlation coefficient between them of 0.72, implies that the SSD measurements were reliable. TCC showed a decreasing trend(-0.93% per decade) and was significantly inversely related to SSD(-0.74), indicating the variation of SSD was attributable to changes in cloud cover. The result was obviously different to that since the 1960 s, when clouds could not account for the decadal trend of surface solar radiation in China.

基于层次分析与二十四节气动态图案文化基因的设计研究

目的运用动态图案的独特性质和优势,提升视觉体验,超越传统的二维界限。采用创新、生动且引人入胜的数字化方法展示内容,增强中华传统文化对公众的吸引力,促进非物质文化遗产在数字时代的繁荣发展。方法利用层次分析法的相关理论,对二十四节气的物候特征、农事活动特征等相关文化因子进行分析,提炼出节气的文化的典型基因,并将其转换为设计元素,从而构建二十四节气动态图案设计。结果将层次分析法和符号学理论运用到二十四节气动态图案设计中,确定影响二十四节气动态图案设计的典型因子,成功完成了该研究的创新设计方向以及具体方案。结论使用层次分析法和符号学理论进行二十四节气动态图案设计的创新研究,能够清晰了解设计中的典型因子,并进行设计定义和方向决策,顺利完成了研究目标,提升了二十四节气文化新的时代内涵。

A Software Package Generating Long Term and Near Real Time Predictions of the Critical Frequencies of the F2 Layer over Europe and Its Applications

Long term prediction and near real time (nowcasting) maps of the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2), over the geographic area extending in latitude from 34°N to 60°N and in longitude from -5°W to 40°E, have been provided since 2006 by the DIAS (European Digital Upper Atmosphere Server) system. This work describes the software package PRODUCTION_DATABASE_foF2 & Extract_Real_Time_Grid_foF2 constituted by two original software packages called PRODUCTION_ DATABASE_foF2 and Extract_Real_Time_Grid_foF2 which have been developed in the framework of the ESA SSA Programme P2-SWE-1, in order to provide numerical grids of foF2 prediction on a mapping area more extended than that offered by the DIAS both in latitude (from 34°N to 80°N) and in longitude (from -10°W to 40°E). PRODUCTION_DATABASE_foF2, by means of the CCIR and SIRM models, provides a database of long term predictions of foF2 for all the months and the solar activities characterized by the 12-month smoothed mean value of the monthly sunspots number (R12) ranged between -50 and 150 with step = 1. On the basis of two effective sunspots numbers, R12eff_Northern and R12eff_Southern, which are calculated each hour using the foF2 autoscaled values provided by some reference stations, Extract_Real_Time_Grid_foF2 extracts from the database of long term predictions of foF2 the numerical grids representing the near real time ionospheric conditions for the hour and month under consideration. Some applications of PRODUCTION_DATABASE_foF2 and Extract_Real_Time_Grid_foF2 in terms of long term forecast and nowcasting maps of foF2 are shown and their usefulness is discussed.

人文与自然两合:及物性系统下二十四节气文化报道生态话语分析

文章采用及物性系统标注和生态话语分析方法对中国日报中48篇二十四节气文化报道进行了研究。研究结果表明,反映节气变化、农事活动和气象特征的物质、关系过程及其参与者成分在语料中占比较高。同时,以上成分还承载了人与自然和谐共处的背景信息,包括范围、定位、方式和因果环境成分等。高频词汇在各成分中突出了人类承担生态责任和重视自然的生态地位。通过及物性系统下的生态话语分析,文章认为,二十四节气文化报道展现了人类了解、顺应、保护自然并与自然和谐共处的生态效果,体现了中华优秀传统文化中人文与自然的融合,在引导公众正确认知人与自然关系方面具有重要意义。

二十四节气的温湿指数与抑郁症的相关性研究

背景全球抑郁症患者已突破3亿人次,其高致残率引起世界广泛关注。目前温湿指数(Humidex)与抑郁症之间关系的研究较少。目的探讨二十四节气的Humidex与抑郁症之间的关系。方法收集上海市嘉定区精神卫生中心精神科2016-10-08—2019-10-07抑郁症患者的就诊资料(n=18289),包括性别、年龄、就诊时间、就诊门诊及专家门诊数量。通过上海市气象局公布数据收集嘉定区2016-10-08—2019-10-07日均温度、相对湿度、降雨量、气压和平均风速数据,计算Humidex。将患者依据不同年龄分为≤18岁组(n=157)、19~44岁组(n=3099)、45~59岁组(n=4848)、60~74岁组(n=6270)和≥75岁组(n=3915)。通过结合类Poisson分布和分布滞后非线性模型估计二十四节气的Humidex与抑郁症之间的关系。运用Pearson相关性分析计算Humidex和气象变量之间的相关性。以中位Humidex作为对照,计算二十四节气的Humidex和抑郁症的相对风险度(RR)。结果2016-10-08—2019-10-07共纳入抑郁症患者18289人次,男6900人次,女11389人次。2016-10-08—2017-10-07小寒节气对应的平均Humidex最低,抑郁症患者数最多;大暑节气对应的平均Humidex最高,抑郁症患者数最少。2017-10-08—2018-10-07大寒节气对应的平均Humidex最低,抑郁症患者数最多;大暑节气对应的平均Humidex最高,抑郁症患者数最少。2018-10-08—2019-10-07大寒节气对应的平均Humidex最低,抑郁症患者数最多;大暑节气对应的平均Humidex最高,抑郁症患者数最少。二十四节气的Humidex与总人群抑郁症风险呈非线性关系。2016-10-08—2019-10-07总人群、男性、女性、≤18岁、19~44岁、45~59岁、60~74岁和≥75岁抑郁症风险分布前2位Humidex对应的节气分别为大寒、立春,抑郁症风险分布最低Humidex对应的节气为大暑。抑郁症总人群在大寒、立春节气后第10天出现最大滞后效应(RR=1.020,95%CI=1.001~1.040),在大暑节气后第8天出现滞后效应,持续至第9天。60~74岁年龄组人群在大寒、立春节气后第7天出现滞后效应,第9天出现最大滞后效应(RR=1.054,95%CI=1.007~1.104),持续至第11天。男性抑郁症人群在大暑节气后第1天和第8天出现滞后效应,分别持续至第2天和第10天,于第10天出现最大滞后效应(RR=0.952,95%CI=0.911~0.994);60~74岁年龄组人群在大暑节气后第8天出现滞后效应,持续至第9天。结论大寒、立春节气的Humidex是抑郁症的危险因素,临床上应根据不同节气的Humidex,对抑郁症患者人群做到精准诊疗,制订个体化的干预方案。