Monitoring of Large Size Solar Thermal Systems： Design and Data Analysis

This paper describes how to achieve an efficient design and management of a tele-monitoring system of several solar thermal plants. The system will be able to make an analysis that assures a more efficient management of each plant and of the whole system. In the first part of this study, the features of the monitoring system that allows to monitor the operating parameters and to discover the issues before they actually become dangerous for the plant have been identified. The data collected in the different solar thermal systems realized in Italian jails have been analyzed. The results of these elaborations allowed us both to find out some anomalies of functioning of the plants, and to optimize the management of the whole plant in a more efficient way.

Solar Thermal Systems Performances versus Flat Plate Solar Collectors Connected in Series

This paper shows the modeling of a solar collective heating system in order to predict the system performances. Two systems are proposed: 1) the first, Solar Direct Hot Water, which is composed of flat plate collectors and thermal storage tank, 2) the second, a Solar Indirect Hot Water in which we added an external heat exchanger of constant effectiveness to the first system. The mass flow rate by a collector is fixed to 0.04 Kg·s–1 and the total number of collectors is adjusted to 60. For the first system, the maximum average water temperature within the tank in a typical day in summer and annual performances are calculated by varying the number of collectors connected in series. For the second, this paper shows the detailed analysis of water temperature within the storage and annual performances by varying the mass flow rate on the cold side of the heat exchanger and the number of collectors in series on the hot side. It is shown that the stratification within the storage is strongly influenced by mass flow rate and the connections between collectors. It is also demonstrated that the number of collectors that can be connected in series is limited. The optimization of the mass flow rate on cold side of the heat exchanger is seen to be an important factor for the energy saving.

Thermodynamic analysis on medium-high temperature solar thermal systems with selective coatings

Thermodynamics analysis was carried out for solar thermal receivers with different selective coatings.The relation between the energy conversion efficiency of a medium-high temperature solar thermal system,the spectral properties of selective coating and the operating temperature of the receiver were discussed.Furthermore,the relation between the optimum operating temperatures,the exergy efficiencies and the incident solar flux were analyzed for the traditional concentrating system and concentrating beam splitting system,respectively.According to the analysis results for the thermal receiver with blackbody surface and selective coatings,the optimum cutoff wavelength was obtained for the ideal selective coating.An analysis method for the optimum operating temperature calculation was developed for thermal receivers with selective coating.The optimum operating temperature for an actual selective coating was analyzed on the basis of the proposed theory.

A spatiotemporal signal processing technique for wafer-scale IC thermomechanical stress monitoring by an infrared camera

In this paper, we describe a new silicon-die thermal monitoring approach using spatiotemporal signal processing technique for Wafer-Scale IC thermome- chanical stress monitoring. It is proposed in the context of a wafer-scale-based (WaferICTM) rapid prototyping platform for electronic systems. This technique will be embedded into the structure of the WaferIC, and will be used as a preventive measure to protect the wafer from possible damages that can be caused by excessive thermomechanical stress. The paper also presents spatial and spatiotemporal algorithms and the experimental results from an IR images collection campaign conducted using an IR camera.

Energy and Exergy Analysis of a New Small Concentrating Solar Power Plant

A new small concentrating solar power plant which is suitable for urban area is presented, and a theoretical framework for the energy and exergy analysis in the overall power plant is also constructed. The framework can be used to evaluate the energy and exergy losses in each component. Furthermore, the energy and exergy efficiencies have also been computed and compared for the individual components as well as for the overall plant.

Energy and Cost Analysis of Processing Flat Plate Solar Collectors

In this work,a life cycle analysis is accomplished for flat plate solar collectors.The purpose of this investigation is to predict the energy consumption during the manufacturing processes that results in carbon dioxide emissions.Energy consumption and system efficiency enhancement will be studied and predicted.CES EduPack software is used to perform the analysis of the currently commercial system,and the suggested changes are implemented to increase the efficiency and make the comparison.Even though cost analysis is done,the priority of selection is given to the most energy conserving and environmentally friendly alternative.However,if the compared alternatives result in the same energy consumption and CO_(2)emissions,the cost analysis would be a better approach.It can be stated that flat plate solar collectors are sustainable and renewable energy systems that do not produce CO_(2)emissions during their active usage,but the manufacturing processes they undergo during the design contribute to the greenhouse gasses emission.

Optimisation of Electrical Distribution System by Using Solar Thermal Powered Systems and Its Impact on Electrical Distribution Feeders

In this research, the performance of the solar thermal powered systems (STPS) is analyzed with different models (without inserts, with inserts and with Nano fluids with different concentrations) and its impact on the Electric load in a residential/Institutional Electrical Distribution system. For this purpose, the electrical and solar thermal water heater is tested and validated. Solar thermal powered systems and its impact on the Institutional electrical distribution feeders are tested and compared with the energy efficiency (EE) and cost optimization. The goal of this paper is to analyze the impact of solar thermal energy on electrical energy consumption in the electrical distribution feeder level. The electrical system cost and energy consumptions are tabulated and observed that there is a considerable savings.

Thermal Energy Collection Forecasting Based on Soft Computing Techniques for Solar Heat Energy Utilization System

In recent years, introduction of alternative energy sources such as solar energy is expected. Solar heat energy utilization systems are rapidly gaining acceptance as one of the best solutions to be an alternative energy source. However, thermal energy collection is influenced by solar radiation and weather conditions. In order to control a solar heat energy utilization system as accurate as possible, it requires method of solar radiation estimation. This paper proposes the forecast technique of a thermal energy collection of solar heat energy utilization system based on solar radiation forecasting at one-day-ahead 24-hour thermal energy collection by using three different NN models. The proposed technique with application of NN is trained by weather data based on tree-based model, and tested according to forecast day. Since tree-based-model classifies a meteorological data exactly, NN will train a solar radiation with smoothly. The validity of the proposed technique is confirmed by computer simulations by use of actual meteorological data.

Modeling Energy Generation by Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems in the United States

This article presents the results of an analysis of hourly data obtained from forty-three photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in North America. Energy data collected from these systems were organized according to monthly output in an effort to identify factors which are effective in predicting energy generation. Independent variables such as system capacity, shading, longitude, latitude, seasonal variation, and orientation were considered. Multiple regression analysis was used to quantify the kilowatt-hours that can be expected from a change in the independent variables. Results show that all six independent variables are significant predictors which can be used in a regression model to estimate system output with a high level of confidence. The analysis shows that approximately 83% of the variation in the amount of energy generated monthly by the forty-three solar panels is explained by the independent variables and the derived equation. Results of the study may prove helpful to solar panel system users who may need to consider less than optimum conditions during a PV panel installation and service life.

高功率激光辐照下光学天线的像质研究

离轴两反光学天线在高功率激光系统中起到改变光束直径的作用,而高功率激光加载下所产生的热效应使光学天线的像质劣化,严重影响高功率激光系统的性能。为量化其影响效果,建立了离轴两反光学天线的有限元分析模型,模拟高功率激光作用环境,完成了激光加载下的瞬态热分析以及静力学分析,并得到离轴两反光学天线激光加载时间对波前劣化的影响关系。使用齐次坐标变换的方法求解离轴主次镜的刚体位移,具体分析了各项刚体位移随加载时间的变化情况。通过Zernike多项式拟合的方法完成了镜面的波面拟合,将拟合结果导入ZEMAX中,最终得到了该光学天线在平均功率为1 000 W,重频为0.2 Hz,入光直径为30 mm的激光加载300 s下的波前均方差为0.064 6λ。为了进一步验证模型的准确性,使用较低功率(10 W)激光进行原理等效实验,结果表明光学天线在激光加载下实际波像差与模型仿真结果基本相符,偏差小于7.93%,该方法可以有效评价离轴两反天线在高功率激光加载下的像质劣化情况。

集成碳捕集的1000 MW超超临界燃煤机组热力系统优化与性能研究

为降低CO_(2)的能耗并且提高发电效率,以超超临界二次再热-碳捕集系统为参考系统,提出了耦合太阳和ORC系统的二次再热-碳捕集优化方案。利用Ebsilon软件构建了优化系统模型,并进行了热力性能、经济性和运行性能分析。结果表明:与参考系统相比,优化系统热效率提高了4.78%,热耗降低了1005 kJ/(kW·h),煤耗降低了36.50 g/(kW·h);太阳能辅助系统年运行时间占比为60%,均省煤量可达到2.0×10^(4)t。优化方案具有更好的热经济性并且减少了发电耗煤量,为CO_(2)捕集和减排提供优化思路。

基于笼屉结构的机载高能激光系统光学中舱温度适应性研究

相较于车载、舰载设备,机载设备受体积及工作环境的限制,发展较为缓慢。针对机载设备的轻小型化要求,系统采用“光路堆叠”思想,提出笼屉式分层结构,实现了系统体积的要求。因光学中舱中包含精跟踪及主激光支路,温度变化时各支路间的光轴一致性难以保证,导致跟踪目标发生偏移,主激光支路无法对目标进行精确打击,严重影响系统的工作。为解决上述问题,对光学中舱进行有限元仿真分析,研究光学中舱在20±5℃情况下各镜片的变形。对镜片变形中影响光轴偏折的刚体位移进行提取计算,计算出单个镜片的偏转角度。根据反射棱镜安装误差理论对各支路间的光轴偏移量进行计算,分析精跟踪支路与主激光支路光轴一致性偏差。经过仿真分析,系统精跟踪支路与主激光支路光轴方位偏差为109.634μrad,俯仰偏差为132.952μrad。在实验室中进行25℃温度实验,结果表明,系统精跟踪支路与主激光支路光轴方位偏差为104.019μrad,俯仰偏差为125.009μrad,与仿真结果误差分别为5.40%、6.35%,验证了仿真结果的合理性。

拱架送/回风方式对日光温室冬季作物冠层区热环境的影响

传统日光温室被动的热环境调控模式难以满足温室作物冠层区空气温度和速度调控需求,且能源利用效率低下。为了改进日光温室热环境精准调控方法和提高温室能源利用效率,该研究结合日光温室围护结构特点,提出了一种日光温室拱架的送/回风方法,并基于温室作物多孔介质模型,建立了拱架送/回风系统温室的数值传热模型。采用空气温度与速度不均匀系数、气流速度适宜区面积比、能量利用系数以及累计有效积温等评价参数,研究了下送上回、中间回风和上送下回等3种温室拱架送/回风方式对日光温室冬季作物冠层区热环境的影响。结果表明,与中间回风和上送下回通风方式相比,下送上回通风方式对不同作物冠层高度处的空气温度和速度调控的结果最优,且不同作物冠层高度处气流速度适宜区面积比和累计有效积温都最大。当采用下送上回通风方式时,与送风干管风速为9、11和12 m/s相比,送风干管风速为10 m/s的能量利用系数最大,在作物冠层高度0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0 m处的能量利用系数分别为0.976、0.982、0.985和0.987,并且不同作物冠层高度处的空气温度不均匀系数和速度不均匀系数也都最小。因此,下送上回通风方式的推荐送风干管风速为10 m/s。该研究可为日光温室热环境的精准调控提供参考。

基于实测数据立式热水储能罐罐壁力学特性分析

为掌握立式储能罐结构的受力特征,基于某30 000 m~3立式热水储能罐项目,依托远程监测技术采集了运行状态下罐壁应力和温度数据,将采集结果与考虑罐底摩擦接触约束建立的有限元模型分析结果进行比较,验证了此有限元模拟方法的合理性;依托实测温度数据,研究了立式储能罐罐壁热力耦合作用下罐壁位移以及应力分布规律。结果表明:罐壁底部和顶部为温度影响敏感区域,温度升高,使其产生压应力;对于环向应力,在底部受温度荷载影响较顶部更显著;而对于竖向应力,影响主要是罐壁底部;温度对罐壁变形影响较大,在空罐时,最大位移位置出现在罐壁最顶端;而满罐时最大变形位置出现在中上部的位置,温度作用大于静水压力对罐壁变形的影响。

枯竭油气藏储集库储热供暖耦合CO_(2)封存性能分析

利用枯竭油气藏储存热能并封存CO_(2),既可解决太阳能跨季节储热难题,又可扩大可再生能源供暖占比,同时还可提高CO_(2)地质封存的经济性。提出了枯竭油气藏储热供暖耦合CO_(2)封存的新方案,以CO_(2)作为循环工质,夏季吸收太阳热量储存于油气藏背斜构造中,而冬季取出供暖,建立了储释能过程的数学模型,重点分析了枯竭油气藏储能系统热工性能和CO_(2)封存性能。结果表明:(1)新方案储能系统热工性能优异。单井平均采热功率4808.95 kW,每个采暖季可有效利用的平均储热量49859.21 GJ,平均能量储存密度28984.23 kJ/m^(3)。(2)CO_(2)密度对温度敏感的特性降低了热损失,提高了系统效率。枯竭油气藏储能系统平均能量回收效率95.84%,平均热回收效率83.66%。(3)储能加速了CO_(2)溶解。储释能过程中周期性的注入和采出工作气导致气液界面反复膨胀收缩,增加了气水接触面积,提高了传质动力,加速了CO_(2)在水中的溶解。对比储能模式和仅CO_(2)封存模式,CO_(2)溶解比例增量由0.26%上升至2.22%。枯竭油气藏储热供暖耦合CO_(2)封存新方案既有优异的热工性能,又加速了CO_(2)的地质封存,是一种高值化的枯竭油气藏利用和可再生能源供暖方案,具有大规模推广应用的潜力。

无人机载CeBr3航空监测系统无限大面源探测能力研究

在核设施发生重大事故后,快速获取事故应急区内的辐射水平,对后续应急决策及救援、保护公众免受辐射危害具有至关重要的意义,核应急航空辐射监测是核应急早期快速获取辐射水平的重要技术手段和方法之一,因此核工业航测遥感中心自主研发了无人机载CeBr3航空监测系统。为准确评估该监测系统的探测能力,文章使用蒙特卡罗方法对该监测系统进行了建模,并通过60Co点源对模型的准确性进行了验证。在此基础上,采用全能谱分析、蒙特卡罗及实验相结合的方法获得监测系统对天然辐射单位能谱,并以核事故后地面受到一个新的137Cs放射性沉降场景为例,计算监测系统在不同测量条件下(天然辐射本底、晶体体积、测量高度)对无限大137Cs面源的探测效率及最小可探测活度浓度。通过模拟及计算监测系统对天然辐射本底及核应急人工放射性核素的单位能谱,准确评估了自研的无人机载CeBr3核应急航空监测系统的探测能力,为后续利用该监测系统开展核与辐射航空监测可提供重要理论依据及数据支撑。

太阳能光热+市电耦合相变蓄能供暖系统测试分析

在环境污染和能源危机的双重背景下,太阳能是建筑供暖的首选能源。以太阳能光热+市电耦合相变蓄能(源侧及负荷侧)供暖系统为例,研究入口参数对相变蓄热装置蓄热过程的影响及有无相变蓄热地板对室温的影响。结果表明:提高入口温度和入口流量有利于缩短相变蓄热所需的时间;有相变蓄热地板的房间温度波动更平稳,舒适度更高。

基于物联网远程监控的太阳能定向跟踪系统设计

设计了一种基于物联网远程监控的太阳能定向跟踪系统,分别对太阳能定向跟踪系统本体和远程监控系统进行了设计与开发,采用离线和实时控制两种方式,通过监控数据计算当前的太阳高度角和方位角,调整光伏板的倾角,从而提高太阳能光伏板的发电率。对该装置设备层的太阳能定向跟踪系统本体采用框架式结构设计,并通过模糊PID算法对跟踪装置电机进行调控;对应用层的远程监控系统采用B/S架构设计,使用MQTT协议与云平台进行数据交互,用户可直接通过浏览器访问监控系统,实现太阳能定向跟踪系统的远程状态检测、实时控制、数据管理等功能。经测试,用户能通过该监控系统控制和监控太阳能定向跟踪系统的运行,满足太阳能定向跟踪系统远程监控的要求,系统具有较高的实用性。

仿生葫芦储热单元潜热蓄热堆积床数值研究

在碳达峰与碳中和的“双碳”能源背景下,传统封装相变材料(PCM)的储热单元与潜热储热堆积床(LHTES)系统无法满足当前的储热需求,而仿生学在储热领域的应用,可以为二者储热效率的提升提供一种全新的思路。为此,提出一种仿生葫芦结构的新型储热单元以增加传热面积,提高LHTES系统的热性能。优化仿生葫芦单元结构的尺寸参数对单元熔融特性的影响,确定最优熔融特性的尺寸参数。分析传统球形和仿生葫芦LHTES的温度分布、液相率、蓄热能力等性能指标的影响。结果表明,葫芦结构可提升14.5%的单元换热面积,与传统模型相比,仿生模型液相率和储热完成率最大可分别提升12.67%和6.2%。在此基础上,分析入口温度和流速对系统性能的影响,结果表明,进口温度对系统的储热性能影响较大,进口温度增大15 K,堆积床系统的储热时间比原来缩短59.6%。该研究可为优化LHTES系统、提高实际条件下的热性能提供参考。

新能源汽车电池的在线监测与原位分析技术

为控制新能源汽车电池耗电量,并对其电能消耗行为进行原位分析,针对新能源汽车电池的在线监测与原位分析技术展开研究。完善动力锂电池组结构模型,根据汽车电池的热耦合特性,推导监测核函数,实现新能源汽车电池的在线监测。在此基础上,确定汽车电池的电极材料,并分别从表征特性、拉曼光谱两个角度,对其电池元件的原位特性进行研究。