Two methods for separating the magnetospheric solar wind charge exchange soft X-ray emission from the diffuse X-ray background

Solar wind charge exchange(SWCX)is the process of solar wind high-valence ions exchanging charges with neutral components and generating soft X-rays.Recently,detecting the SWCX emission from the magnetosphere is proposed as a new technique to study the magnetosphere using panoramic soft X-ray imaging.To better prepare for the data analysis of upcoming magnetospheric soft X-ray imaging missions,this paper compares the magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by two methods in an XMM-Newton observation,during which the solar wind changed dramatically.The two methods differ in the data used to fit the diffuse X-ray background(DXB)parameters in spectral analysis.The method adding data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey(RASS)is called the RASS method.The method using the quiet observation data is called the Quiet method,where quiet observations usually refer to observations made by the same satellite with the same target but under weaker solar wind conditions.Results show that the spectral compositions of magnetospheric SWCX emission obtained by the two methods are very similar,and the changes in intensity over time are highly consistent,although the intensity obtained by the RASS method is about 2.68±0.56 keV cm^(-2)s^(-1)sr^(-1)higher than that obtained by the Quiet method.Since the DXB intensity obtained by the RASS method is about 2.84±0.74 keV cm^(-2)s^(-1)sr^(-1)lower than that obtained by the Quiet method,and the linear correlation coefficient between the difference of SWCX and DXB obtained by the two methods in diffe rent energy band is close to-1,the diffe rences in magnetospheric SWCX can be fully attributed to the diffe rences in the fitted DXB.The difference between the two methods is most significant when the energy is less than 0.7 keV,which is also the main energy band of SWCX emission.In addition,the difference between the two methods is not related to the SWCX intensity and,to some extent,to solar wind conditions,because SWCX intensity typically va ries with the solar wind.In summary,both methods are robust and reliable,and should be considered based on the best available options.

Solar wind ion charge state distributions and compound cross sections for solar wind charge exchange X-ray emission

Solar Wind Charge eXchange X-ray(SWCX) emission in the heliosphere and Ea rth’s exosphere is a hard to avoid signal in soft Xray obse rvations of astrophysical targets.On the other hand,the X-ray imaging possibilities offered by the SWCX process has led to an increasing number of future dedicated space missions for investigating the solar wind-terrestrial inte ractions and magnetospheric interfaces.In both cases,accurate modelling of the SWCX emission is key to correctly interpret its signal,and remove it from obse rvations,when needed.In this paper,we compile solar wind abundance measurements from ACE for different solar wind types,and atomic data from literature,including charge exchange cross-sections and emission probabilities,used fo r calculating the compound cross-section a for the SWCX X-ray emission.We calculate a values for charge-exchange with H and He,relevant to soft X-ray energy bands(0.1-2.0 keV)for various solar wind types and solar cycle conditions.

Coherent structures and spectral shapes of kinetic Alfvén wave turbulence in solar wind at 1 AU

This paper presents the generation of kinetic Alfv én wave(KAW) coherent structures of magnetic filaments applicable to solar wind at 1 AU,when the background plasma density is modified by parallel ponderomotive force and Joule heating.The inhomogeneity in the magnetic field,which was included as a perturbation in the transverse direction of the magnetic field,takes energy from the main pump KAWs and generates the filamentary structures.When the intensity is high enough,the filaments are broken down and the energy initially confined to low wavenumbers is redistributed to higher wavenumbers,leading to cascades of energy at small scales less than the ion acoustic gyroradius or comparable to electron gyroradius.The magnetic field spectral profile is generated from the numerical simulation results,and its dependence on different directions of the wavevector and initial conditions of the simulation representing the transverse magnetic field inhomogeneity is studied.The relevance of these results with other spacecraft observations and measurements is also pointed out.

Solar and wind energy potential assessment for Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran

This study aims to evaluate the solar and wind energy potential across Razavi Khorasan Province,Iran,with a specific focus on the Khaf region.A preliminary assessment of mean solar radiation,mean wind speeds,and Weibull distribution parameters was conducted for different towns and zones within the province.The findings showed that Khaf has favorable characteristics for further analysis.The solar and wind energy metrics examined include global horizontal irradiance,clearness index,wind rose patterns,and turbulence intensity.At a height of 40 m,Khaf’s wind power density reached 1650 W/m^(2),indicating exceptional wind energy generation potential.Additionally,Khaf received an average annual solar radiation of 2046 kW·h/m^(2),representing significant solar energy potential.Harnessing these substantial renewable resources in Khaf could allow Razavi Khorasan Province to reduce reliance on fossil fuels,improve energy sustainability,and mitigate climate change impacts.This research contributes an in-depth assessment of Razavi Khorasan's solar and wind energy potential,particularly for the promising Khaf region.Further work may examine optimal sites for renewable energy projects and grid integration strategies to leverage these resources.

KnowledgeMapping of Hybrid Solar PV andWind Energy Standalone Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis

Renewable energy is becoming more attractive as traditional fossil fuels are rapidly depleted and expensive,and their use would release pollutants.Power systems that use both wind and solar energy are more reliable and efficient than those that utilize only one energy.Hybrid renewable energy systems(HRES)are viable for remote areas operating in standalone mode.This paper aims to present the state-of-the-art research on off-grid solar-wind hybrid energy systems over the last two decades.More than 1500 published articles extracted from the Web of Science are analyzed by bibliometric methods and processed by CiteSpace to present the results with figures and tables.Productive countries and highly cited authors are identified,and hot topics with hotspot articles are shown in landscape and timeline views.Emerging trends and new developments related to techno-economic analysis and microgrids,as well as the application of HOMER software,are predicted based on the analysis of citation bursts.Furthermore,the opportunities of hybrid energy systems for sustainable development are discussed,and challenges and possible solutions are proposed.The study of this paper provides researchers with a comprehensive understanding and intuitive representation of standalone solar-wind hybrid energy systems.

Influence of upstream solar wind on magnetic field distribution in the Martian nightside ionosphere

Using over eight years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolutio N(MAVEN)data,from November 2014 to May 2023,we have investigated the Martian nightside ionospheric magnetic field distribution under the influence of upstream solar wind drivers,including the interplanetary magnetic field intensity(∣BIMF∣),solar wind dynamic pressure(PS W),solar extreme ultraviolet flux(EUV),and Martian seasons(L s).Our analysis reveals pronounced correlations between magnetic field residuals and both∣BIMF∣and PS W.Correlations observed with EUV flux and Ls were weaker—notably,magnetic field residuals increased during periods of high EUV flux and at Mars perihelion.We find that the IMF penetrates to an altitude of 200 km under a wide range of upstream conditions,penetrating notably deeper under high∣BIMF∣andPSWconditions.Our analysis also indicates that EUV flux and IMF cone angle have minimal impact on IMF penetration depth.Those findings provide useful constraints on the dynamic nature of Martian atmospheric escape processes and their evolution,suggesting that historical solar wind conditions may have facilitated deeper IMF penetration and higher rates of ionospheric escape than are observed now.Moreover,by establishing criteria for magnetic‘quiet’conditions,this study offers new insights into the planet’s magnetic environment under varying solar wind influences,knowledge that should help refine models of the Martian crustal magnetic field.

Design and Optimization of Solar Photovoltaic Brackets in Mountainous Areas Adapted to Complex Wind Environments

With the increasing global demand for renewable energy,the application of photovoltaic power generation in mountainous areas is gradually increasing.However,the complex wind environment in mountainous areas poses severe challenges to the design and optimization of solar photovoltaic brackets.Traditional design methods are difficult to cope with the changeable wind speed and direction in mountainous areas,resulting in structural instability or material waste.Researchers have identified the key factors affecting wind response through parametric research and dynamic wind response analysis,so as to optimize the brackets design and improve its adaptability and stability in complex wind environments.In this paper,the complexity of wind speed,wind direction and turbulence characteristics in mountainous areas and their influence on brackets design are explored.Through static and dynamic wind load analysis,the geometrical shape and material selection of the bracket are optimized to enhance its wind resistance.The application of multi-objective optimization model and intelligent optimization algorithm provides an effective solution for the design of solar photovoltaic brackets,ensuring their safety and reliability in complex wind environments.

Effect of High-Speed Solar Winds Turbulence Upstream of the Earth’s Magnetosphere: Case of the Outer Minima of Solar Cycles 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24

Highly turbulent environment, the solar wind is a stream of very energetic particles mainly made of protons and electrons. During its trip in the interplanetary space, this solar flow becomes more accelerated during the outer minima (descending phases) of the solar cycles and can therefore influence all of humanity and its technology. These disturbances lead to socio-economic consequences requiring a precise knowledge of the climate variability. Using a statistical approach, we evaluate the response of the Earth’s magnetosphere to the High-Speed Solar Winds (HSSW) forcing during the peaks of the last five outer minima. To do so, 1UA data of solar wind and magnetic field parameters were extracted from OMNI browser. Analysis of the energetic solar plasma particles shows that strong geomagnetic field variations can occur even in the absence of large solar disturbances. While the normalized reconnection rate was estimated to be ~21% of the total variance of the magnetospheric variables, the upstream of the magnetic cavity was perturbed 80% of the time with large energies recorded. As a result, Earth’s magnetosphere becomes denser (i.e., more drag), which is a problem for spacecraft. Thus, the coupled solar wind-magnetosphere system follows scale-invariant dynamics and is in a state far from equilibrium. Our analysis provides insight into the main cause of geomagnetic storms with more than 97% of HSSW imposed in the range 300 - 850 km/s. These high-speeds lead to auroras that can disrupt electrical and communication systems.

使用Solar Winds对校园网络进行高效管理

本文主要介绍Solar Winds这一基于SNMP协议的网络管理系统的主要功能、特点及其主要功能模块,进而对典型校园网络系统进行整体规划。在规划IP地址时,介绍了IP地址的分类、公有IP地址和私有IP地址、IP地址的分配方式等内容;在规划网络设备的SNMP配置时,介绍了简单网络管理协议(SNMP)的发展以及配置方式;在规划服务器时,介绍了服务器的概念、分类与选购;对网管软件的规划中的主干网管系统、专用网管系统和网络设备管理软件进行了设计;在规划远程管理系统时,介绍了交换机和网络服务器的远程管理方式。对交换机的管理方式进行了比较与分析;在规划网络操作系统时,介绍了Windows操作系统和VMWare虚拟机操作系统;在规划网管服务器的备份时,介绍了Windows系统自带的备份、Ghost和Acronis True Image 3款常用的备份工具;网管服务器防病毒和防火墙软件我们选用了趋势科技的中小企业安全平台进行实施;在规划网管文件资源服务器时,介绍了Serv-U服务器端软件和FlashFXP、Total Commander客户端工具,并从中选出了最佳方案。

A comprehensive review for wind,solar,and electrical load forecasting methods

Wind power,solar power,and electrical load forecasting are essential works to ensure the safe and stable operation of the electric power system.With the increasing permeability of new energy and the rising demand response load,the uncertainty on the production and load sides are both increased,bringing new challenges to the forecasting work and putting forward higher requirements to the forecasting accuracy.Most review/survey papers focus on one specific forecasting object(wind,solar,or load),a few involve the above two or three objects,but the forecasting objects are surveyed separately.Some papers predict at least two kinds of objects simultaneously to cope with the increasing uncertainty at both production and load sides.However,there is no corresponding review at present.Hence,our study provides a comprehensive review of wind,solar,and electrical load forecasting methods.Furthermore,the survey of Numerical Weather Prediction wind speed/irradiance correction methods is also included in this manuscript.Challenges and future research directions are discussed at last.

Rainfall effect on wind waves and the turbulence beneath air-sea interface

Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced at high wind speeds. This dual effect of rain on the wind waves increases with the increase of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length is not observable. At the low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy （TKE） dissipation rate is significantly enhanced by rain- fall as the waves are damped severely. At the high wind speed, the augment of the TKE dissipation rate is suppressed while the wind waves are enhanced simultaneously. In the field, however, rainfall usually hin- ders the development of waves. In order to explain this contradiction of rainfall effect on waves, a possibility about energy transfer from turbulence to waves in case of the spectral peak of waves overlapping the inertial subrange of turbulence is assumed. It can be applied to interpret the damping phenomenon of gas trans- fer velocity in the laboratory experiments, and the variation of the TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.

Tianwen-1 MINPA observations in the solar wind

The Mars Ion and Neutral Particle Analyzer(MINPA)is one of the three scientific instruments onboard the Tianwen-1 orbiter to investigate the Martian space environment.During Tianwen-1’s transfer orbit to Mars,the MINPA was switched on to measure the solar wind ions.Here,we present the first results of the MINPA observations in the solar wind.During cruise,nearly half of the MINPA ion field-of-view(FOV)was blocked by the lander capsule;thus only the solar-wind ions with azimuthal speeds pointing towards the unblocked FOV sectors could be detected.We perform a detailed comparison of the MINPA’s solar wind observations with data from Earth-based missions when MINPA reached its count-rate peak,finding a general consistency of the ion moments between them.The blocking effect due to the lander is evaluated quantitatively under varying solar-wind velocity conditions.Despite the blocking effect,the MINPA’s solar wind measurements during the transfer orbit suggest a good performance.

Ray Structure of the Coronal Streamer Belt and Its Manifestation as Sharp Large Peaks of Solar Wind Plasma Density at the Earth's Orbit

The white-light corona calibrated data with processing level L1 from the LASCO-C2/SOHO instrument, and data from the Wind spacecraft with one-hour and one-minute time resolution on quasi-stationary slow (v between 300-450 km/s at the Earth's orbit) the Solar Wind (SW) parameters in the absence of sporadic SW streams are examined. Within distances from the Sun's center less than R in the range of 20-30 Rs,(Rs, the solar radius), slow wind is known as the streamer belt, and at larger distances it is called the Heliospheric Plasma Sheet (HPS). It is shown that the streamer belt comprises a sequence of pairs of rays. In general, ray brightnesses in each pair can differ, and the magnetic field is oppositely directed in them. The neutral line of the radial magnetic field of the Sun runs along the belt between the rays of each of the pairs.The area in which the streamer belt intersects the ecliptic plane and which lies at the central meridian, will be recorded at the earth's orbit with a time delay of 5-6 days, in the form of one or several peaks with Nmax ＞ 10 cm-3. Furthermore, the simplest density profile of the portion of the HCS has the form of two peaks of a different or identical amplitude . The such a profile is observed in cases where the angle of intersection of the streamer belt with the ecliptic plane near the Sun is sufficiently large, i.e. close to 90°. The two-ray structure of the cross-section of the streamer-belt moves from the Sun to the Earth, it retains not only the angular size of the peaks but also the relative density variations, and the position of the neutral line(sector boundary) in between. At the Earth's orbit the ray structure of the streamer belt provides the source for sharp (i.e. with steep fronts of a duration of a few minutes or shorter) solar wind plasma density peaks (of a duration of several hours) with maximum values Nmax ＞ 10 cm-3.

Complementarity Maps of Wind and Solar Energy Resources for Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

If two or more renewable energy sources are available in the same region, their complementary can be advantageous in a hybrid power system. Three indices are defined in this work for assessing the complementarity of solar and wind resources for energy production. Based on existing data of solar radiation and wind speed, these complementarity indices were calculated and represented in the form of maps for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil. The results found suggest that there are some areas of the state where the use of hybrid wind-solar power systems could be more effective than single photovoltaic or wind systems.

Near ground wind characteristics during typhoon Meari:Turbulence intensities, gust factors, and peak factors

Wind data were collected during the 2011 typhoon Meari at heights of 10, 20, 30, and 40 m above the ground using a 40 m high anemometer tower in the coastal area near Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Wind speeds and directions, turbulence intensities, gust factors, and peaks were analyzed using the time records of wind speed. The results show that turbulence intensity components in longitudinal, lateral, and vertical directions decrease with mean wind speed, regardless of elevations, and the turbulence intensities are in a linear relationship with mean wind speeds. The ratios of three turbulence intensity components(i.e. Iu, Iv, Iw) at heights of 10, 20 and 40 m were calculated and equal to be 1:0.88:0.50, 1:0.84:0.57, and 1:0.9:0.49, respectively. In addition, the gust factors in three directions exhibit a reduction with increasing mean wind speed. The peak factors at different heights show a similar trend and slightly decrease with mean wind speed; average peak factors for all 10-min data from Typhoon Meari are 2.43, 2.48, and 2.47, respectively.

Experimental Study on a Modified Wind-Solar Hybrid System

Wind-solar hybrid systems are employed extensively due to certain advantages. However, two problems exist in their application: the PV modules operate at high temperatures, particularly during summer, and low wind power cannot be utilized. To solve these two problems, a novel hybrid system is designed based on PV/thermal systems, in which PV modules are cooled with fans driven by a wind turbine. This paper studies the practicability of the novel hybrid system. First, the electrical performance of the wind turbine is compared using a fan and battery load,respectively. Second, different types and numbers of fans are tested to obtain the largest air volume. Third, the height of the air duct on the back of the PV module is optimized and the cooling effect is studied. Results show that a 24 V DC fan is more appropriate for the novel system than a 12 V DC fan, as it provides a greater air volume, and with a switch wind speed of 3.0 m/s the power of PV module shows a maximum increase of 8.0%.

Sun-Earth connection event of super geomagnetic storm on 2001 March 31:the importance of solar wind density

An X1.7 flare at 10:15 UT and a halo CME with a projected speed of 942 km s-1 erupted from NOAA solar active region 9393 located at N20 W19,which were observed on 2001 March 29.When the CME reached the Earth,it triggered a super geomagnetic storm(hereafter super storm).We find that the CME always moved towards the Earth according to the intensity-time profiles of protons with different energies.The solar wind parameters responsible for the main phase of the super storm occurred on 2001 March 31 are analyzed while taking into account the delayed geomagnetic effect of solar wind at the L1 point and using the SYM-H index.According to the variation properties of SYM-H index during the main phase of the super storm,the main phase of the super storm is divided into two parts.A comparative study of solar wind parameters responsible for two parts shows the evidence that the solar wind density plays a significant role in transferring solar wind energy into the magnetosphere,besides the southward magnetic field and solar wind speed.

Single-Fluid 2D Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of Solar Wind Structure in Comparison to Ulysses Observations

Two dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations with and without the momentum addition respectively have been used to simulate the solar wind structure on the meridian plane. The results show that far away from the sun it isn't solar magnetic field that induces the cncave solar wind speed. Instead, there may be the fast speed streamer driven by the momentum addition and an interface between high and low speed streamers. The interaction between high and low speed streamers causes the sharp division.

Influence of solar wind energy flux on the interannual variability of ENSO in the subsequent year

Previous studies have tended to adopt the quasi-decadal variability of the solar cycle （e.g.sunspot number （SSN） or solar radio flux at 10.7 cm （F10.7） to investigate the effect of solar activity on El Ni（n）o-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）.As one of the major terrestrial energy sources,the effect of solar wind energy flux in Earth＇s magnetosphere （Ein） on the climate has not drawn much attention,due to the big challenge associated with its quantitative estimation.Based on a new Ein index estimated by three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations from a previous study,this study reveals that Ein exhibits both quasi-decadal variability （periodic 11-year） and interannual （2-4 years） variability,which has rarely before been detected by SSN and F10.7.A significant interannual relationship between the annual mean Ein and subsequent early-winter ENSO is further revealed.Following high Ein,the sea level pressure in the subsequent early winter shows significant positive anomalies from Asia southward to the Maritime Continent,and significant negative anomalies over the Southeast and Northeast Pacific,resembling the Southern Oscillation.Meanwhile,significant upper-level anomalous convergence and divergence winds appear over the western and eastern Pacific,which is configured with significant lower-level anomalous divergence and convergence,indicating a weakening of the Walker circulation.Consequently,notable surface easterly wind anomalies prevail over the eastern tropical Pacific,leading to El Ni（n

On Mechanisms of Proton Perpendicular Heating in the Solar Wind: Test Results Based on Wind Observations

The solar wind protons undergo significant perpendicular heating when they propagate in the interplanetary space.Stochastic heating and cyclotron resonance heating due to kinetic Alfvén waves(KAWs) are two proposed mechanisms. Which mechanism accounts for the perpendicular heating is still an open question. This paper performs tests for the two mechanisms based on Wind observations during 2004 June and 2019 May. Results show that heating rates in terms of stochastic heating theory considerably depend on the parameter of plasma β. For the solar wind with moderately high β, the theoretical heating rates are comparable to or larger than empirical heating rates, suggesting that the stochastic heating could be a powerful mechanism. For the solar wind with low β, on the contrary, the majority of data have theoretical heating rates much lower than empirical heating rates, showing that the stochastic heating seems to be weak in this case. On the other hand, it is found that, when the propagation angles of KAWs are around 70°, theoretically predicted damping wavenumbers of KAWs are equal to the observed wavenumbers at which magnetic energy spectra become significantly steep. This may imply that resonance heating due to cyclotron damping of KAWs could be another mechanism if KAWs have propagation angles around 70°.