In order to solve the problem of inconsistent energy in the charging and discharging cycles of lithium-ion battery packs,a new multilayer equilibrium topology is designed in this paper.The structure adopts a hierarchi...In order to solve the problem of inconsistent energy in the charging and discharging cycles of lithium-ion battery packs,a new multilayer equilibrium topology is designed in this paper.The structure adopts a hierarchical structure design,which includes intra-group equilibrium,primary inter-group equilibrium and secondary inter-group equilibrium.This structure greatly increases the number of equilibrium paths for lithium-ion batteries,thus shortening the time required for equilibrium,and improving the overall efficiency.In terms of control strategy,fuzzy logic control(FLC)is chosen to control the size of the equilibrium current during the equilibrium process.We performed rigorous modeling and simulation of the proposed system by MATLAB and Simulink software.Experiments show that the multilayer equilibrium circuit structure greatly exceeds the traditional single-layer equilibrium circuit in terms of efficacy,specifically,the Li-ion battery equilibrium speed is improved by 12.71%in static equilibrium,14.48%in charge equilibrium,and 11.19%in discharge equilibrium.In addition,compared with the maximum value algorithm,the use of the FLC algorithm reduces the equalization time by about 3.27%and improves the energy transfer efficiency by about 66.49%under the stationary condition,which verifies the feasibility of the equalization scheme.展开更多
The dissociation limits of isotopic water molecules are derived for the ground state. The equilibrium geometries, the vibrational frequencies, the force constants and the dissociation energies for the ground states of...The dissociation limits of isotopic water molecules are derived for the ground state. The equilibrium geometries, the vibrational frequencies, the force constants and the dissociation energies for the ground states of all isotopic water molecules under the dipole electric fields from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u. are calculated using B3P86/6-311＋＋G（3df,3pf）. The results show that when the dipole electric fields change from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u., the bond length of H-O increases whereas the bond angle of H-O H decreases because of the charge transfer induced by the applied dipole electric field. The vibrational frequencies and the force constants of isotopic water molecules change under the influence of the strong external torque. The dissociation energies increase when the dipole electric fields change from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u. and the increased dissociation energies are in the order of H2O, HDO, HTO, D2O, DTO, and T2O under the same external electric fields.展开更多
In this work, we study approximations of supercritical or suction vortices in tornadic flows and their contribution to tornadogenesis and tornado maintenance using self-avoiding walks on a cubic lattice. We extend the...In this work, we study approximations of supercritical or suction vortices in tornadic flows and their contribution to tornadogenesis and tornado maintenance using self-avoiding walks on a cubic lattice. We extend the previous work on turbulence by A. Chorin and collaborators to approximate the statistical equilibrium quantities of vortex filaments on a cubic lattice when both an energy and a statistical temperature are involved. Our results confirm that supercritical (smooth, “straight”) vortices have the highest average energy and correspond to negative temperatures in this model. The lowest-energy configurations are folded up and “balled up” to a great extent. The results support A. Chorin’s findings that, in the context of supercritical vortices in a tornadic flow, when such high-energy vortices stretch, they need to fold and transfer energy to the surrounding flow, contributing to tornado maintenance or leading to its genesis. The computations are performed using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach with a simple sampling algorithm using local transformations that allow the results to be reliable over a wide range of statistical temperatures, unlike the originally used pivot algorithm that only performs well near infinite temperatures. Efficient ways to compute entropy are discussed and show that a system with supercritical vortices will increase entropy by having these vortices fold and transfer their energy to the surrounding flow.展开更多
Taking AuCu3-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented: First, the third barrier hindering the progress in metal materials science is that researchers have got used to recognizing exp...Taking AuCu3-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented: First, the third barrier hindering the progress in metal materials science is that researchers have got used to recognizing experimental phenomena of alloy phase transitions during extremely slow variation in temperature by equilibrium thinking mode and then taking erroneous knowledge of experimental phenomena as selected information for establishing Gibbs energy function and so-called equilibrium phase diagram. Second, the equilibrium holographic network phase diagrams of AuCu3-type sublattice system may be used to describe systematic correlativity of the composition?temperature-dependent alloy gene arranging structures and complete thermodynamic properties, and to be a standard for studying experimental subequilibrium order-disorder transition. Third, the equilibrium transition of each alloy is a homogeneous single-phase rather than a heterogeneous two-phase, and there exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region of the ordered and disordered phases; the composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from the ones of the critical point of the AuCu3 compound.展开更多
Taking Au3Cu-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented. First, the fourth barrier to hinder the progress of metal materials science is that today’s researchers do not understand that...Taking Au3Cu-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented. First, the fourth barrier to hinder the progress of metal materials science is that today’s researchers do not understand that the Gibbs energy function of an alloy phase should be derived from Gibbs energy partition function constructed of alloy gene sequence and their Gibbs energy sequence. Second, the six rules for establishing alloy gene Gibbs energy partition function have been discovered, and it has been specially proved that the probabilities of structure units occupied at the Gibbs energy levels in the degeneracy factor for calculating configuration entropy should be degenerated as ones of component atoms occupied at the lattice points. Third, the main characteristics unexpected by today’s researchers are as follows. There exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region coexisting by the ordered and disordered phases. The composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from those of the critical point of the Au3Cu compound; At 0 K, the composition of the lowest point on the composition-dependent Gibbs energy curve is notably deviated from that of the Au3Cu compounds. The theoretical limit composition range of long range ordered Au3Cu-type alloys is determined by the first jumping order degree.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Research on the Energy Management Strategy of Li-Ion Battery and Sc Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle(51677058).
文摘In order to solve the problem of inconsistent energy in the charging and discharging cycles of lithium-ion battery packs,a new multilayer equilibrium topology is designed in this paper.The structure adopts a hierarchical structure design,which includes intra-group equilibrium,primary inter-group equilibrium and secondary inter-group equilibrium.This structure greatly increases the number of equilibrium paths for lithium-ion batteries,thus shortening the time required for equilibrium,and improving the overall efficiency.In terms of control strategy,fuzzy logic control(FLC)is chosen to control the size of the equilibrium current during the equilibrium process.We performed rigorous modeling and simulation of the proposed system by MATLAB and Simulink software.Experiments show that the multilayer equilibrium circuit structure greatly exceeds the traditional single-layer equilibrium circuit in terms of efficacy,specifically,the Li-ion battery equilibrium speed is improved by 12.71%in static equilibrium,14.48%in charge equilibrium,and 11.19%in discharge equilibrium.In addition,compared with the maximum value algorithm,the use of the FLC algorithm reduces the equalization time by about 3.27%and improves the energy transfer efficiency by about 66.49%under the stationary condition,which verifies the feasibility of the equalization scheme.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10676022)
文摘The dissociation limits of isotopic water molecules are derived for the ground state. The equilibrium geometries, the vibrational frequencies, the force constants and the dissociation energies for the ground states of all isotopic water molecules under the dipole electric fields from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u. are calculated using B3P86/6-311＋＋G（3df,3pf）. The results show that when the dipole electric fields change from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u., the bond length of H-O increases whereas the bond angle of H-O H decreases because of the charge transfer induced by the applied dipole electric field. The vibrational frequencies and the force constants of isotopic water molecules change under the influence of the strong external torque. The dissociation energies increase when the dipole electric fields change from -0.05 a.u. to 0.05 a.u. and the increased dissociation energies are in the order of H2O, HDO, HTO, D2O, DTO, and T2O under the same external electric fields.
文摘In this work, we study approximations of supercritical or suction vortices in tornadic flows and their contribution to tornadogenesis and tornado maintenance using self-avoiding walks on a cubic lattice. We extend the previous work on turbulence by A. Chorin and collaborators to approximate the statistical equilibrium quantities of vortex filaments on a cubic lattice when both an energy and a statistical temperature are involved. Our results confirm that supercritical (smooth, “straight”) vortices have the highest average energy and correspond to negative temperatures in this model. The lowest-energy configurations are folded up and “balled up” to a great extent. The results support A. Chorin’s findings that, in the context of supercritical vortices in a tornadic flow, when such high-energy vortices stretch, they need to fold and transfer energy to the surrounding flow, contributing to tornado maintenance or leading to its genesis. The computations are performed using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach with a simple sampling algorithm using local transformations that allow the results to be reliable over a wide range of statistical temperatures, unlike the originally used pivot algorithm that only performs well near infinite temperatures. Efficient ways to compute entropy are discussed and show that a system with supercritical vortices will increase entropy by having these vortices fold and transfer their energy to the surrounding flow.
基金Project(51071181)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013FJ4043)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
文摘Taking AuCu3-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented: First, the third barrier hindering the progress in metal materials science is that researchers have got used to recognizing experimental phenomena of alloy phase transitions during extremely slow variation in temperature by equilibrium thinking mode and then taking erroneous knowledge of experimental phenomena as selected information for establishing Gibbs energy function and so-called equilibrium phase diagram. Second, the equilibrium holographic network phase diagrams of AuCu3-type sublattice system may be used to describe systematic correlativity of the composition?temperature-dependent alloy gene arranging structures and complete thermodynamic properties, and to be a standard for studying experimental subequilibrium order-disorder transition. Third, the equilibrium transition of each alloy is a homogeneous single-phase rather than a heterogeneous two-phase, and there exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region of the ordered and disordered phases; the composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from the ones of the critical point of the AuCu3 compound.
基金Project(51071181)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013FJ4043)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
文摘Taking Au3Cu-type sublattice system as an example, three discoveries have been presented. First, the fourth barrier to hinder the progress of metal materials science is that today’s researchers do not understand that the Gibbs energy function of an alloy phase should be derived from Gibbs energy partition function constructed of alloy gene sequence and their Gibbs energy sequence. Second, the six rules for establishing alloy gene Gibbs energy partition function have been discovered, and it has been specially proved that the probabilities of structure units occupied at the Gibbs energy levels in the degeneracy factor for calculating configuration entropy should be degenerated as ones of component atoms occupied at the lattice points. Third, the main characteristics unexpected by today’s researchers are as follows. There exists a single-phase boundary curve without two-phase region coexisting by the ordered and disordered phases. The composition and temperature of the top point on the phase-boundary curve are far away from those of the critical point of the Au3Cu compound; At 0 K, the composition of the lowest point on the composition-dependent Gibbs energy curve is notably deviated from that of the Au3Cu compounds. The theoretical limit composition range of long range ordered Au3Cu-type alloys is determined by the first jumping order degree.
