SEED SEMICONTINUOUS EMULSION MULTI-COPOLYMERIZATION OF (METH) ACRYLATES WITH HIGH-SOLID CONTENT: EFFECT OF THE OPERATION CONDITIONS

The seeded semicontinuous emulsion multi-copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2EHA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-hydroxyl propyl acrylate (HOPA) and acrylic acid (AA) was used to prepare the acrylic latexes with high-solid content. The effects of monomer emulsion feed rates (R(a)) and (R/E)(E) values, the ratio of emulsifier amount between the initial charge (R) and the addition monomer emulsion (E), on the polymerization reaction features, the viscosities, surface tensions,particle sizes and particle sizes distributions of latexes, T-g and the insoluble fractions of films, the 180 degrees peel strength, tack and holding power of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes, prepared from the latexes, were studied. Experimental study shows that the grafting and crosslinking fraction in the PSA tapes must be controlled within a suitable range to keep the balance of the 180 degrees peel strength, tack and holding power.

Effect of solid contents on the controlled shear stress rheological properties of different types of sludge

Controlled shear stress （CSS） test was used to study the effect of solid contents on the corresponding rheological parameters for sludge. Three types of sludge with or without conditioning, including activated sludge （AS）, anaerobic digested sludge （ADS）, and water treatment residuals （WTRs）, were collected for the CSS test. Results showed that the yield stress and the cohesion energy of the sludge networks were improved with increased total suspending solid （TSS） contents in most cases. For the conditioned AS/ADS and the raw WTRs, exponential law was observed in the relationships between cohesion energy of material networks or yield stress and the TSS contents, whereas for the conditioned WTRs, only exponential law dependence was found between the parameters of shear modulus or critical strain and the TSS contents.

Influence of sulfur addition/solids content ratio on removal of heavy metals from mine tailings by bioleaching

The effect of sulfur addition/solids content(SA/SC)ratio on heavy metals(e.g.copper,zinc and lead)obtained from mine tailings by indigenous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was studied,and the changes in the chemical forms of heavy metals after bioleaching were explored.The results show that the solubilization of metals is significantly influenced by SA/SC ratio,and SA/SC ratio of 2.50 is found to be the best for bacterial activity and metal solubilization among six SA/SC ratios tested(such as 1.00,1.33,1.50,1.67,2.00 and 2.50)under the chosen experimental conditions.The pH decreases fast and the maximum solubilizations of copper and zinc are respectively 81.76% and 84.35% while that of lead only reaches 40.36%.After bioleaching,the chemical forms of heavy metals have changed.The metals remained in mine tailings are mainly found in residual fractions,which is harmless to the surrounding environment.

Determination of soluble solid content and acidity of loquats based on FT-NIR spectroscopy

The near infrared （NIR） spectroscopy technique has been applied in many fields because of its advantages of simple preparation, fast response, and non-destructiveness. We investigated the potential of NIR spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode for determining the soluble solid content （SSC） and acidity （pH） of intact loquats. Two cultivars of loquats （Dahongpao and Jiajiaozhong） harvested from two orchards （Tangxi and Chun＇an, Zhejiang, China） were used for the measurement of NIR spectra between 800 and 2500 nm. A total of 400 loquats （100 samples of each cultivar from each orchard） were used in this study. Relationships between NIR spectra and SSC and acidity of loquats were evaluated using partial least square （PLS） method. Spectra preprocessing options included the first and second derivatives, multiple scatter correction （MSC）, and the standard normal variate （SNV）. Three separate spectral windows identified as full NIR （800-2500 nm）, short NIR （800-1100 rim）, and long NIR （1100-2500 nm） were studied in factorial combination with the preprocessing options. The models gave relatively good predictions of the SSC of loquats, with root mean square error of prediction （RMSEP） values of 1.21, 1.00, 0.965, and 1.16 °Brix for Tangxi-Dahongpao, Tangxi-Jiajiaozhong, Chun＇an-Dahongpao, and Chun＇an-Jiajiaozhong, respectively. The acidity prediction was not satisfactory, with the RMSEP of 0.382, 0.194, 0.388, and 0.361 for the above four loquats, respectively. The results indicate that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used to predict the SSC and acidity of loquat fruit.

Ruminal bacterial community is associated with the variations of total milk solid content in Holstein lactating cows

Total milk solid(TMS)content directly reflects the quality of milk.Rumen bacteria ferment dietary components,the process of which generates the precursors for the synthesis of milk solid,therefore,the variation in rumen bacterial community could be associated with milk solid in dairy cows.In this study,45 healthy mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows with the similar body weight,lactation stage,and milk yield were initially used for the selection of 10 cows with high TMS(HS)and 10 cows with low TMS(LS).All those animals were under the same feeding management,and the individual milk yield was recorded for 14 consecutive days before milk and rumen fluid were sampled.Rumen fluid was used to determine bacterial community by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique.The HS cows had significantly greater feed intake and milk TMS,fat,protein content than LS cows(P<0.05).Among the volatile fatty acids(VFA),propionic acid and valeric acid concentrations were significantly greater in HS cows than those in LS cows(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the concentrations of acetate,butyrate,isobutyrate,valerate,and the total VFA(P>0.05),nor was the acetate-to-propionate ratio,pH value,ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein concentrations(P>0.05).Significant differences in the relative abundances of some bacterial genera were found between HS and LS cows.Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that TMS content was correlated positively with the abundances of Ruminococcaceae UCG-014,Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group,Prevotellaceae UCG-001,Butyrivibrio 2,Prevotellaceae UCG-003,Candidatus Saccharimonas,Ruminococcus 2,Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group,probable genus 10,Eubacterium ventriosum group,but negatively correlated with Pyramidobacte.In addition,Ruminococcaceae UCG-014,Ruminococcus 2,Ruminococcaceae UCG001,probable genus 10 and Eubacterium ventriosum group might boost the total VFA production in the rumen.In conclusion,the dry matter intake of dairy cows and some special bacteria in rumen were significantly associated with TMS content,which suggests the potential function of rumen bacteria contributing to TMS content in dairy cows.

Cationic CO_(2)-based Waterborne Polyurethane with High Solid Content and Excellent Ageing Resistance

High solid content CO_(2)-based cationic waterborne polyurethanes(CWPUs)were prepared using CO_(2)-polyols as soft segment and Nmethyl diethanolamine(MDEA)as hydrophilic group.The resulting stable aqueous dispersion displayed a high solid content of 52%with a low MDEA loading of 3.52 wt%.This novel structural CWPU can provide excellent adhesive strength,whose T-peel strength could reach 173.48N/5cm,20%higher than that of ester-based cationic waterborne polyurethane(87.55 N/5cm).The CO_(2)-based CWPU film showed only 2 wt%swelling percentage after 240 min immersion in water,and no change was observed during its immersion in 5 wt%sodium hydroxide solution.The tensile strength of CO_(2)-WPUs dropped slowly to 91.2%after 480 min immersion in a 5 wt%sodium hydroxide solution,whereas that of esterbased CWPUs dropped quickly to 32%after 240 min and their mechanical properties were lost after 360 min immersion.Meanwhile,the retention of the tensile strength of the CO_(2)-CWPUs was 81.5%even after 720 min immersion in 10 wt%H_(2)O_(2) solution,while it was only ca.38%for the ester-based CWPUs.These results indicated that the cationic CO_(2)-based CWPU may be promising waterborne adhesive with outstanding ageing resistance due to its synergistic effect from carbonate and ether groups of CO_(2)-polyol structure.

Application Fourier transform near infrared spectrometer in rapid estimation of soluble solids content of intact citrus fruits

Nondestructive method of measuring soluble solids content (SSC) of citrus fruits was developed using Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT-NIR) measurements collected through optics fiber. The models describing the relationship between SSC and the NIR spectra of citrus fruits were developed and evaluated. Different spectra correction algorithms (standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative signal correction (MSC)) were used in this study. The relationship between laboratory SSC and FT-NIR spectra of citrus fruits was analyzed via principle component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) re- gression method. Models based on the different spectral ranges were compared in this research. The first derivative and second derivative were applied to all spectra to reduce the effects of sample size, light scattering, instrument noise, etc. Different baseline correction methods were applied to improve the spectral data quality. Among them the second derivative method after baseline correction produced best noise removing capability and yielded optimal calibration models. A total of 170 NIR spectra were acquired; 135 NIR spectra were used to develop the calibration model; the remaining spectra were used to validate the model. The developed PLS model describing the relationship between SSC and NIR reflectance spectra could predict SSC of 35 samples with correlation coefficient of 0.995 and RMSEP of 0.79 °Brix.

Measurement of soluble solids content in watermelon by Vis/NIR diffuse transmittance technique

Watermelon is a popular fruit in the world with soluble solids content （SSC） being one of the major characteristics used for assessing its quality. This study was aimed at obtaining a method for nondestructive SSC detection of watermelons by means of visible/near infrared （Vis/NIR） diffuse transmittance technique. Vis/NIR transmittance spectra of intact watermelons were acquired using a low-cost commercially available spectrometer operating over the range 350-1000 nm. Spectra data were analyzed by two multivariate calibration techniques： partial least squares （PLS） and principal component regression （PCR） methods. Two experiments were designed for two varieties of watermelons [Qilin （QL）, Zaochunhongyu （ZC）], which have different skin thickness range and shape dimensions. The influences of different data preprocessing and spectra treatments were also investigated. Performance of different models was assessed in terms of root mean square errors of calibration （RMSEC）, root mean square errors of prediction （RMSEP） and correlation coefficient （r） between the predicted and measured parameter values. Results showed that spectra data preprocessing influenced the performance of the calibration models. The first derivative spectra showed the best results with high correlation coefficient of determination [r=0.918 （QL）; r=0.954 （ZC）], low RMSEP [0.65 °Brix （QL）; 0.58 °Brix （ZC）], low RMSEC [0.48 °Brix （QL）; 0.34°Brix （ZC）] and small difference between the＇RMSEP and the RMSEC by PLS method. The nondestructive Vis/NIR measurements provided good estimates of SSC index of watermelon, and the predicted values were highly correlated with destructively measured values for SSC. The models based on smoothing spectra （Savitzky-Golay filter smoothing method） did not enhance the performance of calibration models obviously. The results indicated the feasibility of Vis/NIR diffuse transmittance spectral analysis for predicting watermelon SSC in a nondestructive way.

High Solids-Content Nanosize Polymeric Microlatexes Made by Microemulsion Copolymerization at Ambient Temperature

The microemulsion copolymerizations of acrylic acid (AA),acrylamide (AM),N-methylol acrylamide (NMA),methylmethacrylate (MMA),butyl acrylate (BA) and acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by the redox initiator ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) at ambient temperature were investigated.With this process high solids-content (44.0 wt%) and small (less than 50 nm) particle diameter copolymer latexes were attained.The effects of surfactants,the mechanical stabilities and application properties as an environmentally friendly self-crosslinking pigment printing binder with multifunctional groups were studied.

Nonionic Polymerizable Emulsifier in High-Solids-Content Acrylate Emulsion Polymerization

Stable high-solids-content acrylate emulsion were obtained with a nonionic polymerizable emulsifier allyloxy nonylphenoxy poly （ethyleneoxy） （10） ether （ANPEO10）, and a conventional emulsifier OP-10 as a reference sample. 1H NMR proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 has been incorporated into the resulted acrylate polymers. TEM demonstrates that there are some differences in the particle morphologies. AFM proves that the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 migrating to the surface of the emulsion film was much less than the conventional emulsifier OP-10. The polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 can enhance the adhesion with glass plate compared to the conventional emulsifier. Furthermore, with increasing amount of emulsifier, the surface free energy of the films first decreased and then increased, and the adhesion with glass plate is initially enhanced and then attenuated. The water-resistance and solvent-resistance of the films prepared by the polymerizable emulsifier ANPEO10 are superior to those prepared by the conventional emulsifier OP-10.

Effects of Ni content on the cast and solid-solution microstructures of Cu-0.4wt% Be alloys

The effects of Ni content（0–2.1wt%）on the cast and solid-solution microstructures of Cu-0.4wt%Be alloys were investigated,and the corresponding mechanisms of influence were analyzed.The results show that the amount of precipitated phase increases in the cast alloys with increasing Ni content.When the Ni content is 0.45wt%or 0.98wt%,needle-like Be_（21）Ni_5 phases form in the grains and are mainly distributed in the interdendritic regions.When the Ni content is 1.5wt%or greater,a large number of needle-like precipitates form in the grains and chain-like Be_（21）Ni_5 and Be Ni precipitates form along the grain boundaries.The addition of Ni can substantially refine the cast and solid-solution microstructures of Cu-0.4wt%Be alloys.The hindering effects of both the dissolution of Ni into the matrix and the formation of Be–Ni precipitates on grain-boundary migration are mainly responsible for refining the cast and solid-solution microstructures of Cu-0.4wt%Be alloys.Higher Ni contents result in finer microstructures;however,given the precipitation characteristics of Be–Ni phases and their dissolution into the matrix during the solid-solution treatment,the upper limit of the Ni content is 1.5wt%–2.1wt%.

Online quantitative analysis of soluble solids content in navel oranges using visible-nearinfrared spectroscopy and variable selection methods

Variable selection is applied widely for visible-near infrared(Vis-NIR)spectroscopy analysis of internal quality in fruits.Different spectral variable selection methods were compared for online quantitative analysis of soluble solids content(SSC)in navel oranges.Moving window partial least squares(MW-PLS),Monte Carlo uninformative variables elimination(MC-UVE)and wavelet transform(WT)combined with the MC-UVE method were used to select the spectral variables and develop the calibration models of online analysis of SSC in navel oranges.The performances of these methods were compared for modeling the Vis NIR data sets of navel orange samples.Results show that the WT-MC-UVE methods gave better calibration models with the higher correlation cofficient(r)of 0.89 and lower root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)of 0.54 at 5 fruits per second.It concluded that Vis NIR spectroscopy coupled with WT-MC-UVE may be a fast and efective tool for online quantitative analysis of SSC in navel oranges.

Biodrying of municipal solid waste with high water content by combined hydrolytic-aerobic technology

The high water content of municipal solid waste(MSW)will reduce the effciency of mechanical sorting,consequently unfavorable for beneficial utilization.In this study,a combined hydrolytic-aerobic biodrying technology was introduced to remove water from MSW.The total water removals were proved to depend on the ventilation frequency and the temporal span in the hydrolytic stage. The ventilation frequency of 6 times/d was preferable in the hydrolytic stage.The hydrolytic span should not be prolonged more than ...

Engineering properties for high kitchen waste content municipal solid waste

Engineering properties of municipal solid waste （MSW） depend largely on the waste＇s initial compositionand degree of degradation. MSWs in developing countries usually have a high kitchen waste content（called HKWC MSW）. After comparing and analyzing the laboratory and field test results of physicalcomposition, hydraulic properties, gas generation and gas permeability, and mechanical properties forHKWC MSW and low kitchen waste content MSW （called LKWC MSW）, the following findings wereobtained： （1） HKWC MSW has a higher initial water content （IWC） than LKWC MSW, but the field capacitiesof decomposed HKWC and LKWC MSWs are similar; （2） the hydraulic conductivity and gaspermeability for HKWC MSW are both an order of magnitude smaller than those for LKWC MSW; （3）compared with LKWC MSW, HKWC MSW has a higher landfill gas （LFG） generation rate but a shorterduration and a lower potential capacity; （4） the primary compression feature for decomposed HKWCMSW is similar to that of decomposed LKWC MSW, but the compression induced by degradation ofHKWC MSW is greater than that of LKWC MSW; and （5） the shear strength of HKWC MSW changessignificantly with time and strain. Based on the differences of engineering properties between these twokinds of MSWs, the geo-environmental issues in HKWC MSW landfills were analyzed, including highleachate production, high leachate mounds, low LFG collection efficiency, large settlement and slopestability problem, and corresponding advice for the management and design of HKWC MSW landfills wasrecommended.

Effect of Al Content on the Isomerization Performance of Solid Superacid Pd–S_2O_8^(2-)/ZrO_2–Al_2O_3

The effect of Al content on the performance of the Pd–S2O82-/Zr O2–Al2O3solid superacid catalyst was studied using n-pentane isomerization as a probe reaction. The catalysts were also characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform Infrared(FTIR), specific surface area measurements(BET), thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis(TG–DTA), H2-temperature programmed reduction(TPR) and NH3temperature-programmed desorption(NH3-TPD). The Pd–S2O82-/Zr O2–Al2O3catalyst made from Al2O3 mass fraction of 2.5% exhibited the best performance and its catalytic activity increased by 44.0% compared with Pd–S2O82-/Zr O2. The isopentane yield reached64.3% at a temperature of 238 °C, a reaction pressure of 2.0 MPa, a space velocity of 1.0 h-1and a H2/n-pentane molar ratio of 4.0. No obvious catalyst deactivation was observed within 100 h.

脱萼剂对“浙梨6号”果实品质与着果率的影响

针对“浙梨6号”因部分萼片宿存或残存、果顶尖凸等而影响果实品相问题,选择PBO、氟硅唑、丙环唑3种脱萼剂,以清水为对照进行试验。结果表明:与对照相比,3种脱萼剂处理果实的脱萼率提高23.27~26.01百分点,果顶尖凸率降低24.55~26.44百分点,扁圆果占比、单果质量、可溶性固形物含量分别增加33.19~37.66百分点、37.9~57.1 g和0.68~0.94百分点,但果实偏斜度、全锈果率分别偏高0.54~0.74和18.36~19.23百分点,端正果率、着果率分别下降15.89~21.07和5.43~6.62百分点,差异达显著或极显著水平。上述3种脱萼剂分别选择4000、333.3、444.4 mg·L^(-1)和花序分离期进行喷施,在保证脱萼防凸效果的同时,可有效降低对着果率及果形端正度等的不利影响。

基于图像光谱超分辨率的苹果糖度检测

苹果风味独特,清脆可口,深受全世界消费者的广泛喜爱。糖度是衡量苹果品质的关键指标。高光谱成像(HSI)由于含有丰富的图谱信息在糖度无损检测中有着广泛的应用前景,然而仍面临仪器笨重昂贵、操作耗时等问题。光谱超分辨率(SSR)可通过建立映射关系从低光谱维度RGB图像获得对应高光谱维度HSI图像,在HSI图像的高效获取上有着极大的优势。因而,将探索苹果RGB图像的SSR,并基于SSR数据进行糖度预测。首先,选取大小均匀的苹果作为研究对象,利用黑色哑光胶纸对感兴趣区域(ROI)进行标定。采集苹果RGB图像和HSI图像后,利用全局阈值法确定ROI并经过图像分割得到220个RGB-HSI图像对。然后,使用密集连接网络、多尺度层级回归网络和Transformer网络实现苹果RGB图像的SSR。最后,提取SSR后图像的反射率光谱,采用全光谱和竞争性自适应重加权选择后的有效波长光谱结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林(RF)和极限学习机(ELM)构建糖度预测模型。结果表明,基于Transformer网络SSR结果最好。在SSR预测集中,平均相对绝对值(MRAESP)为0.1359,均方根误差(RMSESP)为0.0262;SSR后方法的反射率光谱与真实光谱一致性最好。在糖度预测的过程中,全光谱下ELM模型预测效果最好,预测集决定系数(RP2)和均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.9255和0.003,PLSR次之,RF最差。经过有效波长光谱提取后,预测结果有所提升,其中ELM模型预测结果最好,RP2为0.9609,RMSEP为0.0022,PLSR次之,RF最差。总之,基于Transformer图像SSR完成了苹果糖度的准确检测,提供了低成本高效率HSI图像的获取方式,实现了快速便捷的新型糖度检测,扩展了图像在水果品质分析中的应用场景,为促进智慧农业和食品领域的发展提供了理论依据。

含固率对甜高粱与奶牛粪产气特性的影响

文章基于不同含固率(TS)在粪秸厌氧共消化中产气率的不同,以碳素和氮素含量互补的全株甜高粱秸秆和奶牛粪为原料,评估在不同TS下厌氧共消化的产气特性。实验采用中温((37±0.5)℃)条件,底物中甜高粱与奶牛粪挥发性固体(VS)比为1∶1,设置奶牛粪的含固率为2%(T2组)、4%(T4组)、6%(T6组)、8%(T8组)4个处理组,分析不同TS组的产甲烷性能,动力学分析采用修正的Gompertz方程。结果表明,T2组的累积产气量为633.49 m L/(g VS)、累积甲烷产量为350.26 m L/(g VS),均为最高,随TS的增加累积产气率下降,高TS不利于沼气的生产。修正的Gompertz模型拟合结果R~2=0.988~0.999,随着TS的增加,延滞期变长,最大产甲烷速率降低,T2组与其他处理组相比混合消化体系最优。化学需氧量浓度和挥发性脂肪酸浓度均随着TS升高而升高。实验对全株甜高粱和奶牛粪的共消化高效产甲烷及过程稳定性控制具有指导意义。

基于可见/近红外光谱和函数型线性回归模型的成熟期苹果可溶性固形物含量预测

可溶性固形物含量(SSC)是反映苹果品质和成熟度的重要指标,能够用于苹果品质分析和成熟度预测。以新疆阿克苏冰糖心红富士苹果为研究对象,从果实膨大定形期至完熟期,以3d等间隔周期采摘样本,采集其380~1110nm的可见/近红外光谱,测定其SSC,共552个样品。然后,利用基函数平滑方法将采集的可见/近红外光谱离散数据转化为光谱曲线,即函数型数据,并以可见/近红外光谱曲线、一阶导曲线、二阶导曲线为函数型解释变量,SSC为标量响应变量,分别建立函数型线性回归模型。为了验证和分析模型的性能,根据原始光谱离散数据,经过移动平滑、一阶导和二阶导预处理后,分别建立偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、核支持向量机(KSVM)、随机森林(RF)、梯度提升树(GBM)和深度神经网络(DeepNN)。结果表明,在建立的18个模型中,针对训练集,PLSR-dNIR模型、KSVM-dNIR模型、RF-dNIR模型、GBM-dNIR模型和Deep NN-d2NIR模型都优于FunLR-NIR模型、FunLR-dNIR模型、FunLR-d2NIR模型,且Deep NN-dNIR模型最优(r_(c)=0.9996,R_(c)^(2)=0.9986,RMSEC=0.0740,RPDC=27.4366);针对测试集,FunLR-NIR模型、FunLR-dNIR模型、FunLR-d2NIR模型均优于其他所有模型,且FunLR-NIR模型最优(r_(v)=0.9534,R_(v)^(2)=0.9077,RMSEV=0.5856,RPDV=3.3017)。综合训练集和测试集的结果来看,核支持向量机模型、随机森林模型、梯度提升树模型和深度神经网络模型容易过拟合,而函数型线性回归模型具有更好的普适性。此外,从三个函数型线性回归模型(FunLR-NIR模型、FunLR-dNIR模型、FunLR-d2NIR模型)的预测效果看,模型均具有良好的鲁棒性和较高的预测精度。试验结果表明,结合可见/近红外光谱技术与函数型数据分析构建的函数型线性回归模型,可成功、有效地实现成熟期苹果的可溶性固形物含量预测。

光固化陶瓷坯体的增材制造与性能研究

为满足光固化增材制造陶瓷浆料的使用需求,对陶瓷粉体形貌进行了观察,考察了分散剂类型、固含量对陶瓷浆料表观黏度的影响,并对优化后的陶瓷浆料进行光固化成型。结果表明,陶瓷粉体分散较为均匀,粒径主要分布在200~500 nm,D50约为0.32μm。KOS110作为分散剂可以有效降低陶瓷浆料的表观黏度;在剪切速率为50s-1时,随着分散剂添加量从1%增加至8%,陶瓷浆料的表观黏度先减小后增加,在分散剂添加量为2%时取得最小值。在相同剪切速率下,陶瓷浆料的固含量体积分数越大,其表观黏度越大,适宜的陶瓷浆料的固含量应该在52%及以下。当扫描速度为1~10 m/s时,陶瓷浆料的固化深度都高于设计厚度(25μm),满足陶瓷浆料增材制造要求。