A Comparative Study on the Truck Frame Stiffness with Solid and Beam Element FEA Models

Truck frames should be designed and fabricated with enough rigidity to avoid excessive deflections. Finite element analysis (FEA) plays an important role in all stages of frame designs. While being accurate, 3D solid element FEA models are built upon frame configuration details which are not feasible in the preliminary design stage, partially because of limited available design data of frames and heavy computation costs. This research develops 1D beam element FEA models for simulating frame structures. In this paper, the CAD model of a truck frame is first created. The solid element FEA analysis, which is adopted as the baseline in this study, is subsequently conducted for the stiffness of the frame, Next, beam element FEA analysis is performed for validating the feasibility of the beam element FEA model by comparing the results from the solid and beam element FEA models. It is found that the beam element FEA model can predict the frame stiffness with acceptable accuracy and reduce the computation cost significantly.

PARTITION OF UNITY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR SHORT WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOLIDS

A partition of unity finite element method for numerical simulation of short wave propagation in solids is presented. The finite element spaces were constructed by multiplying the standard isoparametric finite element shape functions, which form a partition of unity, with the local subspaces defined on the corresponding shape functions, which include a priori knowledge about the wave motion equation in trial spaces and approximately reproduce the highly oscillatory properties within a single element. Numerical examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed partition of unity finite element in both computational accuracy and efficiency.

Conversion between solid and beam element solutions of finite element method based on meta-modeling theory:development and application to a ramp tunnel structure

In this study, a new method for conversion of solid finite element solution to beam finite element solution is developed based on the meta-modeling theory which constructs a model consistent with continuum mechanics. The proposed method is rigorous and efficient compared to a typical conversion method which merely computes surface integration of solid element nodal stresses to obtain cross-sectional forces. The meta-modeling theory ensures the rigorousness of proposed method by defining a proper distance between beam element and solid element solutions in a function space of continuum mechanics. Results of numerical verification test that is conducted with a simple cantilever beam are used to find the proper distance function for this conversion. Time history analysis of the main tunnel structure of a real ramp tunnel is considered as a numerical example for the proposed conversion method. It is shown that cross-sectional forces are readily computed for solid element solution of the main tunnel structure when it is converted to a beam element solution using the proposed method. Further, envelopes of resultant forces which are of primary importance for the purpose of design, are developed for a given ground motion at the end.

Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.

Fractional four-step finite element method for analysis of thermally coupled fluid-solid interaction problems

An integrated fluid-thermal-structural analysis approach is presented. In this approach, the heat conduction in a solid is coupled with the heat convection in the viscous flow of the fluid resulting in the thermal stress in the solid. The fractional four-step finite element method and the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin （SUPG） method are used to analyze the viscous thermal flow in the fluid. Analyses of the heat transfer and the thermal stress in the solid axe performed by the Galerkin method. The second-order semi- implicit Crank-Nicolson scheme is used for the time integration. The resulting nonlinear equations are lineaxized to improve the computational efficiency. The integrated analysis method uses a three-node triangular element with equal-order interpolation functions for the fluid velocity components, the pressure, the temperature, and the solid displacements to simplify the overall finite element formulation. The main advantage of the present method is to consistently couple the heat transfer along the fluid-solid interface. Results of several tested problems show effectiveness of the present finite element method, which provides insight into the integrated fluid-thermal-structural interaction phenomena.

Treatment of discontinuous interface in liquid-solid forming with extended finite element method

Extended finite element method(XFEM) is proposed to simulate the discontinuous interface in the liquid-solid forming process.The discontinuous interface is an important phenomenon happening in the liquid-solid forming processes and it is difficult to be simulated accurately with conventional finite element method(CFEM) because it involves solid phase and liquid phase simultaneously.XFEM is becoming more and more popular with the need of solving the discontinuous problem happening in engineering field.The implementation method of XFEM is proposed on Abaqus code by using UEL(user element) with the flowchart.The key is to modify the element stiffness in the proposed method by using UEL on the platform of Abaqus code.In contrast to XFEM used in the simulation of solidification,the geometrical and physical properties of elements were modified at the same time in our method that is beneficial to getting smooth interface transition and precise analysis results.The analysis is simplified significantly with XFEM.

PARTITION OF UNITY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR SHORT WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOLIDS

A partition of unity finite element method for numerical simulation of short wave propagation in solids is presented. The finite element spaces were constructed by multiplying the standard isoparametric finite element shape functions, which form a partition of unity, with the local subspaces defined on the corresponding shape functions, which include a priori knowledge about the wave motion equation in trial spaces and approximately reproduce the highly oscillatory properties within a single element. Numerical examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed partition of unity finite element in both computational accuracy and efficiency.

Two-dimensional simulation on the rolling process of semi-solid 60Si2Mn by finite element method

The effect of various process variables on the law of metal flow for semi-solid rolling 60Si2Mn was studied by finite element method. Semi-solid 60Si2Mn can be described as compressible rigid visco-plastic porous material saturated with liquid. In terms of ther-mo-mechanical coupling condition, the distributions of stress, velocity and temperature were studied using software MARC. The simulation results show that the rigid visco-plastic model can accurately describe the semi-solid 60Si2Mn rolling process. The great deformation can achieve completely in view of low flow stress of semi-solid slurry.

Damage prediction for magnesium matrix composites formed by liquid-solid extrusion process based on finite element simulation

A damage prediction method based on FE simulation was proposed to predict the occurrence of hot shortness cracks and surface cracks in liquid-solid extrusion process.This method integrated the critical temperature criterion and Cockcroft & Latham ductile damage model, which were used to predict the initiation of hot shortness cracks and surface cracks of products, respectively.A coupling simulation of deformation with heat transfer as well as ductile damage was carried out to investigate the effect of extrusion temperature and extrusion speed on the damage behavior of Csf/AZ91D composites.It is concluded that the semisolid zone moves gradually toward deformation zone with the punch descending.The amplitude of the temperature rise at the exit of die from the initial billet temperature increases with the increase of extrusion speed during steady-state extrusion at a given punch displacement.In order to prevent the surface temperature of products beyond the incipient melting temperature of composites, the critical extrusion speed is decreased with the increase of extrusion temperature, otherwise the hot shortness cracks will occur.The maximum damage values increase with increasing extrusion speed or extrusion temperature.Theoretical results obtained by the DeformTM-2D simulation agree well with the experiments.

Coupling of discrete-element method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics for liquid-solid flows

Particle based methods can be used for both the simulations of solid and fluid phases in multiphase medium, such as the discrete-element method for solid phase and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics for fluid phase. This paper presents a computational method combining these two methods for solid-liquid medium. The two phases are coupled by using an improved model from a reported Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The technique is verified by simulating liquid-solid flows in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity.

Finite Element Formulation and Analysis of Fracture Resistance Effected by Near-Tip Nonlinearities in Piezoelectric Solids

Comsidering the fact there are no systematic study on crack effected by large-scale near--tip nonlinearitiesup to now, a nonlinear finite element formulation accounting for nonlinearities and elasticity coupled with piezoelectricity is derived and a finite element program is developed. Numerical examples are presented to show the effect of nonlinear fracture characteristics on fracture resistance. It is found that an electric field may give a negative driving forceto prevent crack propagation.

火电厂燃煤产物中关键微量元素富集特征研究

煤系共伴生战略性关键元素可在燃煤产物中富集,研究燃煤产物中关键元素的富集特点可为元素的预富集和提取利用提供依据。以我国东西部不同火电厂燃煤产物为例,采用波长色散荧光光谱仪(AxiosmAX)、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(iCAP-Qc)测试了燃煤产物中常量元素和关键微量元素的含量,分析了燃煤产物中关键微量元素分布富集的一般性规律。结果表明:①粉煤灰中主要常量元素为Si、Al、Fe,三者氧化物占比达87.79%;微量元素中稀土元素、锂、镓、铀、锗的含量分别为456.95μg/g、163.58μg/g、49.07μg/g、8.67μg/g、4.59μg/g,除铀、锗外均高于世界煤灰平均值。②常量元素中P趋向富集于细灰中,Fe、Ca更易富集于粗灰中;稀土元素分布模式保持一致,且在细灰中的含量高于粗灰,锂、镓、铀、锗均在细粒燃煤产物中更为富集,分异系数分别为1.17、2.45、1.53、2.14。③数理统计分析表明,煤中稀土元素与无机矿物相关,且富集于燃煤产物的非磁性组分中;锂主要与黏土矿物有关,燃烧后主要以LiAlO2的形式存在;镓、铀赋存形式不单一,与黏土矿物有一定的关系;锗与无机相相关性弱,表明其主要与有机质结合。

水压与动载耦合作用下高铁隧底结构裂损机理分析

高速铁路隧道底部结构隆起变形开裂是多方面影响因素叠加作用的结果。综合利用扩展有限元方法、流固耦合理论和现场实测结果,采用激振力荷载拟合函数施加于轨面模拟列车振动荷载作用效果,分析在水压和列车动荷载耦合作用下的高铁隧道底部结构不协调变形机理,揭示水压与动荷载作用下隧道底部结构的变形特征与水压力变化规律。研究结果表明:在既有隧底结构型式与排水条件下,水压变化是隧道底部结构变形与开裂的诱发原因,列车动荷载导致的裂缝水压交替变化是隧道底部结构持续性隆起裂损的间接原因。隧道底部结构开裂一般首先发生在仰拱填充层中央排水沟处,然后在轨道板、仰拱填充层与衬砌仰拱结构存在刚度差异的各交界面上出现裂缝。高速列车动荷载周期性的上下振动与水压力耦合作用下隧道底部结构界面和各裂缝过水处产生超静水压力,其周期性抽吸变化将对裂缝产生水力压裂效应,加剧隧道底部结构的裂损。高水压高铁隧道底部结构隆起开裂的整治措施应综合考虑泄水降压、裂缝封堵以及底部多层结构体系的层间锚固。

基于微观流固耦合的超深层致密砂岩气藏应力敏感性分析

超深层致密砂岩气藏具有强应力敏感性,目前常用的研究方法包括压力脉冲实验法和实时在线CT扫描法两种,压力脉冲实验法不能揭示产生应力敏感性的微观机理,而实时在线CT扫描法也无法模拟深部地层高压、高应力的条件。为解决应力敏感性实验研究的不足,基于离散单元法与管道网络模型建立了微观流固耦合算法,编制了模拟器,并对模拟器力学计算和流固耦合模块的正确性进行了验证,分析了应力大小、加载方向和孔隙压力对岩心渗透率的影响,最后从微观上揭示了超深层致密砂岩气藏的应力敏感性机理。研究结果表明:①应力通过增加与之垂直方向上喉道两侧的法向压力,减小喉道的水力半径,进而降低储层的渗透率;②较高的孔隙压力能够阻碍岩石颗粒在应力作用下的移动,从而减缓了孔隙和喉道的变形,使模型保持较高的渗透率;③致密砂岩气藏的渗透率受到应力和地层压力的共同控制,并且具有各向异性,在垂直于最小主应力方向上形成渗透率较大的优势通道;④异常高压阻碍了地应力的压实作用,有利于保护储层孔隙,使地层有较好的储集性能和较高的渗透率。结论认为,根据离散元法结合孔隙网络模型建立的流固耦合方法可为理解超深层致密砂岩应力敏感性提供理论参考,并为超深层致密砂岩气藏的科学高效开发提供指导。

Beam与Solid两种点焊模拟方法对比研究

在汽车整车有限元仿真分析中,点焊的建模对仿真精度影响较大。仿真中,针对焊点在网格中的位置及焊接母材壳单元积分方式的不同,分析了采用Beam单元和Solid单元模拟焊点时Lap-shear模型所表现出的力学性能的稳定性,并将得出的结论应用到100%整车正面碰撞中进行验证。结果表明,采用Solid单元模拟焊点时,Lap-shear模型所表现出的力学性能的稳定性相对较高;在考虑点焊失效的情况下,采用Solid点焊单元来模拟焊点比较准确。

固体发动机喷管热结构耦合数值仿真研究

针对在热载荷与内压联合作用下,固体火箭发动机潜入式喷管的热结构耦合数值仿真问题,采用流体仿真软件与结构计算软件,展开了数值模拟。在流体仿真软件中,计算了潜入式喷管工作过程的内部稳态流场,提取了高温燃气流动参数与固体壁面对流换热系数。在有限元结构计算平台内,编写了非均布壁面压力载荷与非均布对流换热系数子程序,耦合求解了喷管热结构耦合问题,获取了热防护材料内部温度场与应力场分布。研究表明,热载荷是引起喉衬应力的主要原因。喉衬环向压应力与拉应力随时间呈现先增大后减小的过程。经地面喷管结构完整性热试车试验验证,该热结构耦合数值仿真方法可用于喷管结构完整性与安全性分析,为喷管结构设计提供合理指导。

后摆心潜入式喷管柔性接头力学特性数值仿真

针对后摆心潜入式喷管柔性接头在燃气压力与摆动联合载荷下,弹性件与增强件的力学特性计算问题,建立了对称刚体-柔性体结合的几何模型;采用了有限元方法,获取了柔性接头在燃气压力、摆动载荷及联合载荷下应力、弹性比力矩分布规律。研究表明:随着燃气压力增大,弹性比力矩降低;随摆角增大,弹性比力矩增大。文中的数值仿真方法,可以应用于柔性接头力学特性的计算,为柔性接头强度的安全性评估提供指导。

基于Shell-Solid单元混合建模技术的焊接数值模拟方法

针对焊接数值模拟的体单元模型计算效率低和壳单元模型计算精度低的问题,本文提出了一种焊接过程数值模拟的Shell-Solid单元混合建模方法。以平板对接焊为例,分别采用Shell单元、Solid单元和Shell-Solid单元混合建模,开展了焊接温度场和结构热力耦合响应的数值模拟,对比分析了温度场、应力场及计算效率。结果表明:混合模型既保证了焊接温度场和结构响应的计算精度,又保证了计算效率,是一种值得深入研究的焊接模拟建模方法。

基于SolidWorks电动滚筒右法兰轴设计

用SolidWorks为平台,建立右法兰轴实体模型,并用Simulation对实体模型进行有限元静力分析和模态分析,得到应力、位移分布规律,找出危险截面所在,计算出固有频率,避免其在工作时发生共振,为右法兰轴设计提供理论依据。

煤与瓦斯突出过程气-固颗粒抛出规律及突出矿井风险等级划分方法

为了揭示煤与瓦斯突出气-固颗粒抛出流演化规律,基于离散元数值模拟方法,提出了现场统计数据与数值模拟相结合的方法;研究了煤与瓦斯突出气-固颗粒两相流的发展过程,揭示了喷出的煤颗粒及瓦斯的运动轨迹变化规律;基于主成分分析法(PCA)和模糊综合评价法(FCE),实现了对27处突出矿井危险性的分级。结果表明:煤与瓦斯突出分成4个阶段,煤与瓦斯突破石门阶段,煤与瓦斯混合冲击阶段,煤与瓦斯突出两相流分流阶段和煤与瓦斯突出衰减阶段;随着突出的发展,煤与瓦斯突出两相流发生分流;瓦斯运动速度较高,主要在巷道上方运动,多数煤颗粒则沉降至巷道底端,前方少部分煤颗粒在瓦斯裹挟下继续向前移动,运动轨迹比瓦斯更为复杂;通过数值模拟得到3处突出矿井煤颗粒抛出量分别为121.5、42.7、320.32 t;经PCA-FCE综合评价,27处煤与瓦斯突出矿井包括一般突出矿井16个,严重突出矿井11个。