Simulation study on cuttings transport of the backreaming operation for long horizontal section wells

The backreaming operation plays a significant role in safe drilling for horizontal wellbores, while it may cause severe stuck pipe accidents. To lower the risk of the stuck pipe in backreaming operations, the mechanism of cuttings transport needs to be carefully investigated. In this research, a transient cuttings transport with multiple flow patterns model is developed to predict the evolution of cuttings transported in the annulus while backreaming. The established model can provide predictions of the distribution of cuttings bed along the wellbore considering the bulldozer effect caused by large-size drilling tools(LSDTs). The sensitivity analyses of the size of LSDTs, and backreaming operating parameters are conducted in Section 4. And a new theory is proposed to explain the mechanism of cuttings transport in the backreaming operation, in which both the bit and LSDTs have the “cleaning effect” and “plugging effect”.The results demonstrate that the cuttings bed in annuli is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, but the overall trend and the distribution pattern are obvious. First, larger diameters and longer drilling tools could lead to a higher risk of the stuck pipe. Second, we find that it is not the case that the higher flow rate is always better for hole cleaning, so three flow-rate intervals are discussed separately under the given conditions. When the “dangerous flow rate”(<33 L/s in Case 4) is employed, the cuttings bed completely blocks the borehole near the step surface and causes a stuck pipe directly. If the flow rate increases to the “low flow rate” interval(33-35 L/s in Case 4), a smaller flow rate instead facilitates borehole cleaning. If the flow rate is large enough to be in the “high flow rate” interval(>35 L/s in Case 4),the higher the flow rate, the better the cleaning effect of cuttings beds. Third, an interval of tripping velocity called “dangerous velocity” is proposed, in which the cuttings bed accumulation near the LSDTs is more serious than those of other tripping velocities. As long as the applied tripping velocity is not within the “dangerous velocity”(0.4-0.5 m/s in Case 5) interval in the backreaming operation, the risk of the stuck pipe can be controlled validly. Finally, through the factors analyses of the annular geometry,particle properties, and fluid properties in Section 5, it can be found that the “low flow rate”, “high flow rate” and “dangers flow rate” tend to decrease and the “dangerous velocity” tends to increase with the conditions more favorable for hole cleaning. This study has some guiding significance for risk prediction and parameter setting of the backreaming operation.

A Study of the Factors Affecting Transporting Solid— Liquid Suspension through Pipelines

An experimental investigation was carried out on the transport of solid liquid mixture through pipelines. The principal aim of this was to study how to transport slurries through pipeline systems. The experimental tests include measurements of main parameters affecting transport of solid liquid mixture, like sand slurry and mud slurry. These parameters are deduced by applying non-dimensional approach, which includes Reynolds number, Froude number, concentration, specific gravity, and ratio of particle to pipe diameter. Preliminary results include the following general trends: 1) Increasing input concentration increases the pressure gradient, whereas decreases the efficiency of solid transport;2) As specific gravity of solid material increases, the pressure gradient increases and the efficiency of transport decreases;3) As mixture velocity increases, the efficiency of transport increases;4) Solids with fine grain size are preferred than with coarse grain size from the view points of pressure gradient and efficiency of transport. Also, the present experimental data has been compared with the correlations developed before by different authors. Such correlations relate the pressure gradient to flow velocity, specific gravity, and efficiency of transport to grain size of solid material, and input solid concentration.

Lithium-ion transport in inorganic solid state electrolyte

An overview of ion transport in lithium-ion inorganic solid state electrolytes is presented, aimed at exploring and de signing better electrolyte materials. Ionic conductivity is one of the most important indices of the performance of inorganic solid state electrolytes. The general definition of solid state electrolytes is presented in terms of their role in a working cell （to convey ions while isolate electrons）, and the history of solid electrolyte development is briefly summarized. Ways of using the available theoretical models and experimental methods to characterize lithium-ion transport in solid state elec- trolytes are systematically introduced. Then the various factors that affect ionic conductivity are itemized, including mainly structural disorder, composite materials and interface effects between a solid electrolyte and an electrode. Finally, strategies for future material systems, for synthesis and characterization methods, and for theory and calculation are proposed, aiming to help accelerate the design and development of new solid electrolytes.

FLUID-SOLID COUPLING MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN UNSATURATED ZONE AND ITS ASYMPTOTICAL SOLUTION

The process of contaminant transport is a problem of multicomponent and multiphase flow in unsaturated zone. Under the presupposition that gas existence affects water transport, a coupled mathematical model of contaminant transport in unsaturated zone has been established based on fluid_solid interaction mechanics theory. The asymptotical solutions to the nonlinear coupling mathematical model were accomplished by the perturbation and integral transformation method. The distribution law of pore pressure, pore water velocity and contaminant concentration in unsaturated zone has been presented under the conditions of with coupling and without coupling gas phase. An example problem was used to provide a quantitative verification and validation of the model. The asymptotical solution was compared with Faust model solution. The comparison results show reasonable agreement between asymptotical solution and Faust solution, and the gas effect and media deformation has a large impact on the contaminant transport. The theoretical basis is provided for forecasting contaminant transport and the determination of the relationship among pressure_saturation_permeability in laboratory.

Investigation of Li-ion transport in Li7P3S11 and solid-state lithium batteries

The high Li-ion conductivity of the Li7P3S11 sulfide-based solid electrolyte makes it a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium batteries. The Li-ion transport over electrode-electrolyte and electrolyteelectrolyte interfaces, vital for the performance of solid-state batteries, is investigated by impedance spectroscopy and solid-state NMR experiments. An all-solid-state Li-ion battery is assembled with the Li7P3S11 electrolyte, nano-Li2S cathode and Li-In foil anode, showing a relatively large initial discharge capacity of 1139.5 m Ah/g at a current density of 0.064 m A/cm^ 2 retaining 850.0 m Ah/g after 30 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggests that the decrease in capacity over cycling is due to the increased interfacial resistance between the electrode and the electrolyte. 1D exchange ^7Li NMR quantifies the interfacial Li-ion transport between the uncycled electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a diffusion coefficient of 1.70(3) ×10^-14cm^2/s at 333 K and an energy barrier of 0.132 e V for the Li-ion transport between Li2S cathode and Li7P3S11 electrolyte. This indicates that the barrier for Li-ion transport over the electrode-electrolyte interface is small. However, the small diffusion coefficient for Li-ion diffusion between the Li2S and the Li7P3S11 suggests that these contact interfaces between electrode and electrolyte are relatively scarce, challenging the performance of these solid-state batteries.

Establishment and application of performance evaluation model for collection and transportation system of municipal solid waste

On the basis of analyzing the typical waste collection and transportation mode,the evaluation index system for performance of the waste collection and transportation system was proposed with three grades,which related to six factors,such as economic evaluation,high efficient evaluation,environmental impact assessment,resource evaluation,evaluation of security and emergency,evaluation of management and society. With the performance evaluation theory,the performance evaluation model of waste collection and transportation system was constructed,which quantified the grading standard of index and determined the index weight in analytic hierarchy process (AHP). After evaluating the waste collection and transportation system of the main districts of Chongqing city,the results show that the it has an excellent performance evaluation grade with very high performance level of three indices involving evaluation of management and society,environmental impact assessment,evaluation of security and emergency and quite low performance level of two indices that include high efficient evaluation and economic evaluation.

Experimental study on the effects of big particles physical characteristics on the hydraulic transport inside a horizontal pipe

This paper presents an experimental study of the physical characteristic effects of large particles on hydraulic transport in a horizontal pipe.The particles are spherical and are large with respect to the diameter of the pipe(8%,10%,16% and 25%).Experiments were done to test the important parameters in solid transport(pressure,velocity,etc.).As a result,the relationship between the pressure gradient forces and the mixture velocity was substantially different from the pure liquid flow.However,in a single-phase flow a monotonous behavior of the pressure drop curve is observed,and the curve of the solid particle flow attains its minimum at the critical velocity.The regimes are characterized with differential pressure measurements and visualizations.

Electronic and thermoelectric properties of Mg2GexSn1-x(x=0.25,0.50,0.75) solid solutions by first-principles calculations

The electronic structure and thermoelectric（TE） properties of Mg2GexSn1-x（x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75） solid solutions are investigated by first-principles calculations and semi-classical Boltzmann theory. The special quasi-random structure（SQS） is used to model the solid solutions, which can produce reasonable band gaps with respect to experimental results.The n-type solid solutions have an excellent thermoelectric performance with maximum zT values exceeding 2.0, where the combination of low lattice thermal conductivity and high power factor（PF） plays an important role. These values are higher than those of pure Mg2Sn and Mg2Ge. The p-type solid solutions are inferior to the n-type ones, mainly due to the much lower PF. The maximum zT value of 0.62 is predicted for p-type Mg2Ge（0.25）Sn（0.75） at 800K. The results suggest that the n-type Mg2GexSn1-x solid solutions are promising mid-temperature TE materials.

Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Transport of Sand-Water Mixtures in Pipelines

The development of empirical model for the hydraulic transport of sand-water mixtures is important for the design of economical solid-liquid transportation system in chemical and waste-disposal industries. The hydraulic transport characteristics of sand-water mixtures in circular pipelines are numerically investigated by using the FLUENT commercial software. Eulerian granular multiphase (EGM) model with the k-e turbulent model is used for the computation. Present method is validated by the computed values with the measured data. The effect of the concentration and pipe sizes on the relative solid effect is numerically investigated. It is found that the effect of the volumetric delivered concentration on both hydraulic gradient and solid effect increases as the Reynolds number decreases. When the Reynolds number is small, the increase in the volumetric delivered concentration has an effect of decreasing the hydraulic gradient whereas the solid effect increases with the volumetric delivered concentration stepping up. The effect of the pipe diameter is not the critical parameter for deciding the values of the relative solid effect in the sand-water mixture transportation.

Investigation on Pressure Drop of Fluid-Solid Mixture Flow through Pipes Using CFD and SK Model

The carrier fluid (air or water) is used to transport solid material from the source place to its destination point through pipeline. Using air as carrier fluid to transport solid material through pipeline is called Pneumo transport, whereas transporting material with water or any other liquid through pipeline is called as hydraulic transport. A large number of installations are now available globally to transport solid materials to short, medium, and long distances using water/air as carrier fluid. However, the design of such system of pipeline is still an empirical art. In the present investigation, one generalized mathematical model developed by Shrivastava and Kar (SK Model) and CFD models were used and compared with experimental results for pneumatic and hydraulic transport of granular solids. The motivation of present work is to find the accuracy of SK model based on analytical, empirical and semi-empirical for the prediction of pressure drop and comparing the result with CFD based on mathematical equation for the mixture flow in the horizontal and vertical pipe lines. The comparison of pressure drop results obtained by using SK model and CFD model were validated with the experimental results for pneumatic and hydraulic transport of solids through. From the comparison results, it was observed that the results of pressure drop predicted by SK model are more accurate than the CFD models for all the cases considered.

Numerical solution to T-φ_S-C_L coupling in binary dendrite solidification with any solid-back diffusion effects

A previous numerical solution method to the strong nonlinear T φ S C L coupling for a Scheil type binary solidification process was extended and modified for single phase dendrite solidifications of any nominal alloy composition(in a composition range of single phase or eutectic solidification) and with any solid back diffusion extents. Numerical sample computations were performed on Al Cu system with different nominal compositions from almost pure Al to nearly eutectic and with different solid diffusion coefficients, which are factitiously enlarged or decreased in eight orders of magnitude. The calculation results exhibit the feasibility, capability and efficiency of the proposed numerical scheme in modeling an arbitrary binary dendrite solidification problem.

Numerical simulation of effect of convection-diffusion on oxygen transport in microcirculation

The entire process of oxygen transport in microcirculation by developing a3 D porous media model is calculated numerically with coupled solid deformation-fluid seepage-convection and diffusion. The principal novelty of the model is that it takes into account volumetric deformation of both capillary and tissues resulting from capillary fluctuation. How solid deformation, fluid seepage, and convection-diffusion combine to affect oxygen transport is examined quantitatively：（1） Solid deformation is more significant in the middle of capillary, where the maximum value of volumetric deformation reaches about 0.5%.（2） Solid deformation has positive influence on the tissue fluid so that it flows more uniformly and causes oxygen to be transported more uniformly, and eventually impacts oxygen concentration by 0.1%–0.5%.（3） Convection-diffusion coupled deformation and seepage has a maximum（16%） and average（3%） increase in oxygen concentration,compared with pure molecular diffusion. Its more significant role is to allow oxygen to be transported more evenly.

生活垃圾收运环节温室气体排放量核算方法研究

科学合理的碳核算方法是支持碳达峰碳中和的关键,生活垃圾分类下收运环节温室气体排放量的系统性核算方法有待完善.为了科学核算分类下生活垃圾收运环节温室气体排放,该研究依据《IPCC 2006年国家温室气体清单指南2019修订版》及《温室气体协议》,开展了生活垃圾收运环节核算范围的确定、温室气体排放源和排放种类的识别及核算模型构建.结果表明:生活垃圾收运环节核算范围包括投放点、暂存点、中转站以及处置点4个核算单元,排放源包括移动源、固定源和工艺/过程排放,移动源为收运车辆用电隐含排放CO_(2)以及燃料燃烧排放的CO_(2)、CH4和N_(2)O,固定源为中转站用能设施隐含排放的CO_(2),工艺/过程排放为收运车辆尾气净化消耗催化剂产生的CO_(2).同时构建了温室气体排放核算模型,对北京市顺义区生活垃圾收运环节碳排放当量进行核算,结果显示分类后的厨余垃圾和其他垃圾收运环节温室气体排放量存在差异,其中单位厨余垃圾温室气体排放量(以CO_(2)当量计)为24.78 kg/t,单位其他垃圾温室气体排放量为18.77 kg/t.研究显示,生活垃圾装/卸载过程是产生温室气体的主要排放源,其排放量均占比在50%以上.该研究对生活垃圾分类下的收运过程,建立了可拆分、可组合、模块化的核算单元,可为我国各城市生活垃圾收运环节温室气体排放量核算提供理论支撑.

基于混合遗传算法的皮革产业固废运输路径优化研究

皮革产业形成的固废含有部分对环境、人体等存在一定负面影响的物质,这类固废的运输方式极为关键。本文构建了一种基本的皮革产业固废运输路径模型,通过引入混合遗传算法对该模型中的皮革产业固废运输路径进行优化,以案例的形式对这一模型的可行性进行验证,旨在为皮革产业废弃物的运输工作提供借鉴。

海域天然气水合物储层的多场耦合模式及研究进展

海域天然气水合物是重要的清洁能源,实现其安全高效开采战略意义重大。受海域天然气水合物储层非成岩、弱固结、埋藏浅等特征的影响,水合物开采过程中储层处于强烈的多场耦合状态。复杂的多场耦合行为给开采产能和安全风险演化规律预测及其调控方案的制定均带来了巨大挑战。本文围绕南海天然气水合物储层特征并结合降压法开采工程需求,论证了在多场耦合行为分析中考虑固相传质过程的必要性和重要性,提出将传统热(T)-流(H)-固(M)-化(C)四场耦合升级为热(T)-流(H)-固(M)-化(C)-砂(S)五场耦合的新模式,并概述了实现多场耦合行为模拟的基本方法。在此基础上,分别综述了目前在水合物储层流体传质行为、固相传质行为、传热行为、力学变形行为等方面的主要研究进展,梳理了目前天然气水合物开采储层多场耦合基础研究领域的主要瓶颈与发展方向。可为海域天然气水合物开采工程-地质-环境一体化调控实践提供有益的参考。

旋转水力提升多金属结核运动特性数值模拟

采用CFD-DEM耦合方法对多金属结核提升进行模拟,研究了垂直管道中不同旋转流场旋流比对水力提升多金属结核输运特性的影响。结果表明,随着旋转流场旋流比增大,旋转强度显著增强,流体流速最大值增大,颗粒群轴向平均速度增大。旋转流场的旋转强度明显影响管道内颗粒的速度分布:速度大的颗粒逐步分布在管壁周围,速度较小的颗粒分布在管道中心处。旋转流场可降低颗粒群局部浓度,有利于降低因颗粒滞留效应引起局部浓度升高造成的输送管堵塞风险。

强迫振动下垂直管道固液两相流数值模拟研究

粗颗粒固液两相流的管道输运适用于深海采矿工程.扬矿管道在流致振动作用下的内部固液两相流的输运机理尚未被完全探究.因此,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)与离散元(DEM)耦合的方法,分析不同粒径、不同振动频率与振幅和不同浓度工况下在强迫振动管道中的粗颗粒动力学特性以及管内流场变化特性.其中,将管道的振动简化为一维径向振动,将实际工况中的柔性管道假定为刚体管道.研究表明,在管道振动过程中,大颗粒相比小颗粒的惯性更大,而流体也需要更大的速度产生更大的曳力推动大颗粒,导致更大的轴向流场速度以及更大的轴向颗粒速度.随着粒径增大,大颗粒对流场的扰动更大,导致流体与壁面间的作用力更大;并且大颗粒与壁面间的碰撞和摩擦作用力更大,因此壁面剪应力增大.同时,大颗粒与流体间摩擦损耗的能量也更大.因此管道需要更大的能量将其输运,导致振动管道内的压降增加.增大管道振动频率与振幅会导致颗粒在截面上的分布更加分散,同时对流场扰动更大,然而对轴向流场速度的影响相对较小.增大进料浓度使颗粒间、颗粒与流场间的作用更加频繁,导致颗粒分布发生变化,并导致更大的轴向流场速度和湍动能.

固态电解质离子传输机制研究进展

全固态锂金属电池具有较高的安全性和稳定性,是替代传统锂离子电池成为下一代储能装置的理想选择。然而,固态电解质相较于液体电解液而言,其较低的离子电导率仍然是阻碍全固态锂金属电池得到快速发展的一个关键。综述了不同类型固态电解质离子传输机理,总结了提高固态电解质电导率的改进策略和最新研究进展,归纳了改善固态电解质离子传输性能的技术路线,并对未来新型固态电解质的设计与发展作了展望。

LATP、LAGP固态电解质材料合成改性路线研究现状及展望

固态电解质作为固态电池的关键组件,因其能够匹配高比容量的正、负极材料,实现更高的能量密度,并从根本上解决液态锂离子电池的安全隐患,而备受关注。其中,NASICON型的Li_(1+x)Al_(x)Ti_(2-x)(PO_(4))_(3)(LATP,0≤x≤0.5)和Li_(1+x)Al_(x)Ge_(2-x)(PO_(4))_(3)(LAGP,0≤x≤0.5)氧化物固态电解质,因其出色的空气稳定性、高离子电导率、低廉的原料成本以及温和的合成条件,成为固态电解质商业化的有力竞争者。然而,传统的实验合成和改性优化方法研发成本高、周期长、效率低。理解LATP/LAGP中离子输运机制,探索材料合成新方法,提高材料研发的效率是当前研究的重点。本文详细探讨了LATP/LAGP材料的晶体结构、离子传导机制、合成制备技术、性能提升策略以及机器学习辅助材料合成等方面的研究进展。此外,通过综合分析合成成本与产物性能,总结了具有工业化潜力的合成优化路径,并结合具体实例展示了机器学习在固态电解质领域的广阔应用前景。最后,文章还分析了当前LATP、LAGP固态电解质研究中存在的不足,并从基础研究、工程应用和商业化推广三个维度展望了未来的发展方向。