加拿大一枝黄花(SolidagocanadensisL.)不同水浸液对作物种子发芽和生长的影响

分别采用2种方法获取加拿大一枝黄花的根茎和叶水浸液,对小麦、大麦、玉米、水稻、番茄和油菜等6种作物的种子进行发芽率测定,并对小麦、玉米和水稻3种作物幼苗进行生长量试验。结果表明:各水浸液对6种作物的种子萌发均有明显的抑制作用,水稻、小麦和玉米3种作物的幼苗生长受到影响,处理间差异显著。根茎和叶粉碎液的不同浓度对玉米的生长影响不同,浓度越高影响越大,各浓度处理间的差异显著。

外来植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)入侵的结构基础

采用野外观察、光镜、扫描电镜等手段,对入侵皖北的加拿大一枝黄花形态解剖结构进行了研究,并藉此理解该物种入侵适应的结构基础。结果表明:叶的上、下表皮的气孔数目均较少,具有厚的角质层和长的表皮毛,能起到保水和保护作用;叶片内有发达维管束和束鞘延伸,增加了叶片对光合产物的输导能力,以满足地下营养器官发育的需要。茎具有较强输导和支持能力的结构特征。主根过早停止发育,以适应地下逸生结构发育的需要。加拿大一枝黄花花期、花序结构和未能与本地昆虫建立固定访问关系使部分头状花序不育,成熟花粉粒外有胼胝质包被,有利于花粉传播,其花粉粒属于较为进化的类型;根状茎含较多菊糖,具备成为独立散布体的物质和结构基础。

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)水浸提液对小麦的化感作用及机制

为了阐明加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)对小麦的化感作用机制,研究了加拿大一枝黄花新鲜茎叶的水浸提液对小麦(Triticum aestivum)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以及对小麦种子中α-淀粉酶活性、叶片中脂质过氧化作用及根系活力的影响。整个试验在完全随机情况下进行,一组质量浓度0.025、0.05和0.1 g·mL-1水浸提液用于对小麦化感作用的研究,在此基础上,设置另一组质量浓度0.01、0.02和0.03 g·mL-1水浸提液用于作用机制随水浸提液处理7和14 d时的变化研究,均用蒸馏水作空白对照。结果表明:在水浸提液质量浓度为0.025、0.05和0.10 g·mL-1时,加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长表现出很强的抑制作用,而且抑制强度随水浸提液质量浓度的增加而增强。水浸提液抑制小麦种子α-淀粉酶的活性,0.03 g·mL-1时达到显著水平(P<0.05)。水浸提液处理小麦7 d后,小麦叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性均受到抑制,MDA含量显著升高,作用强度随水浸提液质量浓度的增加而增强。处理14 d后,SOD与CAT活性呈现出不规律性波动,MDA含量仍呈上升趋势,总体水平低于7 d时的试验结果;POD活性呈下降趋势,但与对照无显著差异,总体水平高于7 d时的试验结果。水浸提液处理后,小麦根系活力升高,随着处理时间延长,根系活力有所下降。结论:加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用与α-淀粉酶活性的变化有关,对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用与脂质过氧化作用和根系活力的变化有关。

Allelopathic effects of extracts from Solidago canadensis L. against seed germination and seedling growth of some plants

To investigate the potential role of allelopathy in plant interference and in the successful invasion of alien species Solidago canadensis, aqueous and ethanolic extracts from rhizomes, stems and leaves of S. canadensis were prepared and used as treatment solutions to assess their effects on seed germination and seedling growth in four target species, mulberry （Morus alba）; morning glory （Pharbitis nil）, wheat （Triticum aestivum） and rape （Brassiea campestris）. Reduction and/or growth in germination and growth of the target plant species in the presence of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts at different concentrations indicated that the responses were species-specific and concentration-dependent. Generally, ethanolic extracts （especially from leaves） imposed stronger effects on both seed germination and seedling growth. Extracts with lower concentration at 0.001 g/ml dw could stimulate the seedling growth of rape and morning glory, whereas extracts at any given concentrations have inhibitory effects on wheat and mulberry. It is suggested that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of all the three parts of S. canadensis have significant allelopathic effects. Although both inhibition and stimulation occurred in the germination and growth of the target species, extracts with higher concentrations definitely inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of all target plants. We suggest that allelopathy plays a more important role than other mechanisms do in the out-competition ofS. canadensis over other plants, and make it invasive in new habitats.

Effects of metal lead on growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive plant species (Solidago canadensis L.)

It is less known whether and how soil metal lead （Pb） impacts the invasion of exotic plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of lead on the growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive species （Solidago canadensis L.） in a microcosm system. Each microcosm unit was separated into HOST and TEST compartments by a replaceable mesh screen that allowed arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungal hyphae rather than plant roots to grow into the TEST compartments. Three Pb levels （control, 300, and 600 mg/kg soil） were used in this study to simulate ambient soil and two pollution sites where S. canadensis grows. Mycorrhizal inoculum comprised five indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species （ Glomus mosseae, Glomus versiform, Glomus diaphanum, Glomus geosporum, and Glomus etunicatum）. The ^15N isotope tracer was used to quantify the mycorrhizally mediated nitrogen acquisition of plants. The results showed that S. canadensis was highly dependent on mycorrhizae. The Pb additions significantly decreased biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization （root length colonized, RLC%） but did not affect spore numbers, N （including total N and ^15N） and P uptake. The facilitating efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient acquisition was promoted by Pb treatments. The Pb was mostly sequestered in belowground of plant （root and rhizome）. The results suggest that the high efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient uptake might give S. canadensis a great advantage over native species in Pb polluted soils.

Characteristics of soil microbial community functional and structure diversity with coverage of Solidago Canadensis L

The relationship between Solidago canadensis L. invasion and soil microbial community diversity including functional and structure diversities was studied across the invasive gradients varying from 0 to 40%, 80%, and 100% coverage of Solidago canadensis L. using sole carbon source utilization profiles analyses, principle component analysis （PCA） and phospholipid fatty acids （PLFA） profiles analyses. The results show the characteristics of soil microbial community functional and structure diversity in invaded soils strongly changed by Solidago canadensis L. invasion. Solidago canadensis L. invasion tended to result in higher substrate richness, and functional diversity. As compared to the native and ecotones, average utilization of specific substrate guilds of soil microbe was the highest in Solidago canadensis L. monoculture. Soil microbial functional diversity in Solidago canadensis L. monoculture was distinctly separated from the native area and the ecotones. Aerobic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population significantly increased but anaerobic bacteria decreased in the soil with Solidago canadensis L. monoculture. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 co7 gradually declined but mono/sat and fung/bact PLFAs increased when Solidago canadensis L. became more dominant. The microbial community composition clearly separated the native soil from the invaded soils by PCA analysis, especially 18： lco7c, 16： lco7t, 16： lco5c and 18：2co6, 9 were present in higher concentrations for exotic soil. In conclusion, Solidago canadensis L. invasion could create better soil conditions by improving soil microbial community structure and functional diversity, which in turn was more conducive to the growth ofSolidago canadensis L.

Application and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Membrane Produced from Herbaceous Plant: Solidago Canadensis L.

In this work,the viability of Solidago Canadensis L. for cellulose acetate membrane production was tested. The cellulose was extracted from Solidago Canadensis L. stem by organic solvents,and the cellulose diacetate was obtained by acetylization of cellulose. The properties of the intermediate products of cellulose pulp and cellulose diacetate were characterized by FT-IR and XRD. Compared with commercial cellulose diacetate,the properties of cellulose diacetate were similar to those of the commercial cellulose diacetate. The cellulose acetate membrane with desirable pure water flux and rejection rate was obtained from cellulose diacetate by solution casting. The membrane showed favorable hydrophilic property so that it had good anti-pollution performance. The maximum pure water flux of the membrane was 27. 21 m L /( cm2· h) and the maximum rejection rate was 80. 39%. The results demonstrated that the membrane obtained from herbaceous plant: Solidago Canadensis L. had good performance of ultrafiltration.

Joint toxic effects of heavy metals and atrazine on invasive plant species Solidago Canadensis L.

In this study, the joint effects of Cd(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ) and atrazine (ATR) on Solidago Canadensis L. were investigated. The results showed that soil containing Cd, Pb and ATR could inhibit root elongation of Solidago Canadensis L., and that there was a positive linear relationship between the inhibitory rate of root elongation and the concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ). The mixture of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR in soil showed a significant adverse effect on root and shoot biomass of Solidago Canadensis L. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) contents increased slightly at the lower concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, then decreased when Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR concentrations were higher than those of 1.0 TUmix(Cd+ATR). The toxic effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR on the ASA contents of Solidago Canadensis L. was greater than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR. Soluble sugar contents firstly decreased and then increased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR and displayed fluctuation with increasing concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR. Total protein contents in-creased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR , relative to the control sample. The NP-SH con-tents showed a significant increase up to 12.2 mg/gfw of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, followed by a significant decline to 4.5 mg/gfw after 14 days of exposure. The effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR was similar to that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR but the amount of NP-SH was not higher than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR.

Development of Granule Composition Based on the Total Evaporated Extract of Bidens Tripartita, Solidago Canadensis and Agrimonia Eupatoria Herbs

The aim of the study is the development and standardization of granules in hard gelatin capsules based on the composition of dry extracts of Bidens tripartita L.,Solidago canadensis L.and Agrimonia eupatoria L.Herbs,possessing nephroprotective activity and antifibrotics in toxic nephropathies.Developed the structure and defined the quality indicators of the pellets with dry extracts of Bidens tripartita L.,Solidago canadensis L.and Agrimonia eupatoria L.herbs.The quality specification for the drug-granules of the composition of dry extracts in solid gelatin capsules is developed.

加拿大一枝黄花白绢病(Sclerotium rolfsii)菌株SC64的生物学特性研究

在实验室条件下初步研究了加拿大一枝黄花白绢病菌株SC64的形态特征、致病性和生物学特性。结果表明:引起加拿大一枝黄花白绢病的病原物是罗氏白绢小菌核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.);病菌最适生长培养基为Richard固体培养基和PDA,菌丝生长温度为15～40℃,最适30℃;在偏酸性条件下生长较好,生长适宜pH值为4.0～6.0,最适为5.0;在所测试的碳源中,对蔗糖的利用最好,对乳糖和半乳糖利用最差;氮源测试结果显示对蛋白胨和硝酸钾利用最好,对尿素的利用最差。菌核萌发温度为15～40℃,最适为30℃;菌核在含水量≥50%的麸皮基质上萌发较好;适宜萌发的pH值范围为3.0～9.0。菌丝的致死温度为45℃10 min,菌核的抑制萌发温度为50℃10 min。

A novel polyherbal formulation containing thymoquinone attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatorenal injury in a rat model

Objective:To evaluate a novel polyherbal formulation(BSVT)containing the standardized extracts from the leaves of Boerhavia diffusa,Solidago virgaurea,Vitex negundo,and thymoquinone in CCl4 induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats.Methods:A total of 36 rats were divided into six groups including normal control,CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.),CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+Cystone?(750 mg/kg p.o.),CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+BSVT(25 mg/kg,p.o.),CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+BSVT(50 mg/kg,p.o.),and CCl4(2 mL/kg,i.p.)+BSVT(100 mg/kg,p.o.).All treatments were given for four weeks.Serum levels of aspartate transaminase,alanine transaminase,alkaline phosphatase,cholesterol,total protein,serum urea,blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were assessed.Superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde,and glutathione peroxidase were evaluated in tissue homogenate.The histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues was also done.Results:Aspartate transaminase,alanine transaminase,alkaline phosphatase,cholesterol,serum urea,blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly elevated(P<0.001)while total protein was considerably reduced in the CCl4 group as compared to the normal control(P<0.001),which indicated hepatorenal toxicity.In addition,superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly decreased(P<0.001)while malondialdehyde levels were increased markedly(P<0.001).Treatment with BSVT formulation recovered these parameters towards a normal level in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions:BSVT formulation ameliorates the hepatorenal toxicity in a dose-dependent manner.Furthermore,clinical studies are required to confirm its efficacy.

基于分子对接分析复方一枝黄花喷雾剂抗HIV-1蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶L的研究

目的:基于分子对接分析复方一枝黄花喷雾剂化学成分与HIV-1蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶L的结合情况。方法:利用TCMSP(Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology)结合文献构建复方一枝黄花喷雾剂小分子配体库,采用Surflex-Dock模块完成复方一枝黄花喷雾剂与HIV-1蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶L的分子对接分析。通过Ligplot计算核心成分与HIV-1蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶L形成的氢键、疏水作用。结果:获得复方一枝黄花喷雾剂活性成分74个,通过分子对接发现,26个活性成分与HIV-1蛋白酶有较好的结合(Total score>7),5个活性成分与Cathepsin L蛋白酶有较好的结合(Total score>7)。Diosmetin与HIV-1蛋白酶相互作用形成四个氢键(Gly27,Gly48,Gly49,Arg8),Harmonyl与HIV-1蛋白酶相互作用形成两个氢键(Arg8,Asp30)。结论:本研究初步筛选复方一枝黄花喷雾剂具有抗HIV-1蛋白酶和组织蛋白酶L的化学成分,为抗病毒药物的开发提供思路。

云南不同入侵地区的加拿大一枝黄花表型观测分析

旨在明确加拿大一枝黄花在云南省11个不同发生地区的生态适应性。在同质园条件下分别观测其植物性状及差异。试验可以看出,不同入侵地区发生的加拿大一枝黄花,在同质园条件下进一步的生长、繁殖特征差异显著,其中根萌芽性状指数的变异幅度达到了54.23%,茎秆直径、叶宽和叶形指数变异幅度为23.63%~26.31%。在生物量分配比中,花生物量分配占比最高的植株来自文山州丘北县,叶生物量分配占比最高的植株来自昆明西山区,茎秆生物量分配占比最高的植株来自昆明盘龙区,根部生物量分配占比最高的同样来自昆明盘龙区。进一步测定加拿大一枝黄花POD、SOD、CAT、MDA酶活,来自11个不同入侵地区和生境的植株群体表现出显著差异,其中以文山州丘北点和昆明盘龙点的加拿大一枝黄花植株的茎秆、株高和酶活等性状表现较为突出。通过聚类分析发现植物性状中叶表现出一定差异性,但在气候因子的偏相关性分析中发现,原始地的气候因子对加拿大一枝黄花的影响较小。结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花的植物性状基本稳定一致,但不同入侵地区由于环境条件的不同,表型具有一定差异和可塑性。研究结果对明确该加拿大一枝黄花在云南省的生态适应性奠定重要科学基础,同时为预警、监测及防范该入侵植物的扩展提供科学依据。

基于Maxent和ArcGIS加拿大一枝黄花适生区预测

为了研究加拿大一枝黄花在中国的适生区及其分布影响因素,以利于有效防控,采用最大熵模型(Maxent)和ArcGIS软件对加拿大一枝黄花2041—2060、2061—2080气候模式下在中国的潜在适生区进行预测。结果显示:当前适生区预测AUC值为0.933,模型预测结果理想;适生区分布主要受气温和降水影响;潜在适生区主要分布在华东和华中地区,以上海市全域、江苏省中南部、安徽省中部、江西省北部、湖南省东部、湖北省东部以及浙江省部分地区和沿海海岸线为主。随着时间推移,2041—2060年相比较于当前,高、中适生区的面积增加106.04万km^(2),低适生区增加110.62万km^(2);2061—2080年,高、中适生区的面积与当前相比增加110.99万km^(2),低适生区增加111.55万km^(2)。总体来说,未来气候变化下,加拿大一枝黄花的适生区呈现出不断扩张的趋势,建议相关部门基于其潜在适生区的变化趋势制定响应的分级管理策略,以防止进一步扩散。

加拿大一枝黄花在贵州省黔东南地区的入侵现状与风险分析

为掌握加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis L.在贵州省黔东南地区的发生情况和风险等级,并提出防控策略,防止其进一步快速传播扩散。2022年1月至11月通过走访调查,分析和研究加拿大一枝黄花在贵州省黔东南地区的入侵及分布情况,运用林业有害生物风险分析指标体系开展了定量分析评估。结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花于2015年首次入侵黔东南,7年间扩散到境内14个县41个乡镇,其风险综合评价值R为2.58。加拿大一枝黄花在黔东南地区呈多点分布,处于定殖阶段,部分点分布面积大,属于特别危险风险等级。针对加拿大一枝黄花在黔东南地区的发生分布情况,本研究提出了监测、防治等风险管理措施。

加拿大一枝黄花有性生殖特征研究

加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis L.是分布于我国的危害性最为严重的入侵种之一,它既可以通过有性生殖又可以通过无性生殖进行繁殖。对加拿大一枝黄花有性生殖的相关特征,如花序和小花的生物学特性、结实率和传粉方式等进行了研究。结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花的性系统为雌全性系统,每花序总花数为(15.16±1.67)个,缘花/盘花值为3.07±0.64。对成熟果实透明后进行的结实率统计表明,其结实率较低。套纱布网袋后的结实率极显著低于开放性授粉的,表明其花序是需要昆虫传粉的类型。加拿大一枝黄花的花序结构特征和开放式样显示出有利于增加异交的特点。尽管其结实率相对较低,但整个植株结实量大,仍需要防止其通过有性生殖产生的种子进行远距离的扩散和在新分布地区建立种群。

加拿大一枝黄花入侵的细胞学机制

对入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)和同属土著种一枝黄花(Solidago decurrens Lour.)的染色体计数,并对核型进行了分析。实验结果:加拿大一枝黄花染色体数目为2n=54,核型公式为k(2n)=6x=54=46m+8 sm(0-6SAT),核型类型为2A型;一枝黄花染色体数目为2n=18,核型公式为k(2n)=2x=18=16m+2 sm(0-2SAT),核型类型为1A型。通过对一枝黄花属(SolidagoL.)植物染色体数目的统计分析,判断该属的染色体基数为9。通过对多倍体基因表达导致植物适应进化的讨论得出:多倍体是入侵植物特征,可能是植物入侵的内在机制。

应用酯酶同工酶研究加拿大一枝黄花和栽培品种黄莺的亲缘关系(英文)

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(PAGE)对来自6处不同生境的加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensisL.)和栽培品种黄莺(Solidago goldenwings)进行了酯酶同工酶测试、分析;并通过对酶谱特征进行数量化分级,根据欧氏距离及类平均法(UP-GMA)对6个供试样品进行聚类分析.结果表明:(1)6个样品都具有2条迁移率分别为0.62和0.66的酶带;(2)供试样品间共出现8种不同带型的酶谱表型差异显著,其中不同生境加拿大一枝黄花均聚成一组,显示其酶谱表型与生态型也一致,而栽培品种黄莺则单独成为1组.(3)加拿大一枝黄花与园艺栽培品种黄莺的亲缘关系较远.因此,采用酯酶同工酶测试方法,可以鉴别来自不同生境的加拿大一枝黄花及栽培品种黄莺.

加拿大一枝黄花对土壤微生物区系的影响研究

以外来入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花和土著种一枝黄花为研究材料,检测了这两种植物的根部土壤中微生物区系和微生物生理类群的变化。结果表明,具化感作用潜力的加拿大一枝黄花明显影响了土壤中根部微生物群落多样性。具体表现在加拿大一枝黄花根部土壤中的真菌数量低于对照土,而细菌和放线菌的数量则有增多。土著种一枝黄花对根部土壤中微生物的生长均为抑制效应。进一步分析显示,加拿大一枝黄花的根系分泌物对土壤的亚硝酸细菌、好气性自生固氮菌、硫化细菌、氨化细菌和好气性纤维素分解菌的数量具有促进作用,而对反硝化细菌、嫌气性纤维素分解菌和反硫化细菌的生长有抑制效应。据此,文中还探讨了影响外来入侵植物扩散力的生态机制。

加拿大一枝黄花对植物化感作用的研究

采用培养皿滤纸法和土培法,研究了加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)不同浓度水提取液对小麦、玉米、大豆和棉花4种作物以及光头稗、千金子、荠菜、菵草、硬草、大狗尾草、看麦娘、升马唐、日本看麦娘、鳢肠、反枝苋和大巢菜12种杂草的种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花水提取液对供试作物和杂草均产生了不同程度的影响。其中,对大豆、光头稗、硬草和鳢肠的种子萌发没有显著性影响,对大巢菜的种子萌发起促进作用,在高质量浓度(0.1 g.mL-1)时完全抑制菵草的种子萌发;对于幼苗生长,根长受到的抑制作用较芽长强;而植株生长试验中,对植株鲜重的抑制作用最大。上述结果表明,除大巢菜外,加拿大一枝黄花水提液对作物和杂草的种子萌发及幼苗生长均存在显著的化感作用,对其他供试杂草的抑制作用都明显大于作物,高浓度表现强烈的抑制作用,低浓度多表现一定的促进作用,对根长的抑制作用大于芽长,对植株鲜重的抑制作用最大。