This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in th...This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in the Thai region as recorded in these ancient texts,namely Yuanshi,Xin Yuanshi,Daoyi Zhilüe,Mingshilu,and Qingshi Gao.The relationship between China and Thailand is studied in three aspects:(1)tribute relations;(2)folk commerce;and(3)Chinese immigration.展开更多
Any investigation of society's historical development should begin with the fundamental issue of productivity level.The Song witnessed at least 45 new advances in production technologies,items and tools,of which a...Any investigation of society's historical development should begin with the fundamental issue of productivity level.The Song witnessed at least 45 new advances in production technologies,items and tools,of which at least 15 took place in agriculture and 30 in handicraft.Although the Song surpassed previous dynasties in overall productivity,it was also affected by a number of limitations,seven of which were particularly relevant to productivity level.With the exception of agricultural technology and firearms,the Ming and Qing failed to make major breakthroughs in the remaining five fields.Although these dynasties outperformed the Song in terms of total productivity and technology,particularly in the introduction of crops,they fell behind in productivity per capita and quality of growth,due to the population boom and the stagnation and even regression of farm technologies.Whether compared with previous dynasties or with the Ming and Qing,the Song dynasty saw the zenith of productivity development in ancient China.The level of productivity underlies Song progress and Ming and Qing stagnation,as well as the rise of Europe.展开更多
文摘This paper takes Thailand recorded in Chinese ancient texts during the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties(12th-19th centuries A.D.)as the main source of research,especially the interactions between China and countries in the Thai region as recorded in these ancient texts,namely Yuanshi,Xin Yuanshi,Daoyi Zhilüe,Mingshilu,and Qingshi Gao.The relationship between China and Thailand is studied in three aspects:(1)tribute relations;(2)folk commerce;and(3)Chinese immigration.
文摘Any investigation of society's historical development should begin with the fundamental issue of productivity level.The Song witnessed at least 45 new advances in production technologies,items and tools,of which at least 15 took place in agriculture and 30 in handicraft.Although the Song surpassed previous dynasties in overall productivity,it was also affected by a number of limitations,seven of which were particularly relevant to productivity level.With the exception of agricultural technology and firearms,the Ming and Qing failed to make major breakthroughs in the remaining five fields.Although these dynasties outperformed the Song in terms of total productivity and technology,particularly in the introduction of crops,they fell behind in productivity per capita and quality of growth,due to the population boom and the stagnation and even regression of farm technologies.Whether compared with previous dynasties or with the Ming and Qing,the Song dynasty saw the zenith of productivity development in ancient China.The level of productivity underlies Song progress and Ming and Qing stagnation,as well as the rise of Europe.
