槐树(Sophora japonica L.)种质资源现状及研究进展

对槐树种质资源在我国的分布和现状,以及山东、山西、河北和河南等地的资源调查收集情况进行了综述;从表型、细胞和生理生化、分子水平3个方面,对槐树种质资源评价的研究进展进行了归纳;以选择育种、人工杂交授粉和现代生物技术育种为例,对种质资源创新利用情况进行了总结,并对工作中存在的问题和发展前景进行了分析。

Optimization of Solid-state Fermentation Conditions of Sophora japonica cv.jinhuai by Response Surface Methodology

[Objectives]To optimize the solid-state fermentation process of Flos Sophorae Immaturus by Penicillium with Sophora japonica cv.jinhuai as raw material.[Methods]The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology with quercetin content as the dependent variable.[Results]According to the established model,the optimal fermentation process of Flos Sophorae Immaturus was obtained as follows:temperature 29.97℃,time 6.88 d,rotation speed 180.86 rpm,inoculation amount 3.93 mL,and the expected content of quercetin was 34.8053 mg/g.Based on this,the fermentation parameters were adjusted,and the actual content was 33.67 mg/g,which was close to the predicted value.[Conclusions]The optimization of fermentation process of Flos Sophorae Immaturus by response surface methodology provides a reference for the development and utilization of this medicinal material.

国槐(Sophora japonica)种子成分分析

为更深入了解国槐种子的生理特性及其综合利用价值，对种子主要成分进行研究。结果表明，国槐种子中蛋白质含量最高，其次为总糖和脂肪；谷氨酸、精氨酸和天冬氨酸是组成种子蛋白质的主要成分；种子油脂以不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸为主；各种维生素中Ｖｃ 含量最高。各种化学成分在子叶和胚轴＋ 胚根中含量存在较大差异。

Study on the Inhibitory Effect of Sophora japonica Extracts against the Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa

[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the inhibitory effect of Sophora japonica extracts against the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa.[Method] The inhibitory effect of extracted liquid of Sophora japonica leaf against the growth of M.aeruginosa was measured.Moreover,the active component was studied and analyzed initially.[Result] The absolute alcohol extract of Sophora japonica leaf was separated by n-hexane,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water phases in turn.The polar fractions were found being the majority （〉60%）.The non-polar fraction in n-nexane （about 25%） was found significantly inhibiting the growth of M.aeruginosa.The inhibition rates of fraction in n-hexane at the concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/L against M.aeruginosa in 7 d were higher than 75% and 90% respectively.In addition,chlorophyll a of M.aeruginosa was also destroyed in the presence of the hexane fraction.[Conclusion] The research provided the theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the water bloom of M.aeruginosa.

Grafting Techniques of Sophora japonica f. flavi-rameus and Its Application in Gardens

The method of cultivating seedlings of Sophora japonica f.flavi-rameus on rootstocks of Sophora japonica Linn.was introduced in this study,including rootstock cultivation,grafting and post-grafting management,specifically,seed collection,sowing,and breeding large seedlings in the cultivation of rootstocks;grafting time,scion collection and treatment,rootstock treatment,as well as techniques of stump grafting and bud grafting;focuses of post-grafting management,such as checking the survival conditions and untying the film,bud picking,pinching,topiary work,moisture and fertilization management,disease and pest control.Then the application of Sophora japonica f.flavi-rameus in gardens was analyzed,and it was proposed that biological characteristics and aesthetic principles should be followed,proper planting patterns should be applied,such as isolated planting,group planting,mass planting,linear planting and so on,moreover,it could also be combined with other species to create outstanding landscape effects.

Characterization, Adsorption Properties and Mechanism of Modified Sophora Japonica Leaves to Benzene

The biosorbent has been prepared with the sophora japonica leaves from the agricultural residue as the raw material by the alkaline blanching method, and characterized by BET, SEM, EDS and FTIR analysis methods. The modified sophora japonica leaves possessed more adsorption sites and had more strongly adsorbed chemical groups, which were beneficial to the adsorption. We have further investigated the adsorption performance of the indoor benzene. The secondary regression orthogonal rotation was employed to optimize the preparation process for the optimal processing conditions and regression model. The effects of single factors such as particle size, temperature, and adsorbent dosage of the sophora japonica leaves were analyzed, and adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics were studied. The results show that the optimal adsorption conditions were as follows: sodium hydroxide concentration with 0.1 mol/L, water bath time for 70 min, water bath temperature at 60 ℃ and Ymax = 21.38%. The best single factors included particle size with 30 mesh, temperature at 25 oC, 3 g dosage, which are consistent with the Freundlich model, and the adsorption state was more inclined to multilayer active site adsorption with 25 mg/g of saturated adsorption amount;furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed the quasi-secondary kinetic model(R2 = 0.9731) and the adsorption process was a physicochemical mixed adsorption process controlled by chemisorption;Compared with the adsorption effect, the removal rate to the benzene of modified sophora japonica leaves was significantly superior to other materials at the level 1%, namely, modified sophora japonica leaves > diatomite> bamboo charcoal > activated carbon > macroporous resin, and the modified biosorbent had a good cycle regeneration ability.

Primary Research on Protective Effect of Houttuynia cordata Flavonoid and Sophora japonica L. Polysaccharide as Anti-UV Sun-screening Supplement

Houttuynia cordata flavonoid and Sophora japonica L. polysaccharide were investigated to develop anti-UV sun-screening agent through UV wavelength scanning spectrum, antioxidant ability and cell viability after UVB irradiation. The results showed that the extracts had strong UVA and UVB absorption ability and hydroxyl free radical scavenging ability. The S. japonica L. polysaccharide showed strong anti-UVB irradiation ability according to the cell viability experiment. It suggests that the H. cordata flavonoid and S. japonica L. polysaccharide could be combined as a candidate of anti-UV sun-screening supplement and compensate for the shortcomings of chemical sunscreens against UVA ray.

Dynamics of 18 (<i>Sophora japonica</i>) Tree Community’s Crown Volume along Elevation Gradient in <i>Ye County</i>

Applying plant community diversity techniques and SPSS statistic analysis, we quantified the relationship between crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) tree communities and elevation along different elevation gradient in Ye County in the study. We concluded that there was a significantly positive correlation between crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) tree communities and elevation gradient (P Sophora japonica) tree communities increased along elevation from 50 m to 200 m in Ye County in 2018. Therefore, understanding dynamic connecting crown volume of 18 (Sophora japonica) communities and elevation can be not just applied to preserve of (Sophora japonica) tree communities, but also applied to sustainable of biodiversity and processes of tree community’s crown volume along elevation.

Organic Substance Metabolism in Seeds of Sophora japonica during Germination

The metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates and the change of enzyme activity in sceds of Sophora japonica during germination were studied by methods of Soxhlet's extraction, flow injection and colorimctric analysis of speetrophotometer for providing theoretical basis for germination and storage of seeds of forest trees. The results arc as follows:(1)The activity of enzymes in the seeds does not always coincide with the increase or deercase of their corresponding substances during germination of the seeds of Sophora japonica.(2)Proteins were first utilized during germination of the seeds.(3)The fatty acids reducing sugar and amino acids in the radiele+plumular axis were used pseedcntly over all others when the embryos grew.(4)excessive small-molecular substances produced by hydrolysis would accumulate in tissres and sometimes they were stored temporarily in the form of storage substances and finally used for embryo growth.

雪莲果槐花复合饮料的制备

本文以雪莲果和槐花为主要原料,研究雪莲果槐花复合饮料的最佳配方。以感官评价为基准通过单因素实验及正交试验。确定雪莲果槐花复合饮料的最佳制作工艺条件为:雪莲果与水的比例1∶2,槐花的浸提时间6min,雪莲果汁与槐花汁的比例3∶1,白砂糖的添加量为5%,柠檬酸的添加量为0.025%,羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)的添加量为0.3%。在此工艺条件下生产出的复合饮料口感滑润,酸甜适中,均匀稳定,具有雪莲果和槐花的特有清香气味。

槐提取物和维生素C组合物对紫外照射诱导的HaCaT细胞光损伤的保护作用

本研究旨在探讨槐提取物和维生素C(Vitamin C,V_(C))对紫外线照射引起的HaCaT细胞光损伤的保护作用。通过体外培养HaCaT细胞并将其分为不同组别:对照组(未接受紫外辐照,无槐提取物、V_(C)或二者组合物处理)、紫外线辐射组、125μg/mL槐提取物(接受紫外辐照及槐提取物处理)、125μg/mL维生素C(接受紫外辐照及维生素C处理)以及125μg/mL组合物组(接受紫外辐照及组合物处理,槐提取物和V_(C)质量比为1:1)。采用荧光染色和酶标仪检测技术来评估槐提取物、V_(C)及二者组合物对紫外照射引起的HaCaT细胞产生的活性氧物质(ROS)和线粒体ROS的抑制率。利用免疫荧光染色和酶联免疫吸附法检测槐提取物、V_(C)和组合物对紫外照射引起的HaCaT细胞中环丁烷嘧啶二聚体(Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers,CPDs)和细胞炎症因子IL-6的表达水平。结果显示,槐提取物、V_(C)和组合物对UVA处理后HaCaT细胞生成的总ROS抑制率分别为38.23%±9.23%、27.20%±6.87%及64.13%±4.08%,与单独使用槐提取物或V_(C)处理相比,组合物显著提高总ROS抑制率(P<0.01)。槐提取物、V_(C)和组合物对线粒体ROS(Mitochondrial DNA,mtROS)的抑制率分别为50.29%±4.92%、38.81%±8.66%及84.74%±3.68%,与单独使用槐提取物或V_(C)处理相比,组合物极显著提高mtROS抑制率(P<0.01)。此外,在UVB照射后,槐提取物、V_(C)及组合物可极显著减少CPDs的生成(P<0.01),这种效应在组合物组效果更为显著(与槐提取物组比较P<0.05;与V_(C)组比较P<0.01)。同时,槐提取物和组合物显著降低UVA照射后炎症因子IL-6的分泌(P<0.01;P<0.05),表明槐提取物及组合物具有抗炎作用。本研究结果表明槐提取物和维生素C组合物能减轻紫外线引起的氧化应激损伤和炎症反应,为未来体内研究和开发具有健康益处的槐提取物和V_(C)组合物提供实验支持。

古槐迁地保护移植关键技术及复壮研究

古树保护性移植是一项综合性、系统性的工程,其移植技术含量高,操作难度大,各工作环节都要严格遵循正确的操作技术流程。总结了2022年12月中旬至2023年1月中旬对北京市东城区两株古槐Sophora japonica移植前的现场调研、人员和材料准备、树木雷达波探根、应力波枝干空洞检测、新型井字形工字钢托架吊运以及移植后复壮等关键技术要点,保证了古槐移植的成活及施工安全。结果表明,移植前的充分准备、先进诊断技术及可操作性强的施工工艺,是保证古槐移植成功的关键,为古树依法迁地保护提供重要的技术参考。

槐角提取物对颌骨骨髓间充质干细胞成骨向分化的影响

目的 :探讨槐角提取物对颌骨骨髓间充质干细胞(jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,jBMSCs)成骨分化的影响。方法:采用CCK-8法检测10、25、50、100μmol/L槐角提取物溶液对jBMSCs增殖的影响,采用BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶显色、茜素红染色检测10、25、50μmol/L槐角提取物溶液对jBMSCs成骨分化水平的影响,采用蛋白免疫印迹试验(Western blot)和实时定量荧光PCR检测槐角提取物溶液对jBMSCs成骨分化相关分子的蛋白和mRNA表达水平的影响。采用GraphPad Prism 9软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:100μmol/L槐角提取物溶液对jBMSCs有明显毒性作用(P<0.0001),10、25和50μmol/L浓度不影响细胞增殖(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,10、25和50μmol/L组的碱性磷酸酶活性、钙结节数量、成骨分化相关分子的蛋白和mRNA表达水平均逐渐升高。结论:10、25、50μmol/L浓度的槐角提取物能促进jBMSCs成骨向分化。

槐花、槐米炒炭过程的成分变化及其“炒炭存性”表征研究

目的探究槐花、槐米炒炭过程中的化学成分变化,并表征其“炒炭存性”。方法分别制备槐花、槐米的炒轻炭、炒适中炭、炒重炭样品。建立槐花、槐米生品及其不同炒制程度炭品的高效液相色谱指纹图谱,并指认共有峰;采用高效液相色谱法测定指认成分的含量并进行差异分析;采用化学计量学方法筛选差异性成分,以差异性成分的含量比值表征槐花、槐米的“炒炭存性”。结果槐花及其不同炒制程度炭品有9个共有峰,槐米及其不同炒制程度炭品有8个共有峰。槐花、槐米生品及其不同炒制程度炭品均指认出6个成分,分别为芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素、山柰酚、异鼠李素。芦丁、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖苷在槐米炒轻炭样品中的含量最高,槲皮素、异鼠李素在槐米炒适中炭样品中的含量最高,山柰酚在槐米炒适中炭和炒重炭中的含量较高。化学计量学结果显示,芦丁和槲皮素的变量重要性投影值均大于1。芦丁和槲皮素的含量比值范围分别在9.00~14.00、3.00~6.00之间可表征槐花、槐米的“炒炭存性”。结论槐花、槐米生品及其不同炒制程度炭品间化学成分存在差异;芦丁和槲皮素可能是影响其质量的差异性成分,后续可用两者比值范围表征槐花、槐米的“炒炭存性”。

复合酶法提取槐花多糖的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

目的:采用复合酶法提取槐花多糖,对提取工艺进行优化,并评价其体外抗氧化活性。方法:通过单因素实验考察复合酶添加量、pH、复合酶比例和酶解时间对得率的影响,在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面法确定槐花多糖的最佳提取参数,并以V_(C)为对照,通过测定槐花多糖对DPPH·和ABTS^(+)·的清除率及总还原力,考察所提取的槐花多糖的抗氧化活性。结果:复合酶法提取槐花多糖的最佳提取参数为:复合酶添加量23.8 mg/g,pH4.8,果胶酶与纤维素酶比例0.912:1,该工艺下槐花多糖得率为10.71%,所提取的槐花多糖对DPPH·和ABTS^(+)·均表现出较好的清除能力,当槐花多糖溶液浓度为2.8 mg/mL时,对DPPH·和ABTS^(+)·的清除率分别达到同浓度下V_(C)的94.19%和99.79%,总还原力达到V_(C)的75.99%。结论:采用复合酶法能够有效提取槐花多糖,提高其抗氧化活性,为槐花多糖功能食品的开发提供了理论参考。

不同工艺槐米茶中芦丁冲泡溶出率比较的研究

本研究采用紫外分光光度法对12款槐米茶冲泡液中的芦丁含量进行了测定,研究了不同制作工艺对槐米茶的芦丁冲泡溶出率的影响。结果表明:12款槐米茶经过5次冲泡后,芦丁总溶出率在4.06%~13.13%。不同制作工艺对槐米茶中芦丁的冲泡溶出率有较大影响,芦丁整体溶出率由高到低分别是:熏蒸杀青10 min、晒干、微波炉低火模式处理10 min;熏蒸杀青10 min、晒干、炒黄;挤压破坏槐米结构,大火炒制杀青4 min,继而炒干、炒黄;90℃直接烘干。

国槐废弃物固体燃料热压成型优化分析

采用响应面法研究国槐废弃物生物质固体燃料密度、耐久性及抗跌碎性3个物理性能与成型温度、含水率及压强的关系,并应用满意度函数法对工艺参数进行三响应优化分析。结果表明:国槐固体燃料在温度50~130℃,含水率5%~13%,压强60~130 MPa范围内燃料密度、耐久性和抗跌碎性分别达到0.994 g/cm^(3)、96.31%和99.41%以上,最佳燃料成型参数为温度84.40℃,含水率5.08%,压强129.76 MPa,在此成型参数下燃料密度、耐久性及抗跌碎性分别为1.075 g/cm^(3)、99.06%及99.95%。

槐角提取物对雌激素缺乏性骨质疏松小鼠牙槽骨骨量的影响

目的:探讨槐角提取物对雌激素缺乏性骨质疏松小鼠牙槽骨骨量的影响。方法:6周龄雌性未孕野生型C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为假手术组、卵巢切除(ovariectomy,OVX)组和OVX+槐角提取物组。OVX组和OVX+槐角提取物组小鼠摘除双侧卵巢,按照每次150 mg/kg剂量槐角提取物对OVX+槐角提取物组小鼠进行灌胃处理,每周3次,连续给药4周,其余2组小鼠同期给予等体积生理盐水灌胃。每周测量体重3次,4周后以micro-CT检测小鼠牙槽骨骨微参数。采用GraphPad Prism 9软件对数据进行处理分析。结果:与假手术组相比,OVX组小鼠牙槽骨术后1个月骨小梁相关参数显著下降(P<0.05)。槐角提取物干预1个月后,雌激素缺乏小鼠牙槽骨骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、骨小梁数量(trabecular number,Tb.N)和骨小梁离散度(trabecular separation,Tb.Sp)明显恢复,与假手术组无显著差异(P>0.05);但骨小梁面积体积比(bone volume fraction,BV/TV)和骨小梁宽度(trabecular thickness,Tb.Th)尚未完全恢复到假手术组水平(P<0.05)。结论:槐角提取物能有效增加雌激素缺乏而减小的牙槽骨骨量,可作为治疗绝经性牙槽骨骨质疏松症的潜在药物之一。

基于MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS的金槐生态适宜性区划研究

目的预测金槐在全国范围内的潜在适宜分布区,为金槐资源开发及扩大种植等提供参考。方法收集85条金槐样点分布信息,结合72个环境因子数据,应用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型和地理信息系统软件ArcGIS分析影响金槐适宜性分布的主导环境因子及潜在适宜区分布情况。结果影响金槐的5个主导环境因子分别是最干月降水量、5月份光照辐射、11月份降水量、9月份平均气温和10月份光照辐射。金槐的全国潜在适宜分布区主要集中于湖南省中南部与广西壮族自治区东北部相邻地带。结论本研究结果可为金槐种植栽培区域选择及野生资源保护提供参考。

金槐枝叶活性部位筛选及其化学成分研究

目的:筛选金槐枝叶的抗氧化和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性部位,研究其化学成分。方法:以α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制为筛选模型,并结合ABTS法、DPPH法对金槐枝叶不同极性部位进行活性评价,采用大孔树脂、C_(18)柱色谱和高效液相色谱等分离技术对活性部位进行分离纯化,根据波普数据分析以及文献比对鉴定化合物结构,并测定化合物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性。结果:金槐枝叶乙酸乙酯部位的抗氧化和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性强于其他部位,并从中分离得到5个黄酮苷类化合物,分别鉴定为芦丁(1)、山柰酚3-O-芸香糖苷(2)、山柰酚3-O-洋槐糖苷(3)、Kaempferol 3-(2Grhamnosylrutinoside)(4)、Kaempferol 3-O-(2,6-di-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (5),且5个化合物均具有良好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,IC_(50)分别为(79.92±3.24)μg/mL、(82.03±4.45)μg/mL、(89.21±3.87)μg/mL、(148.28±5.78)μg/mL、(152.36±4.96)μg/mL,化合物1~3的抑制活性高于阳性对照阿卡波糖。结论:乙酸乙酯部位是金槐枝叶的主要活性部位,且从中分离得到的化合物4和5为首次从该植物中分离得到。