Regulations on Planting Techniques of Harmless Feeding Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench in Hebei

According to many years of experimental summary, regulations on planting technique of harmless feeding Sorghum bicolor （L.） Moenchwere studied from the application scope, basic demands of planting, preparation be fore seeding, demands of seeding, field management, clipping and harvesting, transportation, storage, ledger management and other technical requirements, and specific measures and technical indicators of the technical regulations were analyzed, so as to provide normalized, standardized, industrial and marketization technical support for the planting of harmless feeding S. bicolor （L.） Moench.

Effect of Planting Date on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Sorghum Hybrids

In Kansas, productivity of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is affected by weather conditions at planting and during pollination. Planting date management and selection of hybrid maturity group can help to avoid severe environmental stresses during these sensitive stages. The hypothesis of the study was that late May planting improves grain sorghum yield and yield components compared with late June planting. The objectives of this research were to investigate the influence of planting dates yield and yield components of different grain sorghum hybrids, and to determine the optimal planting date and hybrid combination for maximum biomass and grains production. Three sorghum hybrids (early, medium, and late maturing) were planted in late May and late June without irrigation in Kansas at Manhattan/Ashland Bottom Research Station, and Hutchinson in 2010;and at Manhattan/North Farm and Hutchinson in 2011. Data on dry matter production, yield and yield components were collected. Grain yield and yield components were influenced by planting date depending on environmental conditions. At Manhattan (2010), greater grain yield, number of heads per plant, were obtained with late-June planting compared with late May planting, while at Hutchinson (2010) greater yield was obtained with late May planting for all hybrids. The yield component most affected at Hutchinson was the number of kernels∙panicle−1 and plant density. Late-May planting was favorable for late maturing hybrid (P84G62) in all locations. However, the yield of early maturing hybrid (DKS 28-05) and medium maturing hybrid (DKS 37-07) was less affected by delayed planting. The effects of planting dates on yield and yield components of grain sorghum hybrids were found to be variable among hybrid maturity groups and locations.

Pseudogamous Apomixis in Maize and Sorghum in Diploid-Tetraploid Crosses

Apomictic seed development is a complex process including formation of unreduced embryo sac,parthenogenetic embryo development from the egg cell,and endosperm formation either autonomously,or due to fertilization of polar nuclei by the sperm(under pseudogamous form of apomixis).In the latter case,an obstacle to the normal endosperm development is disturbance of maternal(m)-to-paternal(p)genomic ratio 2m:1p that occurs in the cases of pollination of unreduced embryo sac with haploid sperms.Usage of tetraploid pollinators can overcome this problem because in such crosses maternal-to-paternal genomic ratio is 4m:2p that provides formation of kernels with plump endosperm.Using tetraploid lines as pollen parents we observed formation of plump kernels on the ears and panicles of diploid maize and sorghum accessions.These kernels had hybrid endosperm and diploid maternal-type embryo or hybrid embryo with different ploidy level(2n,3n,4n).The frequencies of plump kernels on the ear ranged from 0.2-0.3%to 5.7-6.2%counting from the number of ovaries.Maternal-type plants were found in two maize lines,their frequency varying from 10.7 to 37.5%of the progeny plants.In CMS-lines of sorghum pollinated with tetraploid sorghum accessions,the frequency of plump kernels ranged from 0.6 to 14.0%counting from the number of ovaries;the frequency of maternal-type plants varied from 33.0 up to 96.1%.The hybrid nature of endosperm of the kernels that gave rise to maternal-type plants has been proved by marker gene expression and by SDS-electrophoresis of endosperm proteins.These data testify to variable modes of seed formation under diploid×tetraploid crosses in maize and sorghum both by amphi-and by apomixis.Therefore,usage of tetraploid pollinators might be a promising approach for isolation of apomixis in maize and sorghum accessions.

Apomictic symptoms in the aspect of embryology in a sorghum line 296B

The presence of facultative apomixis In line 296B was proved by the embryologicalstudy.The twin embryosacs were observed at florescence.The autonomous development of em-bryo was confirmed by multiple cell proembryo existing with undeveloped polar nuclei In one embryosac.Cell structure and size of apomictic proembryo were different from sexual proembryo.The structural feature of proembryo can be used to distinguish apomictic proembryo with devel-oped endosperm from sexual embryo.The apomictic development in this line is attributed toaposporous type.The frequency of apomixis Is at least 16—21%.The apomictic characters andthe potential for fixing heterosis in line 296B was dlscussed in the present paper.

Dynamic and adaptive membrane lipid remodeling in leaves of sorghum under salt stress

Salt stress limits plant growth and development.In this study,changes in membrane lipids were investigated in leaves of sorghum seedlings subjected to salt stress(150 mmol L^(-1)NaCl).Galactolipids(DGDG and MGDG)accounted for more than 65%of the total glycerolipids in sorghum leaves.The predominance of C36 molecular species in MGDG suggested that sorghum is an 18:3 plant.Under Na Cl treatment,the content of major phospholipids(PC and PE)increased,accompanied by the activation of their metabolism pathways at the transcriptional level.In contrast,the proportion of MGDG and PG dropped drastically,leading to a decreased ratio of plastidic to non-plastidic lipids.An adjustment of glycerolipid pathway between the cytosolic and plastidic compartments was triggered by salt stress,as reflected by the increased conversion of PC to PA,providing precursors for galactolipid synthesis.The elevated DGDG resulted in increased DGDG/MGDG and bilayer/non-bilayer lipid ratios.The double-bond index of PC,PE,and DGDG increased markedly,evidently owing to the increased expression of FAD3 and FAD8.These findings will be helpful for understanding dynamic membrane lipid changes and adaptive lipid remodeling in sorghum response to salt stress.

Effect of drought stress on male fertility restoration in A3 CMS-inducing cytoplasm of sorghum

Use of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in hybrid breeding requires effective male fertility-restoring lines. In sorghum, very few restoring lines that can restore fertility in A_3 CMS have been reported. To identify the reasons for this deficiency, F_1 and F_2 hybrids of an A_3 CMS line crossed with the line IS1112C, a donor of fertility-restoring (Rf) genes for A_3 cytoplasm, and testcrosses of fertile plants to A_3CMS lines were grown under contrasting water availability regimes in dryland and irrigated field plots. In the irrigated plots the frequency of fertile plants in testcrosses was twice that in dryland plots (P < 0.05). Fertile plants from the F_2 family grown in the irrigated plots showed significantly higher restoration ability than fertile plants from the same family grown in dryland plots. F_3 plants from the F_2 family grown in irrigated plots yielded on average a sixfold higherfrequency of fertile plants in testcrosses than F_3 plants derived from dryland plots (P < 0.01).Fertility of testcross hybrids correlated negatively with air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) at flowering (r = - 0.96; P < 0.01) suggesting that VPD is a trigger for downregulation of Rf genes for A_3 cytoplasm.

Cytological Investigation of Pollen Development in Sorghum Line with Male Sterility Induced by Sodium Ascorbate in Tissue Culture

Investigation of male sterility mutations is an effective approach for identification of genes involved in anther and pollen development. The comparison of “cytological phenotypes” of newly induced mutants with phenotypes determined by already known genes favors elucidation of genetic control of diverse microsporo- and gametogenesis stages. In this paper, we describe pollen development in the grain sorghum line Zh10-asc1 with mutation of male sterility. This line was obtained from callus culture treated by sodium ascorbate. A wide spectrum of abnormalities in microsporogenesis have been found, such as cytomixis, chromosomal laggards, chromosome disjunction, adhesion of chromosomes, disturbed cytokinesis, and others. In tapetum, the cells with one nucleus, with unequal nuclei, and with micronuclei have been observed. During pollen grain (PG) maturation abnormalities in starch accumulation and delay of development often took place. In mature anthers, a variety of pollen grain types have been revealed: fertile, of irregular shape, incompletely filled with starch, PGs delayed at the uni-nucleate or bi-nucleate gametophyte stages, with partially or fully degenerated contents, and with abnormal coloration. Variation in spectrum and the frequency of disturbances between the flowers of one and the same plant have been revealed. The reasons for significant genetic and epigenetic instability are discussed.

Binary Vector Construction for Site-Directed Mutagenesis of <i>Kafirin</i>Genes in Sorghum

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is one of the world’s leading cereal crops in agricultural production, which has a special importance in the arid regions. However, unlike other cereals, sorghum grain has a lower nutritional value, which is caused, inter alia, by the resistance of its seed storage proteins (kafirins) to protease digestion. One of the effective approaches to improve the nutritional value of sorghum grain is to obtain mutants with partially or completely suppressed synthesis or altered amino acid composition of kafirins. The employment of genome editing may allow to solve this problem by introducing mutations into the nucleotide sequences of the α- and γ-kafirin genes. In this study, genomic target motifs (23 bp sequences) were selected for the introduction of mutations into the α- and γ-KAFIRIN genes of sorghum. The design of the gRNAs was conducted using the online tools CRISPROR and CHOPCHOP. Two most suitable targets were chosen for α-KAFIRIN (k1C5) and two for γ-KAFIRIN (gKAF1) genes. The insertion of respective sequences in the generic vector pSH121 was performed at the BsaI (Eco31I) sites. Validation of the cloning procedure was performed by DNA sequencing. Subcloning of the resulting constructs was performed using the SfiI restriction sites into the compatible binary vector B479p7oUZm-LH. The correct assembly of binary vectors was confirmed by restriction analysis using the MluI and SfiI cleavage sites. The four vectors created (1C - 4C) were transferred by electroporation into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0. Currently, this vector series is used for stable transformation of sorghum using immature embryo explants.

高粱黄色籽粒基因Yellow Seed 2的定位及候选基因分析

高粱在我国农业结构调整和酿酒行业中具有重要的作用。籽粒颜色是高粱重要的性状之一,但有关高粱籽粒颜色的研究并不多。本研究观察了高粱黄色籽粒材料GLB41的籽粒发育过程,花后1~16 d为快速生长期,17~24 d进入缓慢膨大期,第25天开始进入转色期,绿色逐渐褪去,籽粒颜色由乳白色或苍白色逐渐变成浅黄色,随后颜色加深,40 d后籽粒颜色变为深黄色。利用黄色籽粒GLB41和白色籽粒6E16两个材料构建的群体,使用重测序BSA方法,将控制黄色籽粒性状的基因初定位在1号染色体15.6 Mb区间内,利用3215株分离个体将该基因定位在BR13和P2两个标记之间,区间内有7个候选基因,对这些基因的功能注释进行分析并测序,结果表明GLB41、6E16两个材料中未被报道过的基因Yellow Seed 2(Sobic.001G397900)的编码区内第619~621位插入CTG 3个碱基,导致增加了1个Leu(亮氨酸),第819位C突变为G,导致Cys(半胱氨酸)突变为Trp(色氨酸);第912位C突变为T,但氨基酸序列无变化。因此推测Yellow Seed 2可能参与这两份亲本材料籽粒颜色的形成。本研究为高粱籽粒颜色性状的研究提供了新的基因。

高粱两步法厌氧发酵产己酸研究

研究以富含淀粉的高粱为原料,通过两步法厌氧发酵提高己酸生成效率,即第一步分别接种己酸复合菌液、接种嗜酸乳杆菌TYCA06、添加酿酒酵母制得丁酸发酵液、乳酸发酵液、乙醇发酵液,第二步将丁酸发酵液、乳酸发酵液、乙醇发酵液等3种发酵液混合,并接种己酸复合菌液,厌氧发酵制得己酸。研究发现:通过优化丁酸发酵液、乳酸发酵液、乙醇发酵液的发酵工艺,丁酸发酵液中的丁酸、乙酸产量达到20.16 g/L和8.47 g/L,淀粉转化率达到76.02%;乳酸发酵液中的乳酸产量和乳酸产率分别达到11.41 g/L和42.48%;乙醇发酵液中的乙醇产率可达95.06%。继续优化己酸发酵工艺,发现当乙醇发酵液和乳酸发酵液同时作为电子供体时,己酸产量和产率均显著提升,分别达到4.15 g/L和75.2 mg/g,且当乙醇发酵液和乳酸发酵液中乙醇与乳酸添加的质量浓度比为2∶1时,己酸产量和产率均达到最高,分别为6.65 g/L和99.78 mg/g。对己酸发酵过程中微生物与己酸的相关性分析发现,发酵过程中和己酸含量呈正相关的微生物有产己酸菌属(Caproiciproducens)、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12、Pseudoclavibacter。其中Caproiciproducens随着发酵进行不断富集,到发酵后期相对丰度达到37.81%,是己酸形成的主要贡献者。希望研究可为无外源电子供体添加条件下,实现高粱两步法厌氧发酵生产己酸提供理论基础,为拓展高粱的资源化利用提供思路。

空间诱变高粱突变体的研究

1996年经返回式卫星搭载处理的纯系高粱品种晋粮 5号 (CK)的种子经次年播种后 ,获得少量矮秆早熟突变体 (SP3)。此后连续二年播种 ,该突变体矮秆早熟性状稳定。该突变体与未经搭载的对照相比 ,有如下不同之处 :(1 )成熟期缩短 1 5d左右 ,株高降低 40cm。 (2 )穗长增加 3.9cm ,每穗籽粒数比对照多 40 0粒。 (3)SP3平均千粒重为 34g ,对照为 2 7g。 (4)SP3叶片变窄 ,变短 ,增厚 ,叶面积减少了 43%～ 2 2 %。 (5)SP3穗轴长度比对照增加 30 % ,各节间长度比对照缩短了 67%～ 1 5%。 (6)SP3种子中亮氨酸含量比对照增加 1 5% ,可溶性糖含量比对照增加 2 5% ,单宁含量降低了 30 %。

高粱基因组学研究进展

高粱是世界上主要的谷物作物之一,是越来越重要的生物燃料作物,是恶性杂草约翰逊草的祖先,同时也是很多具有复杂基因组的热带禾本科植物的植物学模型。因此高粱成为植物基因组学研究的主要对象之一。高粱基因组学研究的丰富历史随着重要的自交系材料BT×623全基因组测序的完成而达到顶峰,这为更好研究高粱基因及其相关功能打下了基础。对甘蔗亚族谷类植物以外的植物的更进一步的基因组特征分析,将有利于发现基因组大小和结构进化的机制,水平和模式,为进一步研究甘蔗和其它重要的经济作物奠定基础。

散穗高粱与苏丹草杂种的ISSR分析

为明确散穗高粱（Sorghum bicolor（L.）与黑壳苏丹草、白壳苏丹草、棕壳苏丹草、红壳苏丹草4个种间杂种F1在DNA分子水平上的差异程度,利用ISSR分子标记技术对散穂高粱与4种苏丹草（S.sudanense（Piper）Stapf）杂种F1及其亲本间的多态性进行分析。结果表明：14个ISSR适宜引物共扩增出451条带,其DNA片段长度为200～2000 bp,多态性条带416条,多态性条带百分率为92.2%;9个供试材料间的遗传距离（GD）变幅为0.1818～0.7838,平均为0.6892;散穗高粱与红壳苏丹草GD值较大,而与白壳苏丹草GD值较小;以GD值0.44为基准,9个材料聚为3类：第一类为散穗高粱、棕壳苏丹草、黑壳苏丹草、白壳苏丹草,第二类为散穗高粱×黑壳苏丹草F1、散穗高粱×白壳苏丹草F1、散穗高粱×红壳苏丹草F1、散穗高粱×棕壳苏丹草F1,第三类为红壳苏丹草。

高粱-苏丹草杂交种产量构成因子及最适密度的研究

通过高粱 -苏丹草杂交种产量构成因子分析表明 ,影响单株产量的主要因素是主茎粗和叶长 ;影响单位面积产量的主要因素是密度、叶长和单株产量 ,其中密度对单位面积产量的直接通径系数最大 ,为 1.0 2 99 。随机区组试验结果表明杂交种最适密度为 30万株 /hm2 。

高粱与苏丹草杂种优势利用的研究

高粱与苏丹草杂种优势明显 ,F1 单株生物产量性状高于双亲平均值 ,甚至超过或接近高亲。影响高粱 苏丹草杂交种单株茎叶鲜重的主要因素是主茎粗、叶长 ;决定单位面积鲜草产量的主要是密度、叶长和单株茎叶鲜重。多年随机区组试验结果表明 ,杂交种单位面积鲜草产量显著超过苏丹草 ,并以 30万株 hm2 为最适种植密度。杂交种营养品质与苏丹草相近 ,氰化物含量低 ,在孕穗后期含糖量达到最大值为 1 0 0 % (Bx)。

不同基因型高粱的氮效率及对低氮胁迫的生理响应

【目的】探讨不同基因型高粱氮素吸收效率和利用效率及其差异机制,研究低氮胁迫对不同基因型高粱叶片无机氮含量和氮同化酶活性的影响,为耐低氮型高粱品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,选取2个低氮敏感型高粱(冀蚜2号和TX7000B)和2个耐低氮型高粱(SX44B和TX378)为试验材料,设置高氮(0.24g·kg-1风干土)和低氮(0.04 g·kg-1风干土)2个处理,分别在挑旗期和灌浆期测定高粱叶片NO3--N、NO2--N及NH4+-N含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(Ni R)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,分析不同基因型高粱在2个氮处理下的氮效率相关指标及其差异。【结果】(1)不同基因型高粱籽粒产量对低氮的响应不同,低氮处理显著降低了冀蚜2号和TX7000B的籽粒产量,与高氮处理比较分别降低13.87%和19.25%,但没有降低SX44B和TX378的籽粒产量。(2)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理的相对籽粒氮累积量、相对植株氮累积量和相对氮收获指数不能表征各基因型高粱是否具有耐低氮特性;但相对低氮敏感型高粱,耐低氮型高粱在低氮处理下有着较高的相对氮肥偏生产力和相对氮素利用效率。低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮肥偏生产力是高氮处理的6.19和7.49倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为5.17和4.85倍;低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮素利用效率是高氮处理的1.84和1.85倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为1.67和1.35倍。(3)通径分析表明,高氮处理下,植株氮累积量和氮素利用效率对籽粒产量贡献相同;而在低氮处理下,氮素利用效率对籽粒产量关联作用更大。(4)高粱的叶片无机氮含量不能表征高粱是否具有耐低氮特性,灌浆期叶片无机氮含量较挑旗期显著降低。(5)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理时冀蚜2号和TX7000B叶片中NR、GS和GOGAT活性显著降低,SX44B酶活性变化不显著,而TX378叶片中GS活性增加。【结论】耐低氮型高粱在低氮胁迫时有着较高的相对籽粒产量和相对氮素利用效率。低氮胁迫时叶片较高的氮同化酶活性是高粱耐低氮的生理基础。发掘和利用低氮条件下具有较高的叶片氮同化酶活性和氮素利用效率的高粱种质资源,有助于提高耐低氮高粱品种的培育效率。

65个高粱种质萌芽期的耐盐指标比较及其耐盐性综合评价

为筛选出适合在盐渍土壤中生长的高粱〔Sorghum bicolor(Linn.)Moench〕种质,对10 g·L^(-1)Na Cl胁迫条件下65个高粱种质萌芽期的6项耐盐指标进行比较,并通过相关性分析和主成分分析比较了各指标在耐盐性评价中的作用;在此基础上,通过综合得分排序和聚类分析对供试65个种质的耐盐性进行排序及评价。结果显示:供试65个种质的相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对根长、相对苗高和相对根冠比变幅较大,分别为0.00%~140.56%、31.61%~124.81%、10.45%~154.30%、12.80%~124.95%和22.09%~380.84%;而相对盐害率变幅较小,仅为-8.27%~22.80%。在6个耐盐指标间,相对苗高与相对发芽率和相对盐害率的相关性以及相对根冠比与相对发芽势、相对发芽率和相对盐害率的相关性均不显著,其余指标间均有显著或极显著相关性。主成分分析中,前2个主成分的累计贡献率为75.121 3%,其中,相对发芽势、相对发芽率和相对盐害率为第1主成分的主要因子,相对苗高为第2主成分的主要因子。供试65个种质耐盐性的综合得分为7.18~65.11;其中,甜选35耐盐性的综合得分最高(65.11),耐盐性排序第一;黑穗芦稷耐盐性的综合得分最低(7.18),耐盐性排序最末。聚类分析结果显示:在欧氏距离5.5处,供试65个种质可被分为7类,其中,第Ⅰ、第Ⅱ和第Ⅲ类共包含12个种质,其中9个为耐盐性排序前9位的种质,属于高耐盐种质;第Ⅳ、第Ⅴ和第Ⅵ类共包含31个种质,属于中等耐盐种质;第Ⅶ类包含22个种质,其中10个为耐盐性排序后10位的种质,属于高盐敏感种质。综合分析结果表明:供试65个高粱种质的耐盐性差异很大,其中,甜选35、Rio、宁甜选10、宁甜选11、甜选107、宁甜选17、甜选148、辽甜8号及盐甜选10等为高耐盐种质,适合在盐渍土壤中生长。此外,耐盐性综合得分排序结果与聚类分析结果基本一致,表明用萌芽期的耐盐指标可以初步评价高粱种质的耐盐性。

高粱中酚类物质及其功能活性的研究进展

随着生活质量的提高,人们越来越重视健康饮食,高粱等杂粮因其独特的植物化学成分而备受消费者的喜爱。本文主要对高粱作为我国乃至世界上一种重要的耐早粮食作物其含有的原花青素、酚酸、花青素、黄酮等酚类物质的化学结构与分类、提取方法及潜在的保健功能等方面进行了阐述。自由基损伤会引起脂质、DNA、蛋白质、细胞膜等体内大分子损伤,是多种疾病,例如老化、癌症、心血管疾病等的诱因。高粱富含多种植物化学成分,大量研究表明高粱中的这些酚类物质具有抗氧化能力与自由基清除能力。适当补充外源抗氧化剂以改善衰老以及减少疾病的发生已成为目前消费者重点关注的问题,因而高粱作为一种健康食品具有广阔的应用与开发前景。

高粱受精过程及其经历的时间

应用常规石蜡切片技术,对高粱花粉管生长途径、双受精过程及其经历的时间进行研究。结果表明,高粱开花即授粉,花粉随即萌发,花粉管进入羽状柱头分支结构的细胞间隙,向下生长于花柱至子房顶部引导组织的细胞间隙中;进入子房腔后,在子房壁与外珠被之间的缝隙中向珠孔方向生长;花粉管破坏一个助细胞后,在卵细胞与中央细胞之间的空隙中释放连续的球状内容物;两个精核分别进入卵细胞和中央细胞分别与卵核和极核融合。受精过程经历的时间为开花后0.5～3h左右,花粉管破坏一个助细胞进入胚囊,并释放精子;1～3h精核与极核融合形成初生胚乳核,精卵融合形成合子;4h左右初生胚乳核分裂;14h左右合子分裂。4～14h为合子静止期,该期为物理、化学诱变及花粉管通道法转基因技术实施的合适时间。

常温种质库贮存高粱种子生活力及籽粒性状相关分析

为了解种质资源耐贮性及贮存高粱种子生活力和籽粒性状相关性,对1995年贮存的249份高粱种质发芽率进行了测定,结果表明:经过10年,贮存于短期库的高粱种质有205份发芽率低于50%,占82.3%;发芽率在50%以上的材料有44份,占17.6%,少数种质资源发芽率并没有明显下降,有2份材料发芽率高于90%,高粱种内不同品种之间种子生活力存在明显差异。籽粒发芽率与籽粒壳包被度、着壳率、角质率显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.2820,0.2970,0.1304,发芽率与籽粒千粒重不显著负相关。