Establishment of tree-ring chronology and climatic response of Tibetan juniper(S.tibetica) in south Tibet,western China

A tree-ring width chronology of 442 years(1567-2008) was developed from Tibetan junipers(S.tibetica) derived from south Tibet in western China.Three versions of chronology were produced according to standard dendrochronological techniques.The correlation and response analysis displays a high correlation between the standard tree ring-width chronology and observed annual mean precipitation series during the period 1961-2008.Based on a linear regression model,an annual(prior August to current July) precipitation for the past 229 years was reconstructed.This is the first well-calibrated precipitation reconstruction for the Nanggarze region,south Tibet.The results show that relatively wet years with above-average precipitation occurred in 1780-1807,1854-1866,1886-1898,1904-1949,1967-1981 and 2000-2008,whereas relatively dry years with below-average precipitation prevailed during 1808-1853,1867-1885,1899-1903,1950-1966 and 1982-1999.Common dry/wet periods during 1890s,1910s,1940s-1960s and 1980s were also identified from other moisture reconstructions of nearby regions,indicating a synchronous climatic variation in south Tibet.Abrupt change beginning in 1888 was detected,revealing a transition from wet to dry conditions in south Tibet.Power spectrum analysis reveals significant cycles of 28-year,5.5-5.6-year and 3.3-year during the past 200 years.

YAMDROK MELANGE,SOUTH TIBET

Yamdrok melange occurs south of, and parallel to, the Yarlung—Zangbo ophiolites, extending several hundreds of kilometres with a width of several to tens of kilometres. Areas near Baisa and Rilang in the Gyangze district were chosen for detailed investigation in this study. Three months of field mapping (1∶1000 and 1∶50000) has been followed by laboratory investigation to extract radiolarians from cherty blocks and matrix material. Laboratory work is continuing..Field investigations in the Baisa area near Gyangze indicate the presence of three melange facies:broken formation, matrix\|rich facies, and block\|in\|matrix melange. Broken formation is characterized by disruption of layering by means of boudinage and pinching\|and\|swelling and dispersal of blocks within the finer\|grained shales due to layer\|parallel extension. Broken formation occurs mostly as dispersed but more\|or\|less traceable lenses within a foliated matrix. A transition from broken formation to typical block\|in\|matrix melange is observed in the field. Further disruption of broken formation leads to the formation of typical block\|in\|matrix melange either, by later shearing, or by suspected mud diapirism. Matrix\|rich facies is characterized by a dominance of shale matrix containing small granules of sandstone and other lithologies. This facies commonly is subject to later deformation, with disruption of the primary foliation into sigmoidal structures. Block\|in\|matrix facies is the most common melange facies and is characterized by blocks of different sizes, shapes and lithologies either encased in, or floating on, relatively finer\|grained arenaceous\|argillaceous matrix. Blocks range in size from several centimeters to several hundreds of meters, and have various shapes from phacoidal, elongate, to irregular. The blocks are mainly composed of varicolored cherts, greywacke and limestone as well as igneous rocks including serpentinite and basalt breccia. The matrix is mainly composed of dark argillaceous shales and siliceous shales, and partly of yellowish green greywacke. The injection or intrusion of mud matrix into blocks is quite common in this melange facies.

Research of the Conductive Structure of Crust and the Upper Mantle beneath the South-Central Tibetan Plateau

With the super-wide band magnetoteiluric sounding data of the JUong （吉隆）-Cuoqin （措勤） profile （named line 800） which was completed in 2001 and the Dingri （定日）-Cuomai （措迈） profile （named line 900） which was completed in 2004, we obtained the strike direction of each MT station by strike analysis, then traced profiles that were perpendicular to the main strike direction, and finally obtained the resistivity model of each profile by nonlinear conjugate gradients （NLCG） inversion. With these two models, we described the resistivity structure features of the crust and the upper mantle of the center-southern Tibetan plateau and its relationship with Yalung Tsangpo suture： the upper crust of the research area is a resistive layer with resistivity value range of 200-3 000 Ω.m. The depth of its bottom surface is about 15-20 km generally, but the bottom surface of resistive layer is deeper in the middle of these two profiles. At llne 900, it is about 30 km deep, and even at line 800, it is about 38 km deep. There is a gradient belt of resistivity at the depth of 15-45 km, and a conductive layer is beneath it with resistivity even less than 5 Ω.m. This conductive layer is composed of individual conductive bodies, and at the south of the Yalung Tsangpo suture, the conductive bodies are smaller with thickness about 10 km and lean to the north slightly. However, at the north of the Yalung Tsangpo suture, the conductive bodies are larger with thickness about 30 km and also lean to the north slightly. Relatively, the conductive bodies of line 900 are thinner than those of line 800, and the depth of the bottom surface of line 900 is also shallower. At last, after analyzing the effect factors to the resistivity of rocks, it was concluded that the very conductive layer was caused by partial melt or connective water in rocks. It suggests that the middle and lower crust of the center-southern Tibetan plateau is very thick, hot, flabby, and waxy.

Paleogene Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Change Cycles in South Xizang (Tibet) - Last Stage in Eastern Neo-Tethyan Evolution

The marine Paleogene at Gangba, south Tibet is characterized by shallow water deposits and in vertical succession shows a clear facies change from fluvial plain through carbonate platform to retro-platform mud flat. From the bottom of Danian to Upper Priabonian, nine 3rd -order depositional sequences are recognized, which in turn make up four supersequences and constitute two clear transgression-regression cycles. These requences were developed in a tectonic setting of strong compression resulted from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Between the Paleocene and Eocene, there exists an important hiatus that has consumed at least 5.5 Ma of deposition. This unconformity is thought to be created by the basement uplift coupled with eustatic fall and marks the basin transformation from epicontinental sea to remnant hay. The rapid basement subsidence and relative sea level rise in Late Eocene are thought to be caused by the loading flexure of the Eurasian continent onto the Indian plate, which resulted in the southward migration of depocenter in the epoch.

ISOTOPE EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION AND MOTION REGULARITY OF RAINFALL CLOUD IN THE SOUTH TIBET

The water system in Tibet distributes mainly in the south, and the water originates from precipitation. The local rainy season is from May to July. Finding out the origin and motion regularity on the regional atmospheric precipitation clouds is always emphases about the hydrology and water resource research.37 precipitation samples were collected from 1995 to 1998 in this research area. The hydrogen, oxygen isotope compositions and tritium contents were determined (see table).The results on the table has the follow feature:1 The precipitation line equation Go through regression handling, the precipitation equation is: δ D=7 54 δ 18 O+15 92( n =31),Fall down the right side in the global precipitation line shows stronger evaporation feature, and reflects the disequilibrium level on the Raleigh Fraction in rainfall cloud transportation proceeding.

DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES AROUND J/K BOUNDARY IN THE QOMOLONGMA AREA, SOUTH TIBET

The uppermost Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous in the Qomolongma (Mt. Everest) area were deposited in a strong subsiding setting on passive continental margin. From Tithonian to Valanginian, the area experienced an environment shift from circum\|shelf margin carbonate platform to foreslope, then to deep continental slope [1] . Correspondingly, the sediments change in vertical succession from quartz sandstone, via carbonate grainstone to dark shale intercalated with lithic sandstone of gravity flow. From the Tithonian to Valanginian, eight 3rd\|order sequences have been recognized [1] with clearly delineated sequence boundaries and reasonable biostratigraphic controls of ammonites. From the angle of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary cycles, the important change happened at ca. 138Ma [2] of the Lower Tithonian (about 120m above Aulacosphinctoides hybonotum zone), where a waved subaerial erosion surface occurs in massive bioclastic grainstone. The boundary at ca. 134 5Ma (latest Tithonian, about 60m below the FAD of \%Berriasella cf. jacobi [3] ) comes to the next. The third one is at ca 132Ma (some 170m above the FAD of Berriasella cf. jacobi [3] , but about 60m below the FAD of Berriasella cf. grandis [3] ). In terms of sea\|level change, the sequence boundary at 134 5Ma is probably the most distinctive one, above which some 60m gravel\|bearing massive medium\|grained quartz sandstone was laid down and obviously truncates the underlying strata. In the dark shale below the sandstone, abundant in ammonites, such as Virgatosphinctes, Aulacosphinctes, Haplophylloceras and Gymnosphinctes are recorded [3] . The quartz sandstone itself does not bear identifiable fossils. Above the quartz sandstone, the strata mainly consists of dark silty shale up to 180m thick, with an prominent marine transgression at the base. Just above the first flooding surface (FFS), quite a number of ammonites such as \%Berriasella\% cf. \%jacobi, Blanofordiceras, Hymalayaites\% and \%Pseudosubplanites \%are documented [3] . The third sequence, which is delineated by submarine truncation of slope fan complexes at bottom, is also characterized by dark shale and silts, yielding ammonites \%Berriasella \%cf. \%grandis\% and B. cf. \%berthei.\%>From the viewpoint of sequence stratigraphy, we herein suggest to take the FFS in the second sequence as the J/K boundary. The sequence boundary below it can be used as a nice auxiliary marker, which represents a large sea\|level fall, and can be correlated widely in the world. From the angle of paleontology, the FFS is also ideal for the boundary, where the most important faunal turnover happened. Theoretically, taking FFS as a chronostratigraphic boundary has more advantages than using sequence boundary.

MARINE SOURCE ROCKS AND THEIR DEPOSITIONAL CONDITIONS OF MESOZOIC—CENOZOIC IN THE GAMBA—TINGRE BASIN,SOUTH TIBET:ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL STUDY

The Gamba—Tingri basin lies in south Tethys Himalaya subzone. It is 400km in length from east to west, and 30～50km in width from north to south. The basin is mainly made up of marine Mesozoic and Lower Cenozoic, i.e., Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Lower Tertiary. Its total strata are more than 3100m in thickness. The passive continental margin of the India plate developed during Jurassic—Cretaceous after a Triassic rifting stage. Collision took place between the India and the Eurasian plate during the latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary (Liu and Einsele, 1994), which resulted in a Tertiary residual basin.The Jurassic stratigraphic system in the Gamba—Tingri basin were not carried out until recently (Wan et al., 1999), which is divided into three formations, i.e.., Pupuga Fm., Nieniexiongla Fm., and Menkadun Fm.. The Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphic system is after Wan (1985) and Xu et al.(1990), which the Cretaceous is divided into six formations: Dongsan Fm., Chaqiela Fm., Lengqingle Fm., Xiawuchubo Fm., Jiubao Fm., and Zongshan Fm, whereas the Tertiary is divided into Jiabula Fm. Zongpu Fm., and Zhepure Fm.

Late Triassic Intraoceanic Arc Aystem within Neotethys: Evidence from Cumulate Hornblende Gabbro in Gangdese Belt, South Tibet

The Neotethys plays an important role in shaping the Gangdese magmatic belt,southern Tibet.However,the initial time of spreading and subduction of the Neotethys remains contentious.In this study,a suite of late Triassic cumulate hornblende gabbro was identified in the southern margin of the Gangdese magmatic belt.The gabbro exhibits cumulate structure,with hornblende and plagioclase as the primary mineral phases.Isotopic data indicate a hydrous magma source derived from a depleted mantle wedge that has been modified by slab dehydration.Geochemical discriminations suggest that the gabbro was formed in an intraoceanic arc setting,with crystallization ages of ca.220-213 Ma.Hornblende,hornblendelagioclase and ilmenite thermometers reveal that the crystallization temperature of 900-750°C for the gabbro.Hornblende and hornblende-plagioclase geobarometers yield an emplacement depth at ca.14.5-19.5 km.This gabbro constitutes a line of evidence for an intraoceanic arc magmatism that is coeval with the counterparts in the southern Turkey,revealing an intraoceanic subduction system within the Neotethys from west to east in the Late Triassic and that the oceanization of the Neotethys was much earlier than previous expectation.

Where were the Metal, Sulfur and Water from in the Postcollisional Porphyry Cu Deposit at Qulong in South Tibet?

Objective Most porphyry Cu deposits （PCDs） were formed in association with subduction-related calc-alkaline magmas, which occurred widely in magmatic arcs worldwide. A widely accepted model is that such deposits were formed from hydrothermal fluids exsolved from hydrous, high oxygen fugacity, sulfur-rich arc magmas, derived from a mantle wedge metasomatized by subduction-slab fluids. Recent studies have documented that such deposits may also occur in post-collisional settings, e.g., the Gangdese porphyry Cu belts in Tibet. The formation of such PCDs is very difficult to be explained by the classic PCDs model, which results in an alternative model to be proposed to interpret the genesis of PCDs in such settings. In this alternative model, metals and sulfur of the post-collisional PCDs were generally thought to be derived from a subduction-modified thickened lower crust, rather than a metasomatized mantle wedge. However, our detailed analysis suggests that the sources of metals and sulfur for the PCDs in post-collisional settings still cannot be well explained by the lower-crust melting model.

Distribution of the low velocity bulk in the middle-to-lower crust of southern Tibet: implications for formation of the north–south trending rift zones

We conducted the ambient noise tomography to image the shallow crustal structure of southern Tibet. The2D maps of phase velocity anomalies at the periods of10–16 s show that the low velocities are mainly confined along or near some of the rift zones. While the maps at the periods of 18–25 s show that the coherent patterns that the low velocities expand outside of the rift zones. It means that the low velocities are prevailing in the middle crust of southern Tibet. According to the previous study of surface wave tomography with teleseismic data,we find that the low velocities from the lower crust to the lithospheric mantle are also restricted to the same rift zones. Thus,the integrated knowledge of the distribution of the low velocities in southern Tibet provides some new insight on the formation of the north–south trending rift zones. Compiling the multidiscipline evidences,we conclude that the rifting was an integrated process of the entire lithosphere in the early stage（＊26–10 Ma）,but mainly occurred within the upper crust due to the weakening a decoupling in the low velocity middle crust in the late stage（later than ＊8 Ma）.

Petrogenesis, geochemistry and geological significance of Paleocene Granite in South Gangdese, Tibet

The Gangdese magmatic belt,located along the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane,plays a critical role in understanding the tectonic framework associated with the Indian-Asian slab collision.In this paper,a chronology of zircon U-Pb and geochemical analysis of the rock of the Cuobulaguo granitic mass in the southern of the Gangdese,Tibet,revealed a series of results.The results show that the LA-ICP-MS monzonitic granite zircon U-Pb ages are 61-59 Ma,which corresponds to the same period as the magmatic arc of the southern limit of Gangdese.In terms of geochemical composition,the granite is rich inω(SiO2)70.09%to 72.64%,with a highω(Al2O3)14.40%to 15.99%,a lowω(TiO2)0.08%to 0.24%,ω(MgO)0.41%to 0.76%,ω(Fe2O)6.82%to 29.9%,ω(P2Os)0.07%to 0.12%,andω(CaO)1.06%to 1.75%.The granite mainly belongs to the high-K calc-alkaline series.The light rare earth element(LREE)content of skeletal granite is between 133.69×10^-6〜226.64×10^-6 and the heavy rare earth element(HREE)content is between 17.36×10^-6 and 32.11×10^-6.LREE/HREE is between 5.05 and 7.83.It is enriched in light rare earth elements(LREE)and large ion lithophile elements,such as Rb,K,U,etc.,depletes high field strength elements,such as P,Nb,and Ta,and has the geochemical composition of arc magmatic rocks.In addition,the aluminum saturation index(A/CNK=1.06 to 1.11)of Cuobulaguo granite,belongs toⅠ-type granite.The comprehensive analysis showed that with the beginning of the collision between the Indian-Asian continental,the subduction ocean plate was separated from the continental plate due to gravity,resulting in an increase in the asthenosphere,which made partial fusion of the lithospheric mantle.It invaded the bottom of the lower crust,which in turn induced a partial melting of the lower crust to form granite.

DEFINITING AND ITS GEOLOGIC MEANING OF SOUTH-NORTH TREND FAULTED STRUCTURE BELT IN QIANGTANG BASIN, NORTH PART OF TIBET

There were more expounding to north—west (west) trend fault and north\|east trend fault within Qiangtang Basin, North Part of Tibet, in the past literature. With increasing of geophysical exploration data, nearly east\|west trend structure began to be taken note to. Since the year of 1995, by a synthetic study to geophysical and geological data, that south\|north trend faulted structures are well developed. These structures should be paid much more attention to, because they have important theoretical meaning and practical significance.1 Spreading of south\|north faulted structure belt According to different geological and geophysical data, the six larger scale nearly south\|north faulted structure belt could be distinguished within the scope of east longitude 84°～96° and near Qiangtang Basin. The actual location of the six belts are nearly located in the west of the six meridian of east longitude 85°,87°,89°,91°,93°,95° or located near these meridian. The six south\|north faulted structure belts spread in the same interval with near 2° longitude interval. The more clear and much more significance of south\|north trend faulted structure belts are the two S—N trend faulted structure belts of east longitude 87° and 89°. There are S—N trend faulted structure belts in the west of east longitude 83°,81°, or near the longitudes. The structure belts spreading features,manifestation,geological function and its importance, and inter texture and structure are not exactly so same. The structure belts all different degree caused different region of geological structure or gravity field and magnetic field. There is different scale near S—N trend faulted structure belt between the belts.

滇西高黎贡山地区培里伟晶岩型锂矿化的发现及其意义

稀有金属锂矿是我国紧需的战略性矿产资源。滇西地区是我国重要的稀有金属成矿远景区,但目前区内已知的稀有金属资源主要为Be-Nb-Ta-Sn矿,鲜有锂矿的报道。本研究首次在滇西高黎贡山培里地区发现了锂辉石伟晶岩型锂矿,为云南省新增一处有潜力的锂辉石型伟晶岩锂矿床,对区域稀有金属锂矿床的找矿工作具有重要意义。6个样品的全岩主微量元素分析显示培里地区伟晶岩主要发育有Li、Be、Rb、Cs、Nb、Ta矿化。LA-ICP-MS铌钽矿U-Pb年代学结果显示培里地区锂矿伟晶岩形成于18.4±0.3Ma,这一结果与共生的锡石U-Pb年代学(17.5±1.2Ma)结果一致,表明其为新生代成岩成矿作用产物。这一成矿年代与高黎贡山地区变质年代以及淡色花岗岩成岩年代一致,暗示培里伟晶岩可能为变质重熔产物,也可能是淡色花岗岩进一步结晶分异的产物。在大区域尺度上,该成矿事件与藏南稀有金属成矿时代一致,结合区域显著的地球化学背景异常,我们认为滇西地区可能是喜马拉雅稀有金属成矿带的南延部分,具有良好的稀有金属锂矿找矿前景。

藏南温泉稀有金属来源及其富集机制:以羊易热泉为例

在全球科技与工业飞速发展的背景下,对稀有金属的需求日益增长,使得其研究显得尤为重要。青藏高原南部地区地热资源丰富,地热水中稀有金属富集,为研究地热系统中稀有金属的来源和成因提供了独特的研究平台。本研究专注于青藏高原南部地热系统中稀有金属元素特征,特别是Li、Rb、Cs等元素极度富集的现象。该现象已经引起了地质学界的广泛关注,但目前还缺乏一个全面的成因模型来阐明这些稀有金属的来源及其富集机制。因此,本文选择了位于亚东-谷露裂谷中段的羊易热泉及其周边岩浆岩作为研究对象,探究羊易热泉水化学特征,厘定羊易地区不同时代岩浆岩源区组成和演化特征,并揭示藏南温泉成因模式与稀有金属富集的关系。通过对羊易热泉的水化学及其周围岩浆岩的岩石地球化学分析,本研究得出了以下认识:(1)羊易热泉中稀有金属元素含量极度富集,且Cs含量高于Rb含量;(2)对羊易地区不同时代岩浆岩的Sr-Nd同位素分析显示,随着时间的推移,岩浆源区的同位素组成趋向富集,这暗示了印度古老大陆物质的贡献在逐渐增加;(3)热泉中Sr元素可能主要来自于水岩相互作用,而Li、Rb、Cs等元素更多源于高演化岩浆流体的贡献;(4)稀有金属元素最初在印度大陆地壳部分熔融形成的长英质岩浆中富集,随着岩浆演化,其流体进一步富集了这些元素,这是藏南温泉稀有金属富集的关键因素。本研究确定藏南温泉中Li、Rb、Cs等稀有金属元素主要来源于岩浆流体的注入,并建立起藏南温泉成因模式与稀有金属富集之间的关系。这不仅提供了对藏南地区温泉稀有金属富集现象的新见解,同时也为理解全球其他地区地热系统中稀有金属的富集机制提供了重要参考。

中下地壳切向分层流变的结果:喜马拉雅东段雅拉香波片麻岩穹隆

大陆中、下地壳切向(近水平)分层固态流动变形是地壳物质流动的重要形式之一,也是片麻岩穹隆的重要形成机制。雅拉香波穹隆位于特提斯喜马拉雅构造带的最东段,出露不同变质级别和时代的岩石地层,发育强烈的韧性剪切变形以及多期岩浆事件,是研究造山过程中构造变形和岩浆历史的天然实验室。本文以该穹隆为研究对象,进行了详细的野外构造解析和显微观察等工作,总结出以下三个特点:(1)雅拉香波穹隆内不同构造层次的岩石经历了相同的构造体制和不同变形条件改造:从浅部到深部,变形温度逐渐递增,由390℃到600℃;差应力逐渐减小,从24.58MPa减少至8.72MPa;应变速率逐渐加快,从1.27×10^(-13)~1.28×10^(-13)/s增加到5.19×10^(-11)~5.21×10^(-11)/s。以上体现了地壳活动带强烈的分层流变特点。(2)结合前人研究划分了穹隆变形的三个期次(D_(1)、D_(2)和D_(3)),其中D_(1)表现为上盘向南的剪切方向,D_(2)则表现为上盘向北的剪切方向。进一步,将主要变形期次D_(2)进一步划分为两个阶段,早期主要是以单剪为主导的剪切作用类型,而晚期则是以纯剪为主导的剪切作用类型。(3)根据D_(2)面理和线理的产状分布特点,可以得出,深部岩石线理的倾伏角近水平,而浅层次岩石的线理倾伏角近竖直。基于以上研究表明,雅拉香波穹隆各部分岩石均遭受了不同程度的剪切改造,不同构造层次的岩石具有几何学上的一致性以及运动学上的解耦,体现了穹隆发育过程中运动方向上的转变。结合穹隆各部位线理的倾伏角的变化规律,本文认为雅拉香波穹隆记录了中下地壳分层流动的过程,穹隆的形成主要受中下地壳近水平切向流动控制,辅以垂向流动的改造。

藏南亚东帕里地区早泥盆世沉积及古生物特征

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