A Comparative Study for the Development of Coal-to-Liquids Industries in China, South Africa and United States

Many energy consuming countries have carried out research, development, demonstration, planning and deployment of coal-to-liquids (CTL) because of its ability to replace oil imports by converting coal resources into fuel. Among them, China and South Africa successfully had their CTL technology industrialized, while the United States did not. To understand the differences in the industrial development level, a comparative study is necessary. This paper compares the history, driver and policy of CTL industry in China, South Africa and United States, collates and discloses numbers of industry details for the first time. We figure out that the motivation, top level planning and policy consistency are the key indicators of the difference on the industrial development level. Among them, the key to the success of CTL industrialization in China and South Africa is the government’s strong and stable determination to improve energy security, which provides a stable top-level planning and robust policy support. The failure of CTL in United States is caused by the shift of policy attention after its energy security situation improved.

WRITTEN INTERVIEW WITH H.E.MADAME DOLANA MSIMANG, AMBASSADOR OF SOUTH AFRICA TO CHINA

Contemporary World:The Ninth BRICS Summit which was concluded not long ago in Xiamen has ushered in the second'Golden Decade'of BRICS cooperation,marking the marching for-ward of the BRICS cooperation mecha-nism.Some opinions maintain that the'BRICS Plus'mechanism has become an important power in global govern-ance.How do you evaluate the current role of BRICS cooperation mechanism in the international affairs?

China Time in South Africa

This year, South Africa hosts the Sixth Forum on China-Africa Cooperation （FOCAO Ministerial Conference, serves as the launchpad of Beijing＇s bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics, and also provides the platform for the Year of China in South Africa 2015 Louise Graham, Chief Director of International Relations in South Africa＇s Department of Arts and Culture, spoke to ChinAfrica about the Year of China in South Africa 2015 and how it would impact the two countries＇ bilateral relations. Excerpts follow：

THERE is much excitement in South Africa about the Year of China

after a successful launch of the year-long event at the State Theater in capital Pretoda. At the inaugural ceremony, artists from China and South Africa provided a large appreciative audience the opportunity to engage in an eclectic mix of entertainment. Ancient Chinese folk songs sung by African singers and South African mining songs sung by Chinese tenors all created a rapport that lies at the heart of the Sino-South African relationship.

The Cooperation between China and the Gulf Arab States in the Horn of Africa: From the Perspective of the Global South

At present,the unstoppable rise of the Global South countries and their increasing strategic autonomy has become an important per-spective to understand the current world pattern and regional cooperation,and also brings complex prospect for competition and cooperation between various forces in the Horn of Africa.As one of the most important extraterritorial forces concerning the situation of the Horn of Africa,the‘New Cold War’in the Middle East has brought certain risks to the security situation in the Horn of Africa,while the Gulf Arab States are expected to become active partners in the governance of the Horn of Africa with the arrival of the tide of Middle East reconciliation.Rather than serving as a chessboard or even pieces in the game of external powers in the past,the countries of the Horn of Africa are now trying to enhance their strategic autonomy and strengthen their solidarity to collec-tively address regional security threats.As an rightful member and key power of the Global South,China has taken the opportunity of establishing a Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa Affairs to pro-vide new ideas for non-regional forces to participate constructively in the governance of the Horn of Africa.Strengthening third-party cooperation between China and Gulf Arab States in the Horn of Africa will help transform the negative intervention of non-regional forces into positive cooperation,stimulate the endogenous momentum of change in the region,and promote the develop-ment of regional governance in the Horn of Africa in a more bal-anced direction.

建设金砖国家发展共同体:理念、内容、基础与路径

建设金砖国家发展共同体顺应了后疫情时期对新发展理念与机制的需求,符合金砖各国对发展利益的追求,是新形势下共建人类命运共同体的动力来源。金砖国家发展共同体坚持公平发展观、正确义利观、共同发展观三大基本理念,建设金砖国家发展共同体的主要内容包括解决当下发展问题、创造发展条件、提升长远发展能力三个层面。当前,多向度的“金砖国家+”合作模式、多层次的战略对接架构、良好的经贸合作根基、灵活的发展合作机制为金砖国家发展共同体的建设提供了现实基础。立足于金砖国家的发展现实与需要,今后可从复苏减贫、数字经济、投融资合作、绿色低碳四个方面入手,推动建设金砖国家发展共同体走深走实、行稳致远。

Tectonic Related Lithium Deposits Another Major Region Found North East Tanzania—A New Area with Close Association to the Dominant Areas: The Fourth of Four

The current “mega” interest in Lithium resources was spurred by the development of Lithium-Ion batteries to aid in restructuring the world’s reliance on carbon spewing power petroleum reserves. Current resources of lithium recovery have fallen into two main categories—Pegmatite, found worldwide associated with felsic intrusions and Brine Related, and now with development in the Southwest United States of America (SWUS), a third category— Tertiary Volcanic clays, are specifically associated with Tertiary volcanics and major Tectonic Plate interactions. “Active” Plate tectonics is important as both the SWUS, the Lithium Triangle of South America (LTSA) and the Tibetan Plateau of China (TPC) producing tertiary (Miocene) volcanism that is important to the development of Lithium resources. The Tanzanian part of the East Africa Rift System (EARS) has features of both the SWUS, tertiary volcanic related “playas” and Continental rifting, the LTSA, tertiary volcanic related “Brines” and a major Tectonic plate event (subduction of an Oceanic Plate beneath the Continental South American Plate) and the TPC, tertiary volcanics (?) and major tectonic plate event (subduction of the Indian Continental Plate under the Eurasian Continental Plate). As well as the association of peralkaline and metaluminous felsic volcanics with Lithium playas of the SWUS and the EARS (Tanzania) “playas”. These similarities led to an analysis of a volcanic rock in Northeast Tanzania. When it returned 1.76% Lithium, a one-kilometer spaced soil sampling program returned, in consecutive samples over 0.20% Lithium (several samples over 1.0% lithium and a high of 2.24% lithium). It is proposed that these four regions with very similar past and present geologic characteristics, occur nowhere else in the world. That three of them have produced Lithium operations and two of them have identified resources of Lithium clay and “highly” anomalous Lithium clays should be regarded as more than “coincidental”.

China and South Africa

China and South Africa signed a series of documents aimed at strengthening ties and expanding areas of cooperation in Beijing during

中国与南非双边贸易的竞争性与互补性研究

基于中国南非双边贸易现状及结构分析,运用产品相似度、贸易结合度和产业内贸易指数等评价指标对两国双边贸易的竞争性和互补性关系进行实证研究。结果表明,两国双边贸易的互补性远大于竞争性,发展双边贸易有利于发挥两国要素禀赋优势,实现互利共赢。提出深化双边贸易合作、加快境外经贸合作区建设步伐、加大对南非资源投资力度、推进贸易与投资一体化发展等对策。

中非双边投资条约:现状与前景

中非双边投资条约的现状不利于需要国际法保护的中非投资。随着中非经济合作的主要范式由经济援助转变为贸易和投资,以及中国双边投资条约的转型和现代化,更新和缔结新的中非双边投资条约应成为中国政府非洲投资政策的重要内容。中非双边投资条约需要更为有效和平衡,尤其要考虑中国保护非洲投资的迫切需要以及非洲国家保护特殊利益的现实要求,最佳模式应是在南南合作理念的基础上平衡投资者利益与东道国规制空间。中非投资法律关系的区域化或多边化,也是双边投资条约之外的一条重要路径。

中国与其他“金砖”四国贸易的引力模型

2000-2009年，其他“金砖”四国的人均国内生产总值越高，中国对其出口的规模越大，中国的人均国内生产总值越高，中国对其他四国出口的规模越大，而中国自其他四国进口的规模越小，说明中国人均国内生产总值的增长没有带动自其他四国进口的规模；中国的外汇储备越高，中国自其他四国进口的规模越大，而其他四国的外汇储备越高，中国对其出口的规模越小，说明中国巨额外汇储备发挥出了自其他四国进口的正向促进作用，而其他四国外汇储备的增加并没有促进从中国的进口。

中国对非援助再析

中国自20世纪50年代开始对非援助起,不断拓宽对非援助领域,丰富合作内容。特别是2000年中非合作论坛成立后,中方在相互尊重、平等协商的基础上,围绕中非发展面临的机遇和挑战,不断推出强化援非力度的新措施,促使其惠及所有与中国建交的非洲国家。此举不仅契合了非洲的发展需求,使非洲人民得到实在的利益,还强化了中非经贸合作,推动了中非新型战略伙伴关系深入发展。中国援非历程不但彰显了中国对非援助原则、理念的连续性,而且展示了中国政府在中非合作上的务实和创新精神。相比而言,中国更注重履行对非援助承诺,强调与非洲在第三世界身份上的认同,重视正确义利观,支持非洲独立自主与实现可持续发展。一定程度上讲,中国对非援助的实践,适应了中国维护国家主权、经济建设、扩大国际空间、适应全球化等利益需求。今后,中国应努力完善对非援助合作机制,创建对非援助成效评估体系,本着"非洲主导"原则,强化中非合作论坛框架内的对非援助领域合作,助推中非合作领域的均衡发展,并以积极、开放、包容的态度同其他国家及国际和地区组织一道,加强涉非援助领域协调与合作。

贸易开放下中国与国际羊毛市场价格关系

选取2009年1月16日至2014年4月11日的周度羊毛拍卖价格数据,运用Johansen协整检验、误差校正模型、格兰杰因果关系检验、脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法对中国与国际羊毛市场价格关系进行实证研究。结果表明:中国羊毛市场和国际羊毛市场之间存在价格协整关系,但中国羊毛市场价格偏离均衡时的调整速度较慢;在国际羊毛市场价格形成中,澳大利亚羊毛市场处于主体引导地位,而中国羊毛市场缺乏定价权;中国羊毛市场价格变化主要受澳大利亚羊毛市场价格变化的影响。

论中国与埃塞俄比亚科技合作的机制与内容

中埃科技合作是中非科技合作的一个支点,在南南合作以及中非关系的发展中扮演着重要角色。中埃科技合作的机制包括多边机制与双边机制,多边机制主要为中非合作论坛、南南合作,双边机制主要是中国与埃塞俄比亚签订的双边协定,合作内容涉及农业、工矿业、交通与通讯业、教育以及医疗卫生等多个领域,并取得了一系列成就。埃塞俄比亚不仅引进了中国的科学技术,还借鉴了中国的科技制度,科技特派员制度在埃塞俄比亚进行了推广。中埃科技合作对深化中埃关系、加快埃塞俄比亚现代化进程、带动中埃产能合作、破解中国"新殖民主义论"等方面具有重要意义。双方要进一步加强政府间的合作,充分发挥企业在科技合作中的作用,促进民间交流,共同推动中埃科技合作向深层次、宽领域发展。

论中非关系新的增长点——“中非科技伙伴计划”述评

2009年11月,"中非科技伙伴计划"启动,计划中提出未来中非科技关系发展的宗旨、原则、领域、机构设置和实施方式等内容,致力于增强非洲国家科技能力的建设,实现中非共同发展。"中非科技伙伴计划"是使中非关系不断拓展与深化的举措,也是中国对世界各国加强与非洲科技关系的回应。"中非科技伙伴计划"立足于中国和非洲科技的发展现实,对非洲科技发展有较强的针对性和适用性,必将促进非洲的科技进步。

中国品牌在2010南非世界杯上的营销研究——以中国英利为例

中国品牌进入世界杯的营销行列,是国人的骄傲。中国英利能进入世界杯的时代背景主要有四个因素:科技和经济实力的提升,孔子学院成功营销的启示,稀缺资源——世界杯对中国企业的吸引,世界环保理念的倡导。中国品牌在世界杯的的营销策略是:品牌个性策略,品牌传播策略,品牌销售策略和品牌管理策略。中国英利成功进入世界杯营销给中国企业带来了以下启示:要推广国际品牌,就不惜重金,充分利用特色营销优势,抓住媒体整合营销机遇,倡导绿色营销理念。

中国与南非贸易增长因素研究——基于市场需求、市场结构、竞争力的分析

中国与南非贸易增长较快,但贸易集中度仍然较高,南非对中国贸易的依赖性大于中国对南非贸易的依赖性。基于UN贸易数据库1998-2014年中国与南非双边贸易的数据,本文从市场需求、市场结构和竞争力视角,运用修正的CMS模型分析影响中国与南非双边贸易增长的各项因素,发现市场需求效应在中国对南非出口贸易增长中起决定性作用,而市场结构效应是南非对中国出口增加的决定性因素;中国产品在南非的竞争力不断提高,而南非产品在中国市场的竞争力逐渐减弱,分类别贸易产品的增长因素也存在着差异性。因此,双方需从优化出口结构、提高市场竞争力等方面挖掘贸易的潜力、提升层次、扩大规模。

中国与南非农产品贸易互补性及增长空间分析

2003—2012年,南非农产品的总体比较优势高于中国;中国和南非两国农产品之间存在着产业间贸易和产业内贸易的互补性。南非对中国出口的农产品中具有贸易增长空间的品种有水产品、水果、谷物、烟、酒、饮料及醋;中国对南非出口的农产品中具有贸易增长空间的仅棉麻和水产品两种。随着中国和南非两国经济的发展,居民消费水平不断提高,两国具有贸易增长空间的农产品贸易量将持续走高,中国和南非的农产品贸易增长趋势将势不可挡。

南苏丹独立的背景与前景

世界最年轻的国家南苏丹共和国诞生了。苏丹问题集种族、民族、宗教、文化、经济、政治和地缘于一体,集中微缩了非洲问题的复杂性。黑奴贩卖的历史记忆,殖民主义的人为隔离,近40年内战结下的恩恩怨怨,使分离成为无奈的选择。南苏丹百废待兴,但新国家面临老问题,遗留问题未能解决,核心问题是石油资源分配,潜在的隐患威胁南苏丹和平发展的立国之路。