Corrections of shipboard GPS radiosonde soundings and applications on historical records in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and South China Sea

Shipboard radiosonde soundings are important for detecting and quantifying the multiscale variability of atmosphere-ocean interactions associated with mass exchanges.This study evaluated the accuracies of shipboard Global Positioning System(GPS)soundings in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and South China Sea through a simultaneous balloon-borne inter-comparison of different radiosonde types.Our results indicate that the temperature and relative humidity(RH)measurements of GPS-TanKong(GPS-TK)radiosonde(used at most stations before 2012)have larger biases than those of ChangFeng-06-A(CF-06-A)radiosonde(widely used in current observation)when compared to reference data from Vaisala RS92-SGP radiosonde,with a warm bias of 5℃and dry bias of 10%during daytimes,and a cooling bias of-0.8℃and a moist bias of 6%during nighttime.These systematic biases are primarily attributed to the radiation effects and altitude deviation.An empirical correction algorithm was developed to retrieve the atmospheric temperature and RH profiles.The corrected profiles agree well with that of RS92-SGP,except for uncertainties of CF-06-A in the stratosphere.These correction algorithms were applied to the GPS-TK historical sounding records,reducing biases in the corrected temperature and RH profiles when compared to radio occultation data.The correction of GPS-TK historical records illustrated an improvement in capturing the marine atmospheric structure,with more accurate atmospheric boundary layer height,convective available potential energy,and convective inhibition in the tropical ocean.This study contributes significantly to improving the quality of GPS radiosonde soundings and promotes the sharing of observation in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and South China Sea.

Distribution of chlorophyll a, photosynthesis and their relations to the environmental factors in the Central South China Sea

Some studies have been made on the variation of primary productivity in the Central South ChinaSea. This paper studies comprehensively the characteristics of chlorophyll a distributions in time andspace and the primary productivity, as well their relations to the environmental factors.Materals and methods During the comprehensive investigation in the Central South China Sea from September 1983 toDecember 1984, the distributions of chlorophyll a and primary productivity were studied. Figure 1shows the sampling stations and their range of investigation.

Relative Roles of Intraseasonal and Above-seasonal Components in the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset

Multi-scale contributions are involved in the South China Sea(SCS)summer monsoon(SCSSM)onset process.The relative roles of intraseasonal oscillation and above-seasonal component in the year-to-year variation of the SCSSM onset are evaluated in this study.The 30-90-day and above-90-day components are major contributors to the year-to-year variation of the SCSSM onset,and the former contributes greater portion,while the 8-30-day component has little contribution to the onset.In the early onset cases,the 30-90-day westerly winds move and extend eastward from the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO)to the SCS monsoon region relatively earlier,and replace the easterly winds over the SCS with the cooperation of the 30-90-day cyclone moving southward from northern East Asia.The westerly anomalies of the above-90-day component in spring jointly contribute to the early SCSSM onset.In the late onset cases,the late eastward expansion of 30-90-day westerly wind over the TIO,accompanied by the late occurrence and weakening of the 30-90-day anticyclone over the SCS,and its late withdraw from the SCS,as well as the persistent easterly anomalies of above-90-day component,suppress the SCSSM onset.However,the SCSSM outbreaks in the obvious weakening stage of 30-90-day easterly anomalies.The easterlies-to-westerlies transition of the 30-90-day 850-hPa zonal wind over the SCS in spring is closely associated with sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific in preceding winter and spring,while the interannual variation of the above-90-day zonal wind in April-May is closely related to the decaying stage of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation events.

Dyke Swarms Florianópolis: Petrologic and Structural Aspects Related to Rifting Supercontinent Gondwana and Formation South Atlantic in the Santa Catarina of Island, Brazil

From a point of magmatic view,the rupturing Gondwana Supercontinent is registered on the South American shelf in continental flood basalts,mafic dyke swarms,basins rift and,to a lesser extent,by intrusions alkaline.Among those

The evolution of the coral reefs in the middle and north parts of the South China Sea and its relation with tectonic and eustatic movements

In this paper, the morphogenesis, stratigraphic sequences and dates of the coral reefs in the middle and north parts of the South China Sea are discussed, the position of the distributary regions of Cenozoic coral reefs in plate tectonics, the relationships of coral-reef evolutionary characteristics and dates with sea-basin spreading. Neogene sea-water transgression and Quaternary global climate-eustatic fluctuation are expounded and proved, and the latitudinal variation of the distribution of coral reefs in various geologic times are summed up.

Ordovician Intrusive-related Gold-Copper Mineralization in West-Central New South Wales, Australia

Three major types of Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are recognized in central-west New South Wales, Australia: porphyry, skarn and high sulphidation epithermal deposits. These deposits are mainly distributed within two Ordovician volcano-intrusive belts of the Lachlan Fold Belt: the Orange-Wellington Belt and the Parkes-Narromine Belt. Available isotopic age data suggest that mineralization of the three types of deposits is essentially coeval with the Ordovician intrusive rocks (480-430 Ma).Porphyry gold-copper deposits can be further divided into two groups. The first group is associated with monzonite showing shoshonitic features, represented by Cadia and Goonumbla. The second group is associated with diorite and dacite, including the Copper Hill and Cargo gold-copper deposits. Gold skarn is associated with Late Ordovician (430-439 Ma) monzonitic intrusive complexes in the Junction Reefs area (Sheahan-Grants, Frenchmans, and Cor-nishmens), Endeavour 6, 7 and 44, Big and Little Cadia. The epithermal gold deposits with high sulphidation including Gidginbung (Temora) and Peak Hill mainly occur within Ordovician andesite and volcaniclastic rocks, and are associated with advanced argillic alteration. Available isotopic age data indicate that both alteration and mineralization of the porphyry, skarn and epithermal gold-copper deposits are broadly coeval with the Late Ordovician shoshonitic magmatism, which is thought to result from the melting of sub-continental lithosphere caused by Palaeozoic subduction events.The Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are restricted to two longitudinal parallel volcano-intrusive belts, rarely extending outside them. Diagonal intra-belt trends of mineralization are common, particularly at the intersections of longitudinal and transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones based on the authors' review of available geological data. The locations of these gold-copper deposits are obviously influenced by transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones that are oriented northwest, eastwest and northeast. The conjunctions of these fault/fractures zones are thought to be zones of structural weakness, and appear to be the favourable locus for the Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits. Differences in structural patterns, intrusive, wall rock types, and depths of ore formation may contribute to the differences among the deposits.

菲律宾小马科斯政府南海政策变化解析

自小马科斯政府上台以来,菲律宾的南海政策发生了一些非常明显的变化,包括不断在南海挑起事端,试图固化对仁爱礁的长期占有并重返黄岩岛,强化美菲军事同盟关系,积极开展同美西方在南海地区的安全合作,加大“舆论加法律”攻势,通过炒作南海问题来博取国际社会支持等。这些变化的出现,既是菲律宾国家安全重心调整和转向的结果,也是家族政治与权力斗争激发和助推的结果,更是美国在对华竞争背景下鼓动和支持菲律宾的结果。这在很大程度上恶化了地区安全环境,影响了中国的维权效能,也为美国推进其对华战略竞争创造了有利条件,并将对中菲两国关系的发展产生强烈的冲击。不过,由于受到多种因素的影响和制约,菲律宾的南海政策不会就此发生根本性的逆转,中菲南海争端也不可能由此变得一发不可收拾。为此,中国应当采取一些更为有效的政策和措施予以理性应对。

拜登政府时期美韩同盟升级及中国对策

拜登政府上台以来不断恢复并强化美韩同盟关系,在尹锡悦政府上台后美韩同盟由传统的军事安全同盟逐步升级为全球全面战略同盟。美韩同盟升级呈现为:美国修复并加强美韩同盟关系,构建美日韩三边“准同盟”;韩国安全上继续追随美国,经济上深度捆绑美国。拜登政府“拉韩制华”的地缘战略考量与尹锡悦政府“倚美亲美”的追随外交共同作用,形成合力。从升级效果上看,美韩同盟升级加剧了朝鲜半岛的紧张局势和南北双方的安全困境,降低了韩国外交政策的独立性和自主性,反噬了韩国国家安全。但同盟仍受到美韩国内政治因素、韩日历史因素的制约。为应对同盟升级的对华指向,中国应该及时捕捉对话时机,加强中韩高层交往,加深经济合作以及拓宽民间沟通,为自身营造相对安全、宽松的周边环境。

“印太战略”框架下澳越关系的发展及影响

在“印太战略”框架下,近年来澳越两国关系不断升级,双方合作全面推进,两国尤其强化了在防务安全领域的合作和南海问题上的战略协调。澳大利亚希望借助与越南关系的升级提升地区影响力和彰显中等强国地位;越南则希望在南海问题上获得澳大利亚的支持。澳越关系的深化对南海局势及亚太地区秩序的稳定都将产生一定的影响。在推进两国合作制衡中国的战略盘算和应对所谓“中国威胁”的共识下,澳越两国关系将会继续深化,尤其是海洋安全领域的合作将会是两国关系的主要内容。为了维护南海局势和地区秩序的稳定,中国和东盟国家要相向而行,尽力排除域外国家介入南海争端,构建中国和东盟国家共同主导的南海地区秩序。

知识元逻辑关系抽取方法研究

知识元逻辑关系抽取关注上下文的句法结构与语法特征,通过上下文功能语义依赖定义触发词规则实现上下文范围内的关系抽取。为摆脱上下文的结构限制,本文提出一种知识元逻辑关系抽取的新方法。首先,面向领域文献资料,通过知识元抽取构建知识元集合;其次,基于领域知识特征构建知识元属性描述框架,对知识元进行全方位、细粒度的统一描述,基于知识元属性抽取构建知识元属性集合;最后,结合实际需求定义逻辑关系类型,采用逻辑关联实例分析与属性对比关联分析,以属性值的共现、包含、相关等基本关系为线索,通过特征分析与归纳总结构建逻辑关系规则库,通过规则匹配实现知识元逻辑关系抽取。以南海维权证据知识元为例,选取部分不同文本来源的证据,定义了证据间逻辑关系类型及其抽取规则,在证据知识元及其属性抽取的基础上,基于规则匹配实现南海维权证据间并列、承接、反驳与补强4种逻辑关系的抽取,构建了南海维权证据逻辑关联图谱。实证研究验证了本文方法的可行性,能够为知识元逻辑关系抽取的相关研究提供可参考的新思路。

苏丹Muglad盆地下白垩统原油破坏作用及黏度变化规律——以Fula凹陷Jake south油田Bentiu油藏为例

苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷Jake south油田在生产过程中发现下白垩统Bentiu油藏原油性质差异较大,且原油性质变化机理不清,为油藏开发带来较大困难。综合测井、试油、原油性质、原油全烃色谱、质量色谱等资料,对Bentiu油藏原油破坏作用及黏度变化规律进行了研究,结果表明,Bentiu油藏原油性质变化的主要因素为生物降解作用,水洗作用影响较弱,氧化作用影响最弱。在各种原油破坏作用影响下,由油藏油水界面处至油藏顶部,原油破坏作用逐渐减弱,破坏作用逐渐变小,API重度值逐渐升高,黏度逐渐降低。通过数理统计方法建立了Bentiu油藏50℃脱气原油黏度与其距油水界面的垂直距离、地层深电阻率、密度曲线的线性关系式,计算结果可为油藏数值模拟提供数据支持。

从敌人到战略伙伴:越美关系发展的原因与限度

2023年9月,越南与美国领导人在河内宣布建立全面战略伙伴关系,越美关系进入历史最好时期。为何越南与美国能从曾经的生死敌手演变为如今的战略伙伴?在越美关系的演变历程中,两国关系的发展受到多重因素的综合影响。首先,越美两国对解决越战遗留问题的积极态度有助于消解双方对彼此负面的历史记忆,为两国关系改善提供了前提条件。其次,大国关系变化也催化了越美关系发展。冷战后期越南跟随苏联主动改善与美国关系,实现了关系正常化并开展初步合作。自2009年起,随着美国发起对华竞争并拉拢越南,越美关系进入战略合作阶段。最后,越南对美国的发展需求、安全需求与美国对越南的经济战略需求和安全战略需求相交织,共同推动了越美合作水平的不断提升。然而,越美战略合作进一步发展仍存在制约因素,包括两国意识形态分歧、美国可靠性不足及越南避免“选边站队”的政策倾向。对此,中国在大国竞争的变局下应未雨绸缪,通过理性审慎的对越政策,管控分歧、推进合作,妥善处理好中越关系。

边界争端、威胁认知与印越在南海的战略互动态势

面对实力强于自身的国家,选择与他国合作以制衡强国,是行为体的潜在反应之一。在边界争端形势较为严峻的背景下,印度和越南不断强化在南海战略互动和合作,加剧了南海争端的复杂态势。在影响印越南海战略合作的诸多因素中,边界争端和威胁认知是关键变量。边界争端框定两国南海合作政策变化的整体方向,威胁认知左右两国行动意愿强度。当中印和中越边界争端形势均较为严峻时,支撑印越南海靠近的条件较为充分,两国在该区域的战略互动就极易发生;当任意一国和中国边界争端局势有所缓和时,支撑两国南海频繁互动的条件会相应弱化,其在南海的战略合作强度就会有所减弱。通过对中越“中建南事件”和中印“洞朗事件”进行案例比较以及个案内的过程追踪分析,该论点得到了验证。尽管边界争端和共同对华威胁感知是驱使印越强化南海互动的动力源之一,但两国战略重点的不同和高度异质的威胁感知,会增强两国南海战略互动过程的复杂性及效果的不确定性。

RCEP背景下构建面向未来的新型中韩双边经贸关系研究

文章在对中韩双边经贸合作的发展历史与现状进行分析的基础上,针对近年来中韩贸易结构性变化产生、发展的深层次原因进行了系统深入研究,主要内容包括:从产品结构、贸易依存度、贸易竞争性和贸易新动力四个维度构建了中韩双边贸易合作发展情况的分析框架,特别是RCEP的生效对上述四个方面贸易因素的影响路径以及中韩双边贸易发展趋势的分析。研究发现:中韩贸易逆转的主要原因是中韩贸易结构趋同,双边贸易的竞争性不断增强,互补性逐渐减弱。依据研究结论,文章进一步分析了RCEP协定对中韩经贸合作发展带来的新机遇和新挑战,提出了在新的国际政治经济形势下,构建面向未来的新型中韩经贸关系的对策建议。

20世纪50-80年代上海市参与国家援助巴基斯坦述论

20世纪50-80年代,随着中巴关系渐热,巴基斯坦向中国提出的援助请求渐多,作为我国“王牌”城市的上海市积极承担国家援巴任务。基于历史条件的变化,上海市参与国家对巴基斯坦的援助经历了三个阶段。通过援建成套项目与提供成套设备、为巴培训多种人才与巴方来沪考察、派遣援巴专家与技术人员、提供一般物资援助与“救灾援助”等方式,上海市向巴基斯坦提供了多方位的支援。这些援助立足于上海的优质、优势资源,以协作互助的形式实施,最终惠泽巴方政府和人民,得到受援国的高度认可,成为中国援助巴基斯坦有效性的重要例证。

美日韩三边关系的同盟化

近年来,美国不断推动其联盟战略的现代化,力图构建多层次、嵌合式的盟伴体系,美日韩三边关系的同盟化是这一态势的体现。美日、美韩是正式的同盟关系,日韩之间没有签署同盟条约,美日韩三边关系并非正式同盟。然而,其“同盟化”趋势体现在三方之间日益紧密的联系,它们不仅聚焦传统军事安全问题,还越发注重在经济安全、技术安全等领域的联动。拜登政府试图将美日韩三边同盟与美日菲、美日澳、美日印澳等小多边机制相互连结,在中国周边地区编织更为紧密的盟伴网络。这将强化中国面临的战略压力,影响中国在国际供应链、创新链中的地位,加大亚太地区“阵营对抗”和“集团冲突”的风险。

技术性贸易壁垒背后的国家利益——中韩关系视角下的实证分析

技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是国际贸易中各国频繁遭遇的问题。本文利用中韩两国2009—2018年贸易数据,探讨遭遇TBT是否受到国家关系的影响。研究发现,中韩关系的质量与韩国对中国发起的TBT数量呈现显著的负相关。进一步引入EPU作为调节变量后,发现EPU对于主效应起到调节作用。通过异质性分析,主效应在不同行业显著性存在差异。植物来源类货物和食品类货物呈现显著,动物来源类等货物则不显著。

南方丘陵山区大棚蔬菜耕地“非粮化”现象困境与出路

粮食安全是“国之大者”,耕地“非粮化”现象对粮食安全和社会经济可持续发展构成了一定的威胁.为了保障耕地资源和国家粮食安全,本文从大棚蔬菜种植的耕地“非粮化”问题入手,结合人地关系理论,深入探讨南方丘陵山区大棚蔬菜种植的耕地利用现状,分析耕地“非粮化”这一特殊现象的深层原因,探讨其形成机理,并提出相关的建议对策.针对人类社会和地理环境对耕地“非粮化”的影响,本文提出以下对策:从人地系统中“人”的角度出发,通过“留人力”“改政策”“提粮价”“建机制”等措施来引导人类活动;从人地系统中“地”的角度出发,通过“因地改棚”“因水改地”“因产改策”“因肥改田”等措施存留优质耕地,保障粮食安全.以期为政府和相关部门有效遏制耕地“非粮化”现象提供决策参考.

卢武铉时期韩国东北亚区域战略研究:以“东北亚均衡者”为中心

在全球化和相互依赖的国际环境与韩国国内独特的政治影响背景下,卢武铉政府提出东北亚区域战略,实现较好的战略效果,使朝韩关系处于历史最好时期,东北亚安全问题趋于缓和。然而,尹锡悦政府东北亚地区政策出现大转向,全面加强美日韩合作,对朝对华政策趋于强硬,加剧朝鲜半岛的紧张局势。尹锡悦政府应吸取卢武铉“东北亚均衡者”战略的经验,在其外交叙事框架下明晰韩国在东北亚地区的角色定位,以对话与合作的方式稳定东北亚安全形势,避免安全困境的加剧。

1947年澳大利亚筹备对日和约时南沙群岛的档案搜集与立场

1947年初澳大利亚为维护国家利益提议尽早缔结对日和约,并组建太平洋和约筹备委员会具体负责拟定对日和约草案。在对日领土处置时为了厘清战时为日所占之南沙群岛的归属情况,澳大利亚初步搜集了1939~1946年有关南沙群岛“争议”各方主张、日本占领南沙时的声明与英法反应、战时日本对南沙的开发利用和战后中国政府收复南沙群岛史实等6份核心档案,在此基础上,综合研判后形成南沙群岛归属上中国已实控、法方态度不明及其军事战略价值有限的认知。为此1947年7月9日筹备委员会拟定的对日和约草案只规定了日本放弃南沙群岛,未写明其归属。不过,7月15日澳大利亚驻南京公使馆发给澳外交部的第341号函电旗帜鲜明地指出,除却中国对南沙群岛提出最早主张外,因为岛上居民主要是中国渔民这一事实,别无任何可靠的权威依据,同时排除了法国对南沙群岛提出“主权诉求”的可能。尽管澳大利亚的上述立场最终未写入新一轮的对日和约草案,但其内部函电字里行间流露出的对中国拥有南沙群岛主权的认可,无疑是不可否认的。