Life history pattern of mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki (Girard, 1859) in the Tajan River (Southern Caspian Sea to Iran)

Investigation of the ecology of introduced species in new habitats can allow determinations of the degree, direction, and rate of evolutionary change. The introduction of Gambusia holbrooki in the southern Caspian Sea presents such a situation. We evaluated the life history traits of mosquitofish in the Tajan River basin. A total of 744 G. holbrooki specimens were collected between January and December 2008. The maximum observed ages are 0+ years for males and 1+ years for females. Both sexes grew allometrically (negative for males: b=2.442 and positive for females: b=3.232). The overall sex ratio is unbalanced and dominated by females. GSI values suggest that this population of G. holbrooki matures between February–July. The highest mean GSI value is 1.80 for males and 15.97 for females in May. Egg diameter ranges from 1.00 to 3.00 mm with a mean value of 2.098 mm. Absolute fecundity varied from 7 to 57 eggs. Both ova diameter and absolute fecundity were positively correlated to fish size (length and weight). Fecundity relative to total weight fluctuated from 34.44 to 582.64 eggs/g, and to total length from 2.33 to 12.95 eggs/cm. Both were negatively correlated with female size. The characteristics of this population are important with respect to life history of the species.

Critical care nurses＇ attitude towards life-sustaining treatments in South East Iran

BACKGROUND:Life-sustaining treatments(LSTs)may prolong life but greatly decrease the quality of death.One factor influencing decision-making about withholding and withdrawing these treatments is the attitude of nurses.This study aimed to evaluate the attitude of critical care nurses towards life-sustaining treatments in South East Iran.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,"Ethnicity and Attitudes towards Advance Care Directives Questionnaire"was used to investigate the attitude of 104 critical care nurses towards lifesustaining treatments in three hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences.RESULTS:The findings of this study indicated that although a majority of critical care nurses(77%)did not have personal desire for use of LSTs including CPR and mechanical ventilation,they had moderately negative to neutral attitude towards general use of LSTs(2.95 of 5).CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that nurses'attitude towards LSTs can be changed by inclusion of specific courses about death,palliative care and life-sustaining treatments in undergraduate and postgraduate nursing curricula.Educating Muslim nurses about religious aspects of LSTs may also improve their attitudes.

Estimate Erosion in Ladiz Dam in Sistan and Baluchistan with Use of Trace Minerals—South East Iran

A survey uses this new information: the statistical calculation and interpretation to determine the characteristics of sediments in the reservoir’s “Dodar Ladiz” dam. It is a useful and efficient way to use clay minerals as mineral tracer for identifying the sources and assessing erosion rate in the Dodar Ladiz dam watershed in a statistical method. The existence of four main clay minerals includes Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Illite and Chlorite. The estimated watershed erosion rate is 2220.64 tons per square kilometer per year. Data ANOVA table in the inter/intra group communication of the clay minerals in the Dodar Ladiz dam watershed samples is shown by F-test statistics;there is a significant difference between the frequency of clay minerals in the samples with 95% confidence rate (P value < 0.05). Therefore, they can be divided into six groups. The average rates of the clay minerals are not equal in any of homogeneous hydrological reservoir units of the dam. Kruskal-Wallis test shows that the rate of frequency of Iolite mineral is identical among all samples of the hydrologic units and the dam reservoir;this mineral cannot be used as a tracer to identify the source. Reviewing the obtained data from statistical tests and studying clay minerals as a trace in determining the rate of degradation of upstream catchment “Dodar Ladiz” dam, it shows that the maximum annual erosion rate is 994.85 tons per sq/km, in the basin A within a 105.13 square kilometers area. Among the most important factors involving erosion and production of basin sediments, we can refer to lithology as the most critical factor and tectonic features, topography and climate as minor factors.

Mud volcanoes in the South Caspian basin: Nature and estimated depth of its products

In paper based on the results of previous studies and latest investigations of mud volcanoes in the South Caspian basin the depth occurrence of fluid, mud and rocks are calculated and modeled. Major factors causing formation of diapirism/mud volcanism in the South Caspian basin are Pliocene-Quaternary high sedimentation rates (up to 3 km/my), super thick sedimentary cover (up to 25-30 km), predominance of clayey rocks (reaching 80%) in the section, low temperatures (with 15℃-18℃/km gradient), overpressures reaching lithostatic, the onset of petroleum generation lowered to considerable depths. The majority of the mud volcanoes are associated with the petroleum bearing structures. Depths where the liquid, gaseous and solid products of mud volcanoes are sourced appear to be different. The gases have the deepest roots (7-15 km) which are the main force in formation and activity of MVs. Source of the fluidized clayey mass does not lie below 3-4 km. Oils emitted by mud volcanoes are the product of destruction of petroleum accumulations occurring beneath them.

Survival rate among tuberculosis patients identified in south of Iran,2005-2016

Objective:To determine the survival rate of tuberculosis (TB) patients and to identify the important factors associated with the survival of these patients in southern Iran.Methods:The present retrospective cohort study extracted and reviewed available medical records of 134 TB patients undergoing TB treatment centre,during 2005 to 2016.The Survival rate of patients for the outcome of the interval from diagnosis until death was plotted using life table and Kaplan-Meier survival curve.Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to examine the simultaneous effect of variables on survival rate.The significance level was considered to be 0.05.Results:In this study,64.2% of the participants were male,73.1% had pulmonary TB and 5.22% had HIV.The survival rate of one,five and thirteen years after diagnosis were 93%.78% and 69%,respectively.The risk of death in patients with extrapulmonary TB (95% CI=1.96-15.83,P=0.001) was 5.58 times higher than in patients with pulmonary TB.The risk of death in smokers with TB (95% CI=1.74-2.46,P<0.001) was 2.07 times higher than in nonsmoker patients,and also the risk of death increased to 1.1 0 times more for a one-year increase in patient age (95% CI=1.06-1.14,P<0.001).Conclusions:The risk of death in patients with extrapulmonary TB and TB smokers was higher than other patients.Therefore,timely diagnosis and proper treatment of patients with extrapulmonary TB as well as the development and integration of smoking cessation programs are underlined and emphasized in the formulation and implementation of the National Tuberculosis Control Program.

Petrography and Tectonic Setting of Dykes in the Granitoid Intrusive, South to East-Qorveh(Kurdistan Province), Iran

The studied area is located in the south to east of the Qorveh city(Kurdistan Province)in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone.Based on field observations,the dykes are mafic to dioritic in composition,and followed by granitic dykes

Over-mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and close-to-nature forestry in northern Iran

Oriental Beech is the most important commercial tree species in northern Iran. In recent years wood production companies interested in felling large beech trees for profit have challenged advocates of close-to-nature silviculture who favor conservation. Our study objective was to assess the economic value of over-mature beech trees by relating tree diameter （DBH） to amount of decay. Based on the location of onset of decay, we categorized three types of decay as stump, stem, and crown decay. Trees of greater diameter （age） typically showed greater decay in the stem. Percent of decayed volume, diameter of decayed tissue, and length of decay in tree stems varied between 0.5%-64.3%, 15 cm-75 cm, and 2.0-19.5 m, respectively. With increasing trunk diameter, the propor- tion of truck decay increased. Red heart and dark red heart constituted 25% and 14.3% of sampled trees, respectively. However, we found no correlation between intensity of stem decay and morphological charac- teristics of trees. Seedlings were not abundant around the bases of over-mature trees, suggesting that the trees did not contribute to regeneration of the stand. Beech trees of diameter 〉1 m do not provide valu- able round wood for industries and cause to raise wood production costs. We recommend that these trees 〉1 m DBH should be retained in forest stands because of their low commercial value but high ecological and conservational values such as maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems.

Neotectonics of the Avaj region(NW Iran): left-lateral strike-slip and range-parallel reverse faults

The aim of this study is the geomorphological analysis of neotectonic deformation in the Avaj region in the NW part of the Iranian Plateau. We use observations from detailed field surveys and the analysis of digital elevation model(DEM) and satellite images(Landsat-7 ETM+, 30-m resolution) to explore a new E-W trending strike-slip fault system in the study area. The major active faults of the Avaj region are the NW-SE trending Avaj and Hassanabad fault zones. The Avaj Fault is a SWdipping reverse fault with a transport toward NE and the Hassanabad Fault is a NE-dipping reverse fault that has moved Paleozoic rocks over Cenozoic sedimentary units. Moreover, there are some E-W trending left-lateral strike-slip faults which cut Late Quaternary deposits. The relationship between the NW-SE and E-W faults indicates that the slip at the termination of the NW-SE faults changes from reverse to left-lateral strike-slip faults. The activity of the left-lateral faults has formed a series of offsets and displacements in drainage paths. These left-lateral faults probably initiated in 5±2 Ma because of the convergence between the Central Iran and the South Caspian blocks.

About retardation of a physicochemical processes in overpressured sediments, South-Caspian basin, Azerbaijan

In paper the role of excess pressures in cata- genic processes of the South-Caspian basin (SCB) is considered. The results of the carried out researches taking into account world ex- perience on the given problem allow to con- clude, that SCB (mainly its deep-water part), as well as a number of other basins of the world with overpressures, is characterized by retarda- tion of processes cracking of kerogen and oil, and also reaction of transformation of clay minerals. Periodic intensification of these pro- cesses can provoke development of diapirs and mud volcanoes, which are the centers of pulse unloading of a hydrocarbon products from sys- tem. The conclusion about high prospects of revealing of hydrocarbon accumulations in deep buried deposits in overpressured basins is made.

油气富集域早古生代以来的古地理演化及其对成藏的控制:南美-北非-中东-中亚特提斯域古地理与油气资源

鉴于中国的油气需求与国内外油气资源禀赋,合理有效利用国外油气资源以缓解国内能源需求压力,顺应能源转型与绿色发展趋势,成为国内各类油公司的时代责任与义务。地质研究是油气勘探开发的基础,因此组织了国外油气地质基础研究专栏。为便于读者更好地阅读领悟本期刊发的5篇海外区域研究论文,部分编者撰写了这篇关于5篇海外论文的整体研究背景、各自成果特色及其创新认识相关性的推介。

国际南北运输走廊发展进程与前景分析

俄乌冲突爆发后,西方国家对俄制裁趋于常态化,欧亚运输网络中经俄罗斯进入欧洲的运输路线遭遇阻碍。在此背景下,联通波罗的海、里海、印度洋的南北向国际运输走廊地缘战略意义得到提升。以俄罗斯、伊朗、印度为代表的国家正将国际南北运输走廊建设重新提上议事日程,试图在新的动荡变革时期寻求新的战略通道突破,为贸易发展与能源领域合作创造机遇。当前,国际南北运输走廊沿线国家的主观建设需求显著提升,但沿线国家发展走廊的主观需求与客观建设能力及货运需求不匹配的核心问题短期内难以解决。长远来看,国际南北运输走廊以里海—中亚为轴心,拥有与传统欧亚运输线路对接的重要潜力,有望促进欧亚运输体系的多象限发展,深度激发欧亚大陆的国际物流大通道作用。国际南北运输走廊辐射面广,需要沿线及辐射地区国家齐心协力积极应对复杂局面,共同营造多方共赢的开放发展格局。为发挥更为巨大的联通效应,国际南北运输走廊的未来发展离不开与“一带一路”倡议的务实对接。

南亚高压伊朗高压型与新疆夏季降水的联系

基于1979-2013年新疆88个站点逐日降水资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,揭示了南亚高压伊朗高压型(简称伊朗高压型)与新疆夏季(7-8月)降水的联系。结果表明,伊朗高压型是南亚高压近35年来夏季出现最多的模态,对新疆北部和东部夏季降水具有重要影响。当伊朗高压型中心偏西时,新疆大部降水偏多,反之偏少;当伊朗高压型中心南北移动时,对降水的影响类似,说明高压中心经向移动对降水的影响要大于纬向。伊朗高压型的"南北振荡",具体指伊朗高压中心偏西,脊线南北变化与新疆夏季降水的联系。当脊线偏北时,新疆上空受气旋环流控制,低纬热带海洋水汽沿青藏高原东侧绕流进入新疆上空,对应新疆大部地区夏季降水偏多,偏南降水偏少;当伊朗高压型中心偏东时,脊线变化对降水影响有限。伊朗高压型中心经向移动主要受青藏高原和伊朗高原加热影响,而纬向移动与帕米尔高原和阿拉伯半岛加热密切联系。

南里海盆地下库拉凹陷异常高压与油气成藏

南里海盆地是中、新生代发育的弧后裂谷—前陆复合盆地,其中下库拉凹陷具有快速巨厚沉积、异常高压、泥火山发育、低地热梯度的特点。探讨了下库拉凹陷异常高压形成条件、发育特征及其对油气成藏的影响。异常高压的形成主要与该区快速沉积、巨厚塑性沉积、构造挤压、泥火山活动、富含蒙脱石厚层泥岩发育有关,而温热膨胀、烃类生成、黏土矿物脱水对该区异常地层压力的贡献不大。凹陷内2000多米深度已经具有国内罕见的异常高压。由于地层岩性不同,异常高压引起的欠压实在部分构造的泥岩压实曲线和密度曲线上十分明显,而在部分构造中没有反映,并依此把下库拉凹陷中异常高压地层的泥岩压实划分为3种类型。异常高压利于该区储集层物性的保存、油气藏的封闭,控制该区油气分布,促使该区构造和圈闭形成,但也产生了严重的工程难题。

南里海盆地泥火山构造及其对油气成藏的影响

泥火山构造在地震相上为不连续、弱振幅的空白反射或杂乱反射,呈柱状与围岩不整合接触。其分布规律受盆地应力场和构造活动带的控制,在盆地边缘山前冲断带泥火山最发育,盆地中心发育较少,同一构造带上泥火山沿主断层和背斜发育带走向呈串珠状分布。泥火山构造具有幕式活动的特点,并在浅层伴生放射状正断层和塌陷补偿构造。按照泥火山构造成因和构造特征可以划分为背斜型、走滑断层型和逆冲断层型3种。区域地质背景、挤压走滑应力场下的构造活动、快速而具有特色的沉积地层和地层超压环境是该地区泥火山构造形成的主要原因。泥火山构造对油气生成、运移、聚集、保存和破坏以及构造圈闭形成、储集层发育有不同程度的影响。

原油沥青质初始沉淀压力测定与模型化计算

温度、压力及组成的改变均会造成原油中沥青质产生沉淀,导致储层伤害和井筒堵塞。文中通过自主研制的固相沉淀激光探测系统,用透光率法首次测定了伊朗南阿油田原油样品在不同温度下的沥青质初始沉淀压力;同时利用Nghiem等建立的沥青质沉淀预测的热力学模型对油样沥青质初始沉淀压力进行计算,并与实验结果拟合。结果表明:利用透光率法测定该油田油样,在44,80,123℃下的沥青质初始沉淀压力点分别为42.8,39.7,35.2 MPa;沥青质初始沉淀压力随着温度的升高,在井筒温度范围内呈线性关系。模型计算与实验结果误差不超过15%,所以利用Nghiem模型对原油沥青质的初始沉淀压力进行预测是可靠的。

中东剧变对中国海外利益的影响

2011年以来的阿拉伯政治变革运动,对中东地区包括中阿经贸、双边投资、工程承包、人员安全等在内的中国海外利益产生了直接或间接、显性或隐性的负面影响,主要体现在三个方面:一是利比亚,二是南北苏丹,三是能源供应。阿拉伯变局对中国在中东地区的海外利益提出了警示,中国应认真总结经验教训,积极应对。鉴于中国企业在这次阿拉伯变局中的受损教训,中国应为日益扩大的海外利益建立起自己的对外大战略。

伊朗、南非城市水管理体制考察

伊朗、南非均为发展中国家,水资源较为紧缺。伊朗、南非的基本情况和水资源管理现状,对于同属于发展中国家和同样水资源紧缺的我国来说,有很多值得借鉴的地方。

不扩散全球治理:现实主义视角

在全球化时代,民族国家奉行主权防务的传统没有改变。基于现实主义的视角,所有大规模毁伤性武器的扩散主要都有安全动因的驱动,解决扩散问题必须提供可信的替代安全产品,集体防御以及合作安全都具有这种功效。霸权可能导致一时的稳定,但更会引起大规模毁伤性武器扩散所带来的长期性的不稳定。同时,扩散不仅容易产生地区失稳,它也不无平衡霸权从而产生新的稳定。然而所有个体的理性,未必保证系统的整体理性。在平衡国家安全和国际安全之间,经由全球治理来交换国家安全利益从而促使人类社会分享更为普遍的安全,乃是一种更为理想的出路。

南里海盆地Kursenge油田储层特征

根据钻井、测井及分析鉴定资料，砂岩储层的岩石学特征复杂，岩屑及填隙物较多，矿物及结构成熟度偏低；但储层物性较好，总体属于中孔低渗型储层。孔隙类型以粒间孔隙为主，少量长石、岩屑溶孔及微裂缝。毛管压力特征反映出4种基本储集类型，进汞饱和度普遍较低，喉道半径偏小综合分析认为，砂岩中稳定矿物含量低，抗压抗蚀变能力弱，碳酸盐胶结作用普遍，粘土矿物舍量较高是影响储层物性的主要地质因素。

南里海盆地大油气田的形成条件与分布特征

依据南里海盆地中15个大油气田的资料,应用研究含油气系统的思路与方法,对盆地构造沉积演化及油气地质条件进行剖析,探讨了大油气田的形成条件和分布特征。研究认为,南里海盆地主要发育麦考普组-红层组含油气系统,盆地北缘的大型走滑挤压构造带的油气地质条件最为优越,目前已发现的大油气田集中分布在该构造带上。里海东西两侧岸线附近的褶皱带也具备良好的生储盖条件,有望成为盆地今后油气勘探的有利区带;麦考普组-红层组含油气系统比较年轻,油气的生、运、聚活动仍然活跃,因此,即使是目前勘探程度较高的北缘构造带,仍然具有较大的勘探潜力。