Enlightenment of Successful Experience of Rural Tourism in South Korea to Rural Tourism in Tai'an City

To revitalize rural tourism and improve the quality of life of rural residents,the successful experience of rural tourism in South Korea is used for reference,with an important significance for promoting the development of rural tourism in Tai'an City.In this paper,three successful rural tourism cases of South Korea(Shuchuan,Hannong Village,Xinli Mupianwa Village)are analyzed first,and their successful experience is summarized.On the basis of accurately grasping current situation and problems of rural tourism development in Tai'an City,the countermeasures of promoting the development of rural tourism in Tai'an City are proposed:mobilizing the enthusiasm of villagers,multi-channel access to funds,diversified talent cultivation methods,product marketing system,and rural tourism management system.

Experiences of being old and receiving home nursing care. Older South Sami narrations of their experiences—An interview study

The Sami people who are the natives of Scandinavia are not a homogeneous group. They consist of different groups of Sami populations of which the South Sami population are one small group. For the South Sami this means a problem;they have to struggle against a general ignorance about the Sami people and culture, which also may affect received home nursing care. The aim of this study is to describe individual South Sami experiences of being old and receiving home nursing care. A sample of 10 older persons with South Sami background was chosen for this study. Narrative interviews were conducted and qualitative content analysis was used to identify and categorize primary patterns in data. The experience of being an old person with South Sami background who receives home nursing care was understood through the use of the following four themes developed from the informants’ own narratives: “Experience of losses in life”;“Feelings of being less valued”;“Feelings of gratitude”;and “Experience of meaning in daily life as old”. The main finding is that the South Sami population still is exposed to an ongoing subtle colonisation. Therefore, it is important to prepare and teach nurses who work in the South Sami area in cultural care, traditional values and beliefs specific to the South Sami population.

中国区域国别学:现状审视、经验借鉴与路径探析

在全球化进程加速与世界格局深刻变动的背景下,区域国别学作为新兴学科,已然成为中国融入全球治理体系、构建人类命运共同体的关键战略支撑。从中国区域国别学的背景与现状、困境与试炼、邻国成熟经验借鉴、远景期许、构建通途以及学科交叉跨界研析六个维度展开剖析,可以发现,中国区域国别学在理论体系构建、研究方法创新、人才培养模式优化等关键方面仍有较大提升空间。通过借鉴日韩经验,中国区域国别学应深度推进跨学科研究,着力培育具备国际化视野的专业人才,积极拓展国际交流合作,以精准契合国家战略需求与全球治理变革趋势,最终为构建人类命运共同体贡献独特的中国学术智慧与力量。

锚系阵列结合水下滑翔机观测策略研究——以南海中部为例

南海复杂的地形与水动力环境给观测带来了挑战,结合多种观测手段优势互补组成海洋观测网是南海观测未来的发展方向。本文选取锚系阵列与水下滑翔机这2种主要的定点观测和移动观测手段,以南海中部为例,设计锚系阵列与水下滑翔机的布放站位,并基于区域海洋数值模式构建数据同化系统,设计观测系统模拟实验,进而通过对比不同方案下锚系阵列和水下滑翔机站位温盐数据的同化结果,探讨两者相结合的观测策略。在0~1000 m水深,模拟实验结果表明:受限于站位数量及分布位置,仅利用锚系阵列观测数据对温盐的同化精度改善有限;水下滑翔机观测数据的加入使得改进较为明显,对温度同化的改进主要体现在100~500 m,对盐度同化的改进则主要体现在100~250 m,这也分别对应初始温盐同化结果的均方根误差峰值深度区间;水下滑翔机初始布放站位与运动方式也会对实验结果产生影响,对于南海中部区域,水下滑翔机水平向右运动采样对温度的同化效果更好,在初始布放站位附近循环采样对盐度和海面高度异常同化效果更好。观测系统模拟实验结果可为南海未来的海洋观测网设计提供参考。

Overview of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment

The present paper gives an overview of the key project ' South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX)' operated by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China during the period of 1996-2001. The SCSMEX is a joint atmospheric and oceanic field experiment which aims to better understand the onset, maintenance, and variability of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS). It is a large-scale international effort with many participating countries and regions cooperatively involved in this experiment. With the field observation in May-August 1998, a large amount of meteorological and oceanic data was acquired, which provides excellent datasets for the study of the SCS monsoon and the East Asian monsoon and their interaction with the ocean. The preliminary research achievements are as follows. (1) The earliest onset of the Asian monsoon over the SCS and Indo-China Peninsula has been well documented. Prom the viewpoint of the synoptic process, its onset is closely related to the early rapid development of a twin cyclone to the east of Sri Lanka. The conceptual modei of the SCS monsoon onset in 1998 was put forward. The 50-year time series of the SCS monsoon onset date was also made. (2) Two major modes, namely the 30-60-day and 10-20-day oscillations were ascertained. The influences of the abnormal SCS monsoon on the precipitation over eastern China and its modes were identifled. A strong (weak) monsoon over the SCS usually leads to less (more) precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, and more (less) precipitation in North China. (3) During the monsoon onset over the SCS, a wide variety of organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) were observed by a Doppler radar array deployed over the northern SCS. The relationship between large-scale circulations and MCSs during the monsoon onset process in 1998 was clearly revealed. It was suggested that there is a kind of positive feedback mechanism between large-scale circulations and MCSs. (4) The SST over the SCS during the early period influences the timing of the monsoon onset date and the monsoon's intensity. During the monsoon onset, the ocean undergoes a process of energy release through air-sea interaction. During the break phase of the SCS monsoon, the ocean demonstrates the process of energy re-accumulation. Obvious differences in the air-sea turbulent flux exchange between the southern and northern parts of the SCS due to different characteristic features of the atmosphere and sea structure were observed in those regions. (5) The verification of impact of intensive observations on the predictive performance is made by the use of regional models. The air-sea coupled regional climate modei (CRCM) was also developed under the SCSMEX Project . The simulation of the oceanic circulation in 1998 produced with the modei was well compared with the observations.

Measurement of single-fish target strength in the South China Sea

We measured the target strength （TS） of three commercial fish species： whitespotted spinefoot （Siganus canaliculatus）, black porgy （Acanthopagrus schlegelii）, and creek red bream （Lutjanus argentimaculatus）, in the South China Sea. The TS of caged or tethered fish （n=76 total） was measured using a Simrad EY60 portable scientific echosounder at 120 kHz. We evaluated the relationship between TS and total length （TL, cm） for the three species. This is the first attempt to use split-beam acoustics to measure single-fish TS in the South China Sea by Chinese researchers. Our results will improve the accuracy and precision of acoustic abundance estimates of commercially important species and fi.trther the development of underwater acoustic survey techniques in fisheries in the South China Sea.

OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOMETER AND ONSHOREOFFSHORE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT IN NORTHEASTERN SOUTH CHINA SEA

Three-component Ocean Bottom Seismometers, portable land stations and marine air gun seismic sources were used to carry out an onshore-offshore deep seismic profile in northeastern South China Sea. This profile, orientated in NNW-SSE, was as long as 500 km and perpendicular to the strike of regional tectonics. The offshore data were processed in Taiwan Ocean University using a number of available software and the onshore data were analyzed in South China Sea Institute of Oceanology by new-written programs and public software. Preliminary results show that the seismic data are in good quality and contain rich information of deep structure. Seismic phases, e.g. Pg, PmP and Pn, are identified in the offset range 5～220 kin, which will provide an important dataset for the deep crustal structure and oil-gas basin evolution studies of this region.

IMPACT OF THE HEATING OVER SOUTH ASIA UPON THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH OVER WEST-PACIFIC

A case is reported, during which the Subtropical High over the Western Pacific (hereafter, SHWP in abbreviation) shifted northwestward and met-yu at Chaniiang River valley ended. Several numerical experiments onSHWP activity influenced by the heating over south Asia monsoon area are carried out, and the statistic significance of the results is checked. The results indicate that the enhancement of positive heating over South Asia willmotivate a wave-like series of anomaly centers, which propagate northeastward from the maximum heating center.so that a strong positive potential height anomaly center will set up from North China to Japan at Day X resultingin the enhancement of SHWP. Comparison of the influence upon SHWP by the heating over south Asia monsoonarea with that over ITCZ area south to SHWP is also carried out. It is pointed out that the heating over South Asiamonsoon area tends to favor SHWP north\vard movement while the heating over ITCZ area tends to thvor SHWPwestward stretching. As for the time to begin to influence on SHWP, the heating over south Asia monsoon areafavors the enhancement of SHWP atter Day 3 while that over ITCZ south to SHWP effects atter Day 5.

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Storm Surges Under Different Extreme Weather Event and Typhoon Experiments in the South Yellow Sea

In this study,a coupled tide-surge-wave model was developed and applied to the South Yellow Sea.The coupled model simulated the evolution of storm surges and waves caused by extreme weather events,such as tropical cyclones,cold waves,extratropical cyclones coupled with a cold wave,and tropical cyclones coupled with a cold wave.The modeled surge level and significant wave height matched the measured data well.Simulation results of the typhoon with different intensities revealed that the radius to the maximum wind speed of a typhoon with 1.5 times wind speed decreased,and its influence range was farther away from the Jiangsu coastal region;moreover,the impact on surge levels was weakened.Thereafter,eight hypothetical typhoons based on Typhoon Chan-hom were designed to investigate the effects of varying typhoon tracks on the extreme value and spatial distribution of storm surges in the offshore area of Jiangsu Province.The typhoon along path 2 mainly affected the Rudong coast,and the topography of the Rudong coast was conducive to the increase in surge level.Therefore,the typhoon along path 2 induced the largest surge level,which reached up to 2.91 m in the radial sand ridge area.The maximum surge levels in the Haizhou Bay area and the middle straight coastline area reached up to 2.37 and 2.08 m,respectively.In terms of typhoons active in offshore areas,the radial sand ridge area was most likely to be threatened by typhoon-induced storm surges.

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE FORMATION OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA WARM CURRENT II. BAROCLINIC CASE

In this part, Levitus’ climatological temperature and salinity are incorporated in the numerical model developed in Part I. Diagnostic and prognostic experiment on the thermohaline circulation were conducted. The smooth Levitus’ data do not include any information on the South China Sea Warm Current (SCSWC), so it is not in the model produced diagnostic thermohaline circulation. Although the SCSWC does not appear in the wind driven circulation in the barotropic case, it appears in the prognostic wind driven circulation in the baroclinic case. This implies that the differing circulation patterns between barotropic case and baroclinic case are due to the stratification. The prognostic thermohaline circulation with wind stress and inflow/outflow transports at open boundaries are also discussed. Coupling of density and dynamic forces makes the circulation pattern more complicated. Even though the stratification is not always a direct cause of the formation of the SCSWC, it is at least an indirect cause.

Western fault zone of South China Sea and its physical simulation evidences

The western fault zone of the South China Sea is a strike-slip fault system and consists of four typical strike-slip faults. It is the western border of the South China Sea. The formation of the system is due to the extrusion of Indo - China Peninsula caused by the collision of India with Tibet and the spreading of the South China Sea in Cenozoic. There are five episodes of tectonic movement along this fault zone, which plays an important role in the Cenozoic evolution of the South China Sea. By the physical modeling experiments, it can be seen the strike-slip fault undergoes the sinistral and dextral movement due to the relative movement velocity change between the South China Sea block and the Indo - China block. The fault zone controls the evolution of the pull basins locating in the west of the South China Sea.

Observation system simulation experiments using an ensemble-based method in the northeastern South China Sea

An ensemble-based method for the observation system simulation experiment(OSSE)is employed to design optimal observation stations and assess the present observation stations in the northeastern South China Sea(SCS).We employed the 20-year(1992-2012)sea surface height(SSH)data to design an array to monitor the intraseasonal to interannual variability.The results show that the most key region was found located at the northwest of Luzon Island(LI)where the energetic Luzon cyclonic gyre(LCG)occurs;other key regions include the edge of the LCG,the northwest of the Luzon Strait(LS),and the southwest of Taiwan,China.By contrast,we found that the present observation stations might oversample at the northwest of the LS and undersample at the northwest of LI.In addition,the optimal stations perform better in a larger area than the present stations.In vertical direction,the key layer is located within the upper 200-m depth,of which the surface and subsurface layers are most valuable to the observing system.

Objective array design for three-dimensional temperature and salinity observation:Application to the South China Sea

In this study,a moored array optimization tool(MAOT)was developed and applied to the South China Sea(SCS)with a focus on three-dimensional temperature and salinity observations.Application of the MAOT involves two steps:(1)deriving a set of optimal arrays that are independent of each other for different variables at different depths based on an empirical orthogonal function method,and(2)consolidating these arrays using a K-center clustering algorithm.Compared with the assumed initial array consisting of 17 mooring sites located on a 3°×3°horizontal grid,the consolidated array improved the observing ability for three-dimensional temperature and salinity in the SCS with optimization efficiencies of 19.03%and 21.38%,respectively.Experiments with an increased number of moored sites showed that the most cost-effective option is a total of 20 moorings,improving the observing ability with optimization efficiencies up to 26.54%for temperature and 27.25%for salinity.The design of an objective array relies on the ocean phenomenon of interest and its spatial and temporal scales.In this study,we focus on basin-scale variations in temperature and salinity in the SCS,and thus our consolidated array may not well resolve mesoscale processes.The MAOT can be extended to include other variables and multi-scale variability and can be applied to other regions.

Pacific-Indian interocean circulation of the Antarctic Intermediate Water around South Australia

On the basis of the salinity distribution of isopycnal（σ_0=27.2 kg/m^3） surface and in salinity minimum, the Antarctic Intermediate Water（AAIW） around South Australia can be classified into five types corresponding to five regions by using in situ CTD observations. Type 1 is the Tasman AAIW, which has consistent hydrographic properties in the South Coral Sea and the North Tasman Sea. Type 2 is the Southern Ocean（SO） AAIW, parallel to and extending from the Subantarctic Front with the freshest and coldest AAIW in the study area. Type 3 is a transition between Type 1 and Type 2. The AAIW transforms from fresh to saline with the latitude declining（equatorward）. Type 4, the South Australia AAIW, has relatively uniform AAIW properties due to the semienclosed South Australia Basin. Type 5, the Southeast Indian AAIW, progressively becomes more saline through mixing with the subtropical Indian intermediate water from south to north. In addition to the above hydrographic analysis of AAIW, the newest trajectories of Argo（Array for real-time Geostrophic Oceanography） floats were used to constructed the intermediate（1 000 m water depth） current field, which show the major interocean circulation of AAIW in the study area. Finally, a refined schematic of intermediate circulation shows that several currents get together to complete the connection between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. They include the South Equatorial Current and the East Australia Current in the Southwest Pacific Ocean, the Tasman Leakage and the Flinders Current in the South Australia Basin, and the extension of Flinders Current in the southeast Indian Ocean.

EXPERIMENTS ON ASSIMILATION OF INITIAL VALUES IN NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF A WARM-SECTOR PRECIPITATION IN SOUTH CHINA

In order to understand the impact of initial conditions upon prediction accuracy of short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation in South China, four experiments i.e. a control, an assimilation of conventional sounding and surface data, testing with nudging rainwater data and the assimilation of radar-derived radial wind, are respectively conducted to simulate a case of warm-sector heavy rainfall that occurred over South China, by using the GRAPES_MESO model. The results show that (1) assimilating conventional surface and sounding observations helps improve the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude; (2) nudging rainwater contributes to a significant improvement of nowcast, and (3) the assimilation of radar-derived radial winds distinctly improves the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude. These results serve as significant technical reference for the study on short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation over South China in the future.

川藏南线自驾游客情感体验的特征与影响机制

以流动性体验为核心的旅游形式在全球化背景下日益流行。作为大尺度流动型旅游形式典型代表的长途自驾游,因冒险、追逐自由、私密、个性化、高不确定性等特征,赋予了游客独特且复杂的情感体验。目前,学界尚缺乏从更为系统的视角关注大尺度流动情境下游客情感体验的特征、前因与影响机制的实证研究。文章基于景观感知理论,采用定量研究与定性研究相结合的方法,以川藏南线(318国道成都至拉萨段)的自驾游客为研究对象,分析游客在大尺度流动情境下的情感体验特征与影响机制。文章发现:1)自驾游客的积极情感体验未达强烈水平,情感体验(尤其是积极情感体验)伴随着自驾这一流动性实践呈现出动态变化的波动特征,且涉及多个维度;2)基于自我需要满足与否、满足程度如何这一标准,自驾游客与环境的互动(包含两组类型、6类特征)促进了他们上述情感体验的产生,并通过动态反馈机制持续影响了情感体验。上述研究发现不仅完善了有关游客情感体验前因和影响机制以及自驾入藏旅游体验的实证研究体系,还为目的地的管理与营销提供了思路。

DRAFT PROPLSAL FOR THE SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON EXPERIMENT(SCSMEX)

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Response of Phytoplankton Community Structure and Size- Fractionated Chlorophyll a in an Upwelling Simulation Experiment in the Western South China Sea

The South China Sea(SCS), which is the largest marginal sea in the western tropical Pacific, plays an important role in regional climate change. However, the research on the phytoplankton community structure(PCS) response to the upwelling remains inadequate. In January 2014, the upwelling simulation experiment was performed in the western SCS. Results indicate that the nutrient-rich bottom water not only increased the total Chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentrations, but would potentially altered the PCS. Due to new nutrients added, microphytoplankton had more sensitivity response to nutrient uptake than other phytoplankton groups. The variation of nutrients induced by formation, weakening and disappearance of upwelling resulted in phytoplankton species succession from cyanophyta to bacillariophyta. It may be the leading factor of the changes in PCS and size-fractionated Chl a. The initial concentration of DIP less than 0.1 μmol L-1 could not sustain the phytoplankton growth. This indicates that phosphorus may be the limiting factor in the western SCS.

南水北调中线总干渠污染物降解及自净能力研究

自净过程是影响河湖水体水质变化的重要因素,污染物降解系数是决定水体自净能力的关键参数。定量分析长距离输水过程中渠道本身的自净作用,对于认识总干渠水质变化过程,区分其他外源因素对水质变化的影响都有着重要意义。以高锰酸盐指数和氨氮为研究对象,采用室内实验模拟的方法测定了南水北调中线输水总干渠典型断面的污染物降解系数,并将模拟的自净衰减过程与水质实际变化过程进行对比。结果显示:①总干渠污染物降解系数k相对天然河流处于较低水平,陶岔断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.055 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.003 d^(-1),郑湾断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.049 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.003 d^(-1),大安舍断面k_(COD_(Mn))为0.032 d^(-1),k_(NH_(3)-N)为0.009 d^(-1);考虑到高锰酸盐指数实际组分复杂,渠道降解系数较模拟结果可能更低。②模拟的自净衰减过程受温度、流速的影响较大,不同条件下总干渠高锰酸盐指数将从1.8 mg/L下降至0.228~1.042 mg/L,氨氮浓度将从0.034 mg/L下降至0.026~0.030 mg/L。由于存在藻源性、大气沉降和坡面径流等外源输入增量,总干渠沿程实测高锰酸盐指数介于1.8~2.4 mg/L之间(2019年),基本维持稳定;氨氮浓度介于0.029~0.096 mg/L之间(2019年),有升高趋势。理想条件下,自净作用最大能够消减高锰酸盐指数增量的81.81%,消减氨氮增量的30.37%。研究成果可为深入认识南水北调中线总干渠输水过程中水质沿程变化提供参考。

持续照料型养老社区的东亚模式研究——以韩国K-CCRC为例

全球老龄化背景下,起源于美国的持续照料型养老社区(CCRC)模式受到东亚国家借鉴,但同时也面临着本土化的需求和困境。继日本版CCRC模式后,韩国版持续照料型养老社区(K-CCRC)模式于2021年由韩国老龄化社会和人口政策总委员会正式提出,其实践路径对中国的CCRC模式探索有参考意义。该文基于国内外CCRC东亚模式的相关研究,梳理韩国CCRC模式的发展背景,总结K-CCRC的政策和研究基础、五大推进目标、推进阶段以及多主体建设体系,通过对公寓型村社、韩国型老年共居社区和退休社区村三种K-CCRC先行模式及其典型案例的具体分析,归纳可供中国借鉴的规划框架和政策经验。