“哨兵-2”卫星影像及C2RCC算法在太湖冬春季水色分析中的应用

利用太湖2019—2022年冬春季“哨兵-2”卫星10 m分辨率的MSI影像和SNAP软件C2RCC(Case 2 Regional CoastColour)模块,以适合浑浊、富营养程度较高、光学复杂的“二类水体”的C2X-nets为模式,开展太湖叶绿素a、总悬浮物浓度、透明度等水色参数反演。结果表明:冬春季太湖各湖区叶绿素a浓度处于较低水平,但4月中旬起有明显抬升;太湖西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区总悬浮物浓度较高,表明这些湖区易受风浪影响,造成沉积物再悬浮;太湖东部沿岸区、北部湖湾及东太湖遥感反演的水体清澈度较高,可能与这些湖区冬春季沉水植物菹草的分布有关,菹草生长对水质有较好的净化效果。总体来看,基于C2X-nets模式的C2RCC反演算法从较高分辨率卫星遥感影像中提取的水色信息,能有效反映太湖冬春季水色指标的空间分布特征,可为湖体生态状况及动态变化的长期监测评估提供有价值的参考。

Exploring the moderating role of financial development in environmental Kuznets curve for South Africa:fresh evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL simulations approach

The extant literature has produced mixed evidence on the relationship between finan-cial development and ecological sustainability.This work addresses this conundrum by investigating financial development’s direct and indirect consequences on ecologi-cal quality utilizing the environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)methodological approach.Our empirical analysis is based on the novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations approach for South Africa between 1960 and 2020.The results,which used five distinct financial development measures,demonstrate that financial develop-ment boosts ecological integrity and environmental sustainability over the long and short terms.In the instance of South Africa,we additionally confirm the validity of the EKC theory.More importantly,the outcomes of the indirect channels demonstrate that financial development increases energy usage’s role in causing pollution while attenuating the detrimental impacts of economic growth,trade openness,and foreign direct investment on ecological quality.Moreover,the presence of an inadequate financial system is a requirement for the basis of the pollution haven hypothesis(PHH),which we examine using trade openness and foreign direct investment variables.PHH for both of these variables disappears when financial development crosses specified thresholds.Finally,industrial value addition destroys ecological quality while tech-nological innovation enhances it.This research provides some crucial policy recom-mendations and fresh perspectives for South Africa as it develops national initiatives to support ecological sustainability and reach its net zero emissions goal.

Revisiting the nexus between fiscal decentralization and CO_(2)emissions in South Africa:fresh policy insights

The argument over fiscal decentralization and carbon dioxide emission(CO_(2))reduction has received much attention.However,evidence to back this claim is limited.Economic theory predicts that fiscal decentralization affects environmental quality,but the specifics of this relationship are still up for debate.Some scholars noted that fiscal decentralization might lead to a race to the top,whereas others contended that it would result in a race to the bottom.In light of the current debates in environmental and development economics,this study aims to provide insight into how this relationship may function in South Africa from 1960 to 2020.In contrast to the existing research,the present study uses a novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulation approach to assess the positive and negative changes in fiscal decentralization,scale effect,technique effect,technological innovation,foreign direct investment,energy consumption,industrial growth,and trade openness on CO_(2)emissions.The following are the main findings:(i)Fiscal decentralization had a CO_(2)emission reduction impact in the short and long run,highlighting the presence of the race to the top approach.(ii)Economic growth(as represented by the scale effect)eroded ecological integrity.However,its square(as expressed by technique effect)aided in strengthening ecological protection,validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis.(iii)CO_(2)emissions were driven by energy utilization,trade openness,industrial value-added,and foreign direct investment,whereas technological innovation boosted ecological integrity.Findings suggest that further fiscal decentralization should be undertaken through further devolution of power to local entities,particularly regarding environmental policy issues,to maintain South Africa’s ecological sustainability.South Africa should also establish policies to improve environmental sustainability by strengthening a lower layer of government and clarifying responsibilities at the national and local levels to fulfill the energy-saving functions of fiscal expenditures.

Mooring observed mode-2 internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea

The mode-2 internal solitary waves(ISWs)generated by mode-2 internal tide(IT)are identified by mooring observations in the northern South China Sea(SCS)from 2016 to 2017.Two mode-2 ISWs with a re-appearance period of 24.9 h observed on 29 and 30 July 2016 are characterized by type-b ISWs.They occurred when the isotherms compressed obviously in the vertical direction.Modal decomposition of IT horizontal currents shows that the vertical compression of the isotherms is mainly caused by diurnal mode-2 IT.The analysis of the role of the density stratification reveals that a deeper and thinner pycnocline is favorable for generation of mode-2 ISWs rather than pycnocline intensity.By comparing the mode-2 nonlinear,dispersion coefficients and the Ursell numbers calculated based on the stratification associated with different kinds of ITs with the observation results,it is shown that the diurnal mode-2 IT plays a crucial role in the generation of the mode-2 ISWs.When the diurnal mode-2 IT interacts with the semidiurnal IT and causes a deeper and thinner pycnocline,the mode-2 ISWs are easily excited.

Comparative assessment of nitrogen fixation rate by ^(15)N_(2) tracer assays in the South China Sea

Nitrogen fixation is one of the most important sources of new nitrogen in the ocean and thus profoundly affects the nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical processes.The distribution,controlling factors,and flux of N2 fixation in the global ocean remain uncertain,partly because of the lack of methodological uniformity.The^(15)N_(2)tracer assay(the original bubble method→the^(15)N_(2)-enriched seawater method→the modified bubble method)is the mainstream method for field measurements of N2 fixation rates(NFRs),among which the original bubble method is the most frequently used.However,accumulating evidence has suggested an underestimation of NFRs when using this method.To improve the availability of previous data,we compared NFRs measured by three^(15)N_(2)tracer assays in the South China Sea.Our results indicate that the relationship between NFRs measured by the original bubble method and the^(15)N_(2)-enriched seawater method varies obviously with area and season,which may be influenced by incubation time,diazotrophic composition,and environmental factors.In comparison,the relationship between NFRs measured by the original bubble method and the modified bubble method is more stable,indicating that the N2 fixation rates based on the original bubble methods may be underestimated by approximately 50%.Based on this result,we revised the flux of N2 fixation in the South China Sea to 40 mmol/(m2·a).Our results improve the availability and comparability of literature NFR data in the South China Sea.The comparison of the^(15)N_(2)tracer assay for NFRs measurements on a larger scale is urgently necessary over the global ocean for a more robust understanding of the role of N2 fixation in the marine nitrogen cycle.

太湖贡湖湾2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)时空变化特征及影响因子

湖泊水体丝状蓝藻的大量出现会产生嗅味代谢物,引发由2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)主导的嗅味问题,威胁饮用水安全。太湖贡湖湾是苏州市、无锡市的重要饮用水源地,近年由2-MIB引起的水体嗅味问题时有出现,但相关研究鲜有报道。为掌握贡湖湾2-MIB时空变化特征及影响因子,研究分别于2022年3—12月和高温期间(7月29日—8月29日)开展逐月及高频调查。逐月调查结果显示,贡湖湾2-MIB浓度变化季节性差异显著,夏季浓度最高,可达124.3 ng/L。贡湖湾各点2-MIB的空间分布无明显差异。高频调查结果发现,高温期间贡湖湾入湖口附近水域2-MIB浓度变化剧烈,最高值可达1385 ng/L,超其嗅阈值(10 ng/L)近140倍。本文研究借助人工镜检及功能基因高通量测序技术,首次揭示拟浮丝藻是高温时段贡湖湾2-MIB的主要来源。主成分分析及相关性分析结果表明,水温、月均太阳辐射、总磷和叶绿素a是影响贡湖湾2-MIB逐月变化的关键环境因子。高温时段贡湖湾拟浮丝藻的时空变化主要受水温、日均太阳辐射、风力、硝态氮和溶解性总磷及微囊藻多个环境因子共同影响。

不同用量生物质炭降低华南集约化菜地土壤N_(2)O排放和提高氮肥利用率的效应

【目的】我国集约化蔬菜种植氮肥施用量大、复种指数高、农事操作频繁,导致土壤氮素损失量大,氮肥利用率低。生物质炭施用可有效改善土壤物理、化学和生物学性质,进而影响土壤氮素循环以及作物产量。比较不同生物质炭用量对土壤N_(2)O减排和作物产量的影响及作用机理,为生物质炭在蔬菜栽培中的应用提供指导。【方法】田间试验在华南地区进行,在连续两年内共种植4茬多次收获蔬菜。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、常规施氮(NF)、常规施氮+20 t/hm^(2)生物质炭(NB20)和常规施氮+40 t/hm^(2)生物质炭(NB40)处理,采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法对两年蔬菜生长季的土壤N_(2)O排放量和蔬菜产量进行测定,田间试验结束后采集土样测定土壤理化性质和酶活性。【结果】生物炭施用两年后,NB20和NB40处理的土壤全氮、pH、有效磷和脲酶活性均显著高于NF,NB20处理的pH和有效磷含量又显著高于NB40处理。两年试验NF处理菜地土壤N_(2)O排放通量范围为42.8~7233.0μg/(m^(2)·h),生物质炭处理为28.4~3188.1μg/(m^(2)·h),温度、季节和氮肥施用是引起波动的主要因素。与NF处理相比,2018、2019年NB20处理的N_(2)O累积排放量分别显著降低了64.3%、66.9%,NB40处理分别显著降低了55.8%、62.5%,但两处理之间无显著差异。与NF处理相比,NB20处理的蔬菜产量显著增加了10.1%~29.10%,产量尺度N_(2)O排放显著降低了56.4%~74.4%,氮素吸收量因而显著增加了13.9%~32.9%,两年之间多数指标变化不显著;NB40处理第一年的增产、降排效果与NB20处理无显著差异,第二年的产量和氮素利用率显著低于NB20处理,也低于第一年。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,土壤pH是影响N_(2)O排放的主要因素,土壤有效磷、pH和有机碳是影响蔬菜产量的主要因素。【结论】在华南集约化蔬菜生产中,配施生物质炭能显著缓解大量氮肥施用产生的土壤酸化,增加土壤蛋白酶和脲酶活性,进而抑制施肥诱发的土壤N_(2)O排放,提高蔬菜的氮吸收量,最终增加蔬菜产量和氮素利用率。与施用40 t/hm^(2)的处理相比,施用20 t/hm^(2)生物炭的处理提升土壤pH和产量的效果更稳定,降低单位产量N_(2)O排放和提升蔬菜氮素利用效率的效果更佳,因此常规施氮+20 t/hm^(2)生物质炭是可推荐的减排增效措施。

基于Sentinel-2与随机森林算法的太湖水生植被分布监测

基于2018—2021年太湖地区哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)卫星遥感影像和随机森林算法,结合植被敏感指数,开展太湖水生植被分布监测,综合分析了水生植被的时空变化特征,初步揭示了太湖水生植被的动态变化。结果表明,太湖水生植被分布面积有逐年上升的趋势,且年间变化具有明显的单峰型特征,表现为春季沉寂,夏季快速增长,秋季达到暴发期,冬季面积开始减退;太湖水生植被主要分布于东太湖、东部沿岸和贡湖,类型以沉水植被为主,其中浮叶植被主要分布于东太湖,挺水植被主要分布于东太湖沿岸的浅水区域;沉水植被主要分布于东部沿岸和贡湖;水生植被主要分布的东太湖水域,其水质总体优于太湖其他水域。

基于ST-ConvLSTM的南海海表面CO_(2)分压的空间和时间序列预测

海表面二氧化碳分压(pCO_(2))的未来变化趋势,对统计评估全球碳收支以及理解全球气候变化背景下的海洋酸化现象至关重要。目前传统的海面pCO_(2)预测方法大部分基于有限的实测数据,然而实测数据存在着时间和地理方面的制约,且计算成本较高。近年来,随着时空观测数据的爆炸性增长,基于深度学习的数据驱动模型在海表面pCO_(2)预测方面中表现出良好的潜力。然而,由于多种环境因素与海表面pCO_(2)之间的关系错综复杂,到目前为止尚无十分简单有效的相关模型来对海表面pCO_(2)进行预测。为应对这一挑战,利用时空卷积长短时记忆神经网络(ST-ConvLSTM)模型,通过海面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、海面盐度(sea surface salinity,SSS)、叶绿素a浓度(chl a)和海面pCO_(2)数据,预测南海的海面pCO_(2),并将2019年1~12月的数据作为测试集对模型的表现进行了验证。结果显示,ST-ConvLSTM模型的预测因子均方根误差、平均绝对误差和决定系数分别为0.981 Pa、0.711 Pa和0.997。对比卷积LSTM(ConvLSTM)、随机森林和广义回归神经网络(generalized regression neural network,GRNN)三种方法,证实本文所提出的方法在解决南海pCO_(2)预测问题上是可靠的。

基于卫星遥感的南海海-气CO_(2)通量研究

海洋是地表环境中最重要的碳库,准确估算CO_(2)在海洋与大气之间的交换对于进一步阐明其变化过程机理具有重要意义。利用南海2011—2020年的海温、风速、海平面气压等多种遥感反演数据,基于海-气分压差算法,构建了海-气CO_(2)通量遥感估算模型,并分析其时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)遥感估算模型在整个南海海域具有较好的通用性,对比实测区域数据,估算结果的平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为1.04和1.37mmol/(m^(2)·d);对于源汇区的识别准确率达到90.63%。(2)南海总体表现为弱碳源,CO_(2)通量的季节变化呈现出夏秋季高、冬春季低的特征,夏季和冬季分别为全年最高和最低。空间分布特征为南北部差异大。碳汇高值区始终位于北部,且冬季为强碳汇,而碳源高值区夏季出现在中南半岛东南部,秋季则转移到南海东北部。(3)南海三种典型区(北部陆架陆坡、中部海盆、南部陆坡)的CO_(2)通量随时间推移均呈现降低的趋势,且北部下降速度最快。2011—2020年,南海年均向大气净释放碳1.51×10^(7)t,但其碳释放量呈降低趋势,降低速度为2.03×10^(6)t/a,南海总体的“碳源”强度有所减弱。研究结果可为制定碳排放及碳交易政策提供科学参考。

A New Species of Septuconularia(Hexangulaconulariidae,Cnidaria)from Cambrian Stage 2,South China

Hexangulaconulariids,an extinct family of medusozoan small shelly fossils(SSFs),were a conspicuous component of early Cambrian,shallow marine platform communities in South China.Described herein is Septuconularia crassiformis sp.nov.from Bed 5 of the Yanjiahe Formation(Cambrian Stage 2)in the Three Gorges area of Hubei Province.The new species differs from the type and only other known species,S.yanjiaheensis,in the shape of the abapical portion and in the degree of curvature of the adapertural margin.The anatomy of the apical portion of the new species is unknown.The diagnosis of the genus Septuconularia is emended and the spatio-temporal distribution of hexangulaconulariids in South China is summarized.Finally,S.yanjiaheensis,with its slit-like aperture and very narrow transverse cross-section,may have been better adapted to the shallow platform environment than the broader S.crassiformis,which appears to have been less common than the type species.

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N_2O emission from three plantation soils in south China

The effects of fertilizers and water content on N2O emission were studied using the three most typical plantation soils. Soil incubations were performed and fertilization and water content treatments were designed. At 25% of saturated water content（SWC）, N2O emissions from the soil treated with urea, KNO3, （NH4）2 SO, and KH2 PO, were compared at application rates of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 500 kg/hm2. At 80% of SWC, similar experiments were carried out but at only one application rate（500 kg/hm^2）. N2O emissions at various water contents（20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, 80% and 100% of SWC） were studied. At low water content（25% of SWC）, neither nitrogen nor phosphorus（or potassium） fertilizers led to a high level of N2O emission, which generally ranged from 2.03 to 29.02 μg/（m^2·h）. However, at high water content（80% SWC）, the fertilizers resulted in much greater N2O emission irregardless of soil tested. The highest N2O emission rates after 24 h of water addition were 1233 lag/（ m^2 ·h） for S. superba soil, 1507 lag/（m^2 · h） for P. elliottii soil and 1869 lag/ （m^2 h） for A. mangium soil respectively. N2O emission from soils treated with urea, （NH4）2SO, and KH2PO, immediately dropped to a low level but steadily increased to a very high level for the soil treated with KNO3. High NO3^- content was a basis of high level of N2O emission. N2O emission rates from soils peaked shortly after flooding, rapidly dropping to a very low level in soil from non-legume plantations, but lasting for a relatively long period in soil from legume plantations. When soil water content increased equaling to or higher than 65%, the accumulated N2O emission over a period of 13 d ranged from 20.21-29.78 mg/m^2 for S. superba, 30.57-70.12 mg/m^2 for P. elliottii and 300.89-430.51 mg/m^2 for A. mangium. The critical water content was 50% of SWC, above which a high level of N2O emission could be expected, and below which very little N2O emissions were detected. The results suggest that, at low water content（ 〈 50% of SWC）, the fertilization practice is safe with regard to N2O emissions, but at high water content（ 〉 50% of SWC）, nitrogen fertilizer in the form of nitrate could yield a 100-fold increase in N2O emissions. Legume plantations like A. mangium should be avoided in low lands which could easily suffer from flooding or poor drainage.

New insights into marine hydrocarbon geological conditions in the South Yellow Sea Basin:evidence from borehole CSDP-2

The South Yellow Sea Basin(SYSB) has multiple sets of proven source rocks and good hydrocarbon prospects,but no industrial oil and gas has been explored at present.To solve this puzzle for petroleum geologists,we systematically investigated the marine hydrocarbon geological conditions based on cores and testing data from borehole CSDP-2,the first exploration well with continuous coring in SYSB.The qualities of source rocks are evaluated in detail according to organic matter abundance,type,and maturity.The reservoir characterization mainly includes porosity,permeability,and reservoir space.Displacement pressure test and stratum thickness are the main foundations for defining the caprocks.Then,the oil-source rock correlation in the Permian and stratum model are analyzed to determine the favorable source-reservoir-caprock assemblages.The results show that three sets of effective source rocks(the Lower Triassic,Upper Permian,and Lower Permian),two sets of tight sandstone re servoirs(the Upper Permian and Lower Silurian-Upper Devonian),and two sets of caprocks(the Lower Triassic and Carboniferous) combine to constitute the hydrocarbon reservoir-forming as se mblages of "lower-ge neration and upper-accumlation" and "self-generation and self-accumlation",thus laying a solid foundation for promising petroleum prospects.The three sets of marine source rocks are characterized by successive generation and expulsion stages,which guarantees multistage hydrocarbon accumulation.Another three sets of continental source rocks distributed across the Middle Jurassic,Upper Cretaceous,and Paleogene depression areas,especially in the Northern Depression,may supplement some hydrocarbons for the Central Uplift through faults and the Indosinian unconformity.The favorable Permian exploration strata have been identified in the Central Uplift of SYSB.First,the Lower Permian and Upper Permian source rocks with high organic matter abundance and high thermal maturity supply sufficient hydrocarbons.Secondly,the interbedding relationship between the source rocks and sandstones in the Upper Permian strata ensures that hydrocarbons have been migrated into the nearby Upper Permian sandstones,reflecting near-source hydrocarbon accumulation.Finally,the good sealing property of the Lower Triassic Qinglong Formation caprocks plays an indispensable role in hydrocarbon preservation of the Permian reservoirs.This conclusion is supported by direct oil shows,gas logging anomalous layers,and hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions.

Carbonate chemistry and the anthropogenic CO_2 in the South China Sea

In order to understand the water mass exchange between the South China Sea and the West PhilippineSea, and to study the dissolved carbonate system in the seas surrounding Taiwan Island, we participated in five WOCEcruises (Cruises 257, 262, 266, 287 and 316) aboard R/V Ocean Researcher 1. The areas studied were the South ChinaSea, the West Philippine Sea and the Bashi Channel. Temperature, salinity, pH, alkalinity and total CO2 were measured.Our data indicate that because of the interference of the submarine topography and the Kuroshio axis, there existsa 'front' south of the Lanyu Islet. East of it, the water mass belongs to the West Philippine Sea, on the west in themixed water of the South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea.The South China Sea deep water should have the characteristics similar to the water at about 2 200 m in the WestPhilippine Sea. The calculated results from the residence time, the inorganic carbon dissolution rate and the organic carbon decomposition rate show that the differences between these two water masses should be between 0. 008～0. 023 inpH, 5. 2～15. 0 μmol/kg in apparent oxygen utilization, 3. 6～10. 2 μmol/kg in alkalinity and 6. 4～18. 4 μmol/kg intotal CO2, respectively. The measured results show that there are no distinguishable differences between these two watermasses, implying a short deep water residence time of approximately 40 a.The anthropogenic CO2 penetrates to roughly 500 m, slightly shallower than found in the West Philippine Sea. Theentire South China Sea contains (0. 38±0. 1 ) × 1015 g excess CO2.

Comparison of air-sea CO2 flux and biological productivity in the South China Sea,East China Sea,and Yellow Sea:a three-dimensional physical-biogeochemical modeling study

Marginal seas play important roles in regulating the global carbon budget, but there are great uncertainties in estimating carbon sources and sinks in the continental margins. A Pacific basin-wide physical-biogeochemical model is used to estimate primary productivity and air-sea CO_2 flux in the South China Sea（SCS）, the East China Sea（ECS）, and the Yellow Sea（YS）. The model is forced with daily air-sea fluxes which are derived from the NCEP2 reanalysis from 1982 to 2005. During the period of time, the modeled monthly-mean air-sea CO_2 fluxes in these three marginal seas altered from an atmospheric carbon sink in winter to a source in summer. On annualmean basis, the SCS acts as a source of carbon to the atmosphere（16 Tg/a, calculated by carbon, released to the atmosphere）, and the ECS and the YS are sinks for atmospheric carbon（–6.73 Tg/a and –5.23 Tg/a, respectively,absorbed by the ocean）. The model results suggest that the sea surface temperature（SST） controls the spatial and temporal variations of the oceanic pCO_2 in the SCS and ECS, and biological removal of carbon plays a compensating role in modulating the variability of the oceanic pCO_2 and determining its strength in each sea,especially in the ECS and the SCS. However, the biological activity is the dominating factor for controlling the oceanic pCO_2 in the YS. The modeled depth-integrated primary production（IPP） over the euphotic zone shows seasonal variation features with annual-mean values of 293, 297, and 315 mg/（m^2·d） in the SCS, the ECS, and the YS, respectively. The model-integrated annual-mean new production（uptake of nitrate） values, as in carbon units, are 103, 109, and 139 mg/（m^2·d）, which yield the f-ratios of 0.35, 0.37, and 0.45 for the SCS, the ECS, and the YS, respectively. Compared to the productivity in the ECS and the YS, the seasonal variation of biological productivity in the SCS is rather weak. The atmospheric pCO_2 increases from 1982 to 2005, which is consistent with the anthropogenic CO_2 input to the atmosphere. The oceanic pCO_2 increases in responses to the atmospheric pCO_2 that drives air-sea CO_2 flux in the model. The modeled increase rate of oceanic pCO_2 is0.91 μatm/a in the YS, 1.04 μatm/a in the ECS, and 1.66 μatm/a in the SCS, respectively.

MODEL OF UPPER OCEANIC CIRCULATIONS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DURING NORTHEAST MONSOON

The large-scale upper oceanic circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) during the northeast monsoon was investigited using a 2 1/2-layer model inrolving entrainment and detraininent at the interface between the upper mixed layer and the seasonal thermocline. The model allows heat fluxes at the surface and at the interfaee with a reaxation scheme, the temperatures of the two active layers can vary. The model basin is idenical to the SCS lateral boundary with bottom topography of 50 m or more and is regarded as an enclosed basin by neglecting inflow and outflow through the straits, and is forced by the climetological wind stna of 12 calendar months. It was found tha the upper oceanic currents in winter were mainly wind-driven. Most aspects of streams reported by observations were simulated with eddyresolving.

江苏省及近海区域CO_(2)地质封存储层条件分析

对江苏省及近海区域地质进行了分析表明,下扬子地块发育的苏北—南黄海南部盆地为该省CO_(2)地质封存潜在目标场所。文章通过地层及岩性资料分析了CO_(2)封存适宜地层,在此基础上,根据钻井与地震测量剖面资料,阐述了各构造单元的800~3500 m深度范围存在的CO_(2)封存适宜地层的厚度,探讨CO_(2)封存空间适宜性。结果表明:盐城组下段、三垛组、戴南组、阜宁组一段与三段、赤山组砂岩具有较好CO_(2)储存空间;苏北—南黄海盆地的赤山组分布较少,盐城组、三垛组、戴南组、阜宁组地层分布范围较广;金湖凹陷、高邮凹陷、溱潼凹陷、海安凹陷、白驹凹陷、阜宁凹陷、盐城凹陷、南二凹陷、南四凹陷、南五凹陷、南七凹陷、南二低凸起具有较好的CO_(2)封存储层潜力;洪泽凹陷、临泽凹陷、涟南凹陷、涟北凹陷、南三凹陷、南六凹陷CO_(2)封存储层潜力较差。

Velocity structure in the South Yellow Sea basin based on first-arrival tomography of wide-angle seismic data and its geological implications

The South Yellow Sea basin is filled with Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sediments overlying pre-Palaeozoic and Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine sediments.Conventional multi-channel seismic data cannot describe the velocity structure of the marine residual basin in detail,leading to the lack of a deeper understanding of the distribution and lithology owing to strong energy shielding on the top interface of marine sediments.In this study,we present seismic tomography data from ocean bottom seismographs that describe the NEE-trending velocity distributions of the basin.The results indicate that strong velocity variations occur at shallow crustal levels.Horizontal velocity bodies show good correlation with surface geological features,and multi-layer features exist in the vertical velocity framework(depth:0–10 km).The analyses of the velocity model,gravity data,magnetic data,multichannel seismic profiles,and drilling data showed that high-velocity anomalies(>6.5 km/s)of small(thickness:1–2 km)and large(thickness:>5 km)scales were caused by igneous complexes in the multi-layer structure,which were active during the Palaeogene.Possible locations of good Mesozoic and Palaeozoic marine strata are limited to the Central Uplift and the western part of the Northern Depression along the wide-angle ocean bottom seismograph array.Following the Indosinian movement,a strong compression existed in the Northern Depression during the extensional phase that caused the formation of folds in the middle of the survey line.This study is useful for reconstructing the regional tectonic evolution and delineating the distribution of the marine residual basin in the South Yellow Sea basin.

Sub-seasonal Prediction of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset in the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2

This study depicts the sub-seasonal prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset(SCSSMO)and investigates the associated oceanic and atmospheric processes,utilizing the hindcasts of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)Climate Forecast System version 2(CFSv2).Typically,the SCSSMO is accompanied by an eastward retreat of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH),development of the cross-equatorial flow,and an increase in the east-west sea surface temperature(SST)gradient.These features are favorable for the onset of westerlies and strengthening of convection and precipitation over the South China Sea(SCS).A more vigorous SCSSMO process shows a higher predictability,and vice versa.The NCEP CFSv2 can successfully predict the onset date and evolution of the monsoon about 4 pentads(20 days)in advance(within 1–2 pentads)for more forceful(less vigorous)SCSSMO processes.On the other hand,the climatological SCSSMO that occurs around the 27th pentad can be accurately predicted in one pentad,and the predicted SCSSMO occurs 1–2 pentads earlier than the observed with a weaker intensity at longer leadtimes.Warm SST biases appear over the western equatorial Pacific preceding the SCSSMO.These biases induce a weaker-thanobserved WNPSH as a Gill-type response,leading to weakened low-level easterlies over the SCS and hence an earlier and less vigorous SCSSMO.In addition,after the SCSSMO,remarkable warm biases over the eastern Indian Ocean and the SCS and cold biases over the WNP induce weaker-than-observed westerlies over the SCS,thus also contributing to the less vigorous SCSSMO.

Spatial Distribution of CO2 Concentration over South America during ENSO Episodes by Using GOSAT Data

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important greenhouse gases;its concentration and distribution have important implications on climate change. The El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the Earth’s strongest climate fluctuation on inter-annual time scales and has global impacts. However, to date, there is no research on how ENSO affects the spatial distribution of CO2 concentration. In this study, we used spatial CO2 data from the ENVIronmentSATellite (ENVISAT) and the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the long duration monthly mean atmospheric CO2 from Mauna Loa Observatory, Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) from Earth System Research Laboratory to analyze the way that ENSO affects spatial distribution of CO2 concentration in South America, which is affected by ENSO seriously. Our research revealed that monthly CO2 growth rate has a moderate, positive correlation relationship with MEI. We used geostatistics to predict and simulate the spatial distribution of CO2 and found that in south of 12°S, CO2 concentration of ENSO warm episode is lower than the one of ENSO cold and neutral episodes. ENSO impacts CO2 spatial distribution mainly in November, December, January and February;moderate-high concentration zone of ENSO warm episode more concentrates in the northern part of South America.