In general, it can be argued that institutional framework a country or region designs plays a significant role in crafting, applying or even success of public policy. Drawing lessons from how Asia exploited the develo...In general, it can be argued that institutional framework a country or region designs plays a significant role in crafting, applying or even success of public policy. Drawing lessons from how Asia exploited the developmental state＇s concept by designing institutions which targeted key public policy areas such as education, health, domestic savings, and rural development, or aligned infrastructures such as roads, transport and ports, to drive economic development. The paper explores how this approach can be applied in sub-Saharan Africa （or individual countries）. The objective is to extricate constant factors impacting development both in ahistorical and atemporal terms. The investigation is guided by the key question： whether quality of institutions and institutional analysis can help explain development failures in Africa？ Hence, on one part, it probes institutions, institution-making, public policy making and what uniquely the Asian developmental state did that can help illuminate institutional role in policymaking and application. In pursuing this objective, the paper is cognisant of the question by Brousseau et al. asked, regarding generalizability of institutional capabilities, ＂If growth-enhancing institutions are identified in a specific country, can other countries learn from and transplant these＂. The investigation concludes that in public policy and development strategy-making institutions do matter as they delimit or even help create possibilities necessary for development and its sustenance, and to a certain extent, they are the vital constant （factors） that explains development differentiations in different geographic spaces or time periods.展开更多
Worldwide the issue of mycotoxins results in economic losses estimated at billions of dollars and toxicological risk for both humans and animals.Preventive measures also include decontamination and mitigation actions ...Worldwide the issue of mycotoxins results in economic losses estimated at billions of dollars and toxicological risk for both humans and animals.Preventive measures also include decontamination and mitigation actions that can be carried out through food processing.Several proposals have been tested and illustrated also in scientific papers during the last decades,however clear,easy to implement,practical suggestions and guidelines for process adaptation are much more needed.Europe and South East Asia can find synergies and complementarities moving from processing to analysis,from risk assessment to reduction strategies,from gap-analysis to communication roadmaps.Stakeholders from both Europe and Southeast Asia must then ensure that there is a way to ease and harmonize the regulation in the food supply chain in order to ensure food safety and at the same time facilitate trade in both regions,taking into account of the various landscapes,agrosystems and also different consumer preferences within the countries themselves.Concerning the example of cereals,processing steps cover primary processing(cleaning and milling operations)and secondary processing procedures(such as fermentation and thermal treatments during baking),special attention is devoted to the production of baked goods and to the estimation of processing factors for DON in wheat bread production especially in Europe.With reference instead to the specific context of Asian producers,a case-study focuses on ochratoxin A in coffee in Southeast Asia region,combining the expertise of the farming community,coffee industry and science researchers.The strategy to reduce mycotoxins in a farm setting poses several challenges to coffee farmers:it needs to be analyzed in the context of good agricultural practices,socioeconomic and behavioral factors of both coffee producers and consumers.As the world becomes more globalized,food and feed supply chains also become more complexed and hence,a more comprehensive strategy to ensure food contaminants mitigation is needed.展开更多
Introduction:In today’s globalized world where travel is commonplace,a threat in one region can easily spread throughout the whole world.It is,therefore,essential for multi-disciplinary risk assessment,risk mitigatio...Introduction:In today’s globalized world where travel is commonplace,a threat in one region can easily spread throughout the whole world.It is,therefore,essential for multi-disciplinary risk assessment,risk mitigation,and collaborative strategies to take place among various stakeholders to mitigate this.Any strategic plan to deal with biosecurity,therefore,needs to be a complete loop,top to bottom and bottom to top.This paper describes the results of Project 62,which involved mapping and biosecurity risk assessment in South East Asia.Materials and methods:The mapping and biosecurity risk assessment activities for the participating partner countries was carried out in two phases.The first phase involved risk assessment by six partnercountry bio-experts for their own countries and the second phase involved conducting a joint Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,and Threats(SWOT)analysis and risk assessment for the South East Asian region as whole,together with international bio-experts at a workshop.Results and discussion:The following key recommendations of the project show that biosecurity needs to be addressed through stakeholder engagement at multiple levels starting from the top echelons of the government to the worker who needs to recognize and understand the threats they might face:1.Systematic analysis of existing information from BWC ISU Article 10,IHR capacities,JEE,UN Security Council Resolution 1540 Action Plan,EU CBRN NAP,and other relevant sources to develop a common understanding of the definition of biosecurity for all stakeholders in the region.2.Creation of programs for awareness building in biosecurity,not limiting them to laboratory biosecurity but using an all-inclusive approach to include border biosecurity,pandemic response,etc.3.Creation of a country-specific list of high-risk biological materials.4.Compulsory standardized biosecurity training,including responsible conduct in biosecurity research.5.Framework for one-health and security interface addressing biosecurity threats.6.Framework for ensuring information security in relation to biosecurity.7.Involvement of local/regional experts in the implementation of EU-CBRN CoE projects.展开更多
Based on the thermodynamic characteristics of the summer monsoon and foe change of the lower layer wind fields, the relation between the early summer flood periods of southern China, Including the first flood period o...Based on the thermodynamic characteristics of the summer monsoon and foe change of the lower layer wind fields, the relation between the early summer flood periods of southern China, Including the first flood period of South China and the plum rains period of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the activities of the summer monsoon is analysed. The establishment processes of the summer monsoon circulation of East Asia are investigated. It is shown that the beginning and ending of the flood periods are exactly in accordance with the arrival and departure of the fore boundary of the summer monsoon. The establishment process of the circulation from the very beginning of the arrival of the monsoon to the time of great prosperity of development are not the same for each year. They can be classified into four categories. Each category may have four or three stages. Besides, the structure of the summer monsoon regime of East Asia is not unitary. There exist four types of structure model of the monsoon regime of East Asia.展开更多
Although Pleistocene red paleosols are widely distributed in South China, paleoenviron-mental interpretation has proved difficult because of intense weathering. Here we combine data from molecular fossil and magnetic ...Although Pleistocene red paleosols are widely distributed in South China, paleoenviron-mental interpretation has proved difficult because of intense weathering. Here we combine data from molecular fossil and magnetic properties to reconstruct a record of changes in pedogenic intensity for red paleosols in Southeast China. Depth distribution pattern of magnetic properties indicates that lower （higher） χ but higher （lower） values of HIRM （hard isothermal remanent magnetization） and SIRM （saturation isothermal remanent magnetization）/χ has tight relationship with the intensity of pedogenesis,especially the occurrence of well-developed net-like veins, which is absolutely responsible for the presence of anti-ferromagnetic minerals at the cost of fine-grained SP （superparamagnetic）/SD （single domain） ferrimagnetic minerals. The carbon distribution pattern of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, and n-alkanoic acids reflects the predominant contributions of microorganisms to the organic matter during pedogenesis, which provide direct evidence for strong microbial activities in response to theextremely hot-humid condition while white coarse net-like veins occurrence. Our results demonstrate that the presence of the enhanced East Asia summer monsoon has played a key role in the oxide-dominated weathering regime, and pedogenesis, and microbial activities. Changes in molecular ratios and magnetic properties are used to show that red paleosols have undergone three stages of soil formation in striking response to the evolution of the East Asia summer monsoon： （1） the most effective since the Middle Pleistocene; （2） moderately effective since 270 ka or so; （3） least effective since the last glacial. Our research provides important evidence to understand how red paleosols espond to global change since the Middle Pleistocene.展开更多
文摘In general, it can be argued that institutional framework a country or region designs plays a significant role in crafting, applying or even success of public policy. Drawing lessons from how Asia exploited the developmental state＇s concept by designing institutions which targeted key public policy areas such as education, health, domestic savings, and rural development, or aligned infrastructures such as roads, transport and ports, to drive economic development. The paper explores how this approach can be applied in sub-Saharan Africa （or individual countries）. The objective is to extricate constant factors impacting development both in ahistorical and atemporal terms. The investigation is guided by the key question： whether quality of institutions and institutional analysis can help explain development failures in Africa？ Hence, on one part, it probes institutions, institution-making, public policy making and what uniquely the Asian developmental state did that can help illuminate institutional role in policymaking and application. In pursuing this objective, the paper is cognisant of the question by Brousseau et al. asked, regarding generalizability of institutional capabilities, ＂If growth-enhancing institutions are identified in a specific country, can other countries learn from and transplant these＂. The investigation concludes that in public policy and development strategy-making institutions do matter as they delimit or even help create possibilities necessary for development and its sustenance, and to a certain extent, they are the vital constant （factors） that explains development differentiations in different geographic spaces or time periods.
基金FCT/MCTES for the financial support to CESAM,Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies,University of Aveiro,(UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020),through national funds(Portugal).
文摘Worldwide the issue of mycotoxins results in economic losses estimated at billions of dollars and toxicological risk for both humans and animals.Preventive measures also include decontamination and mitigation actions that can be carried out through food processing.Several proposals have been tested and illustrated also in scientific papers during the last decades,however clear,easy to implement,practical suggestions and guidelines for process adaptation are much more needed.Europe and South East Asia can find synergies and complementarities moving from processing to analysis,from risk assessment to reduction strategies,from gap-analysis to communication roadmaps.Stakeholders from both Europe and Southeast Asia must then ensure that there is a way to ease and harmonize the regulation in the food supply chain in order to ensure food safety and at the same time facilitate trade in both regions,taking into account of the various landscapes,agrosystems and also different consumer preferences within the countries themselves.Concerning the example of cereals,processing steps cover primary processing(cleaning and milling operations)and secondary processing procedures(such as fermentation and thermal treatments during baking),special attention is devoted to the production of baked goods and to the estimation of processing factors for DON in wheat bread production especially in Europe.With reference instead to the specific context of Asian producers,a case-study focuses on ochratoxin A in coffee in Southeast Asia region,combining the expertise of the farming community,coffee industry and science researchers.The strategy to reduce mycotoxins in a farm setting poses several challenges to coffee farmers:it needs to be analyzed in the context of good agricultural practices,socioeconomic and behavioral factors of both coffee producers and consumers.As the world becomes more globalized,food and feed supply chains also become more complexed and hence,a more comprehensive strategy to ensure food contaminants mitigation is needed.
文摘Introduction:In today’s globalized world where travel is commonplace,a threat in one region can easily spread throughout the whole world.It is,therefore,essential for multi-disciplinary risk assessment,risk mitigation,and collaborative strategies to take place among various stakeholders to mitigate this.Any strategic plan to deal with biosecurity,therefore,needs to be a complete loop,top to bottom and bottom to top.This paper describes the results of Project 62,which involved mapping and biosecurity risk assessment in South East Asia.Materials and methods:The mapping and biosecurity risk assessment activities for the participating partner countries was carried out in two phases.The first phase involved risk assessment by six partnercountry bio-experts for their own countries and the second phase involved conducting a joint Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,and Threats(SWOT)analysis and risk assessment for the South East Asian region as whole,together with international bio-experts at a workshop.Results and discussion:The following key recommendations of the project show that biosecurity needs to be addressed through stakeholder engagement at multiple levels starting from the top echelons of the government to the worker who needs to recognize and understand the threats they might face:1.Systematic analysis of existing information from BWC ISU Article 10,IHR capacities,JEE,UN Security Council Resolution 1540 Action Plan,EU CBRN NAP,and other relevant sources to develop a common understanding of the definition of biosecurity for all stakeholders in the region.2.Creation of programs for awareness building in biosecurity,not limiting them to laboratory biosecurity but using an all-inclusive approach to include border biosecurity,pandemic response,etc.3.Creation of a country-specific list of high-risk biological materials.4.Compulsory standardized biosecurity training,including responsible conduct in biosecurity research.5.Framework for one-health and security interface addressing biosecurity threats.6.Framework for ensuring information security in relation to biosecurity.7.Involvement of local/regional experts in the implementation of EU-CBRN CoE projects.
文摘Based on the thermodynamic characteristics of the summer monsoon and foe change of the lower layer wind fields, the relation between the early summer flood periods of southern China, Including the first flood period of South China and the plum rains period of the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the activities of the summer monsoon is analysed. The establishment processes of the summer monsoon circulation of East Asia are investigated. It is shown that the beginning and ending of the flood periods are exactly in accordance with the arrival and departure of the fore boundary of the summer monsoon. The establishment process of the circulation from the very beginning of the arrival of the monsoon to the time of great prosperity of development are not the same for each year. They can be classified into four categories. Each category may have four or three stages. Besides, the structure of the summer monsoon regime of East Asia is not unitary. There exist four types of structure model of the monsoon regime of East Asia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40502015,40872202,and40930210)the 111 Project of China(No.B08030)
文摘Although Pleistocene red paleosols are widely distributed in South China, paleoenviron-mental interpretation has proved difficult because of intense weathering. Here we combine data from molecular fossil and magnetic properties to reconstruct a record of changes in pedogenic intensity for red paleosols in Southeast China. Depth distribution pattern of magnetic properties indicates that lower （higher） χ but higher （lower） values of HIRM （hard isothermal remanent magnetization） and SIRM （saturation isothermal remanent magnetization）/χ has tight relationship with the intensity of pedogenesis,especially the occurrence of well-developed net-like veins, which is absolutely responsible for the presence of anti-ferromagnetic minerals at the cost of fine-grained SP （superparamagnetic）/SD （single domain） ferrimagnetic minerals. The carbon distribution pattern of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, and n-alkanoic acids reflects the predominant contributions of microorganisms to the organic matter during pedogenesis, which provide direct evidence for strong microbial activities in response to theextremely hot-humid condition while white coarse net-like veins occurrence. Our results demonstrate that the presence of the enhanced East Asia summer monsoon has played a key role in the oxide-dominated weathering regime, and pedogenesis, and microbial activities. Changes in molecular ratios and magnetic properties are used to show that red paleosols have undergone three stages of soil formation in striking response to the evolution of the East Asia summer monsoon： （1） the most effective since the Middle Pleistocene; （2） moderately effective since 270 ka or so; （3） least effective since the last glacial. Our research provides important evidence to understand how red paleosols espond to global change since the Middle Pleistocene.
