Spatio-temporal variability of chlorophyll a and its responses to sea surface temperature, winds and height anomaly in the western South China Sea

To understand the response of marine ecosystem to environmental factors, the oceanographic （physical and biochemical） data are analyzed to examine the spatio-temporal distributions of chlorophyll a （Chl a） associated with surface temperature, winds and height anomaly for long periods （1997-2008） in the western South China Sea （SCS）. The results indicate that seasonal and spatial distributions of Chl a are primarily in- fluenced by monsoon winds and hydrography. A preliminary Empirical Orthogonal Function （EOF） analysis of remotely sensed data is used to assess basic characteristics of the response process of Chl a to physical changes, which reveals interannual variability of anomalous low Chl a values corresponding to strong E1 Nifio （1997-1998）, high values corresponding to strong La Nifia （1999-2000）, low Chl a corresponding to moderate E1 Nifio （2001-2003）, upward Chl a after warm event in 2005 off the east coast of Vietnam. The variability of Chl a in nearshore and the Mekong River Estuary （MER） waters also suggests its response to these warm or cold processes. Considering the evidence for covariabilities between Chl a and sea surface temperature, winds, height anomaly （upwelling or downwelling）, cold waters input and strong winds mix- ing may play important roles in the spatial and temporal variability of high Chl a. Such research activities could be very important to gain a mechanistic understanding of ecosystem responses to the climate change in the SCS.

Trends of sea surface wind energy over the South China Sea

Studies on climate change typically consider temperature and precipitation over extended periods but less so the wind. We used the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) 24-year wind fi eld data set to investigate the trends of wind energy over the South China Sea during 1988-2011. The results reveal a clear trend of increase in wind power density for each of three base statistics (i.e., mean, 90 th percentile and 99 th percentile) in all seasons and for annual means. The trends of wind power density showed obvious temporal and spatial variations. The magnitude of the trends was greatest in winter, intermediate in spring, and smallest in summer and autumn. A greater trend of increase was found in the northern areas of the South China Sea than in southern parts. The magnitude of the annual and seasonal trends over the South China Sea was larger in extreme high events (i.e., 90 th and 99 th percentiles) compared to the mean conditions. Sea surface temperature showed a negative correlation with the variability of wind power density over the majority of the South China Sea in all seasons and annual means, except for winter (41.7%).

Comparison among four kinds of data of sea surface wind stress in the South China Sea

By using remote sensing (ERS) data, FSU data, COADS data and Hellerman & Rosen-stein objective analysis data to analyze the sea surface wind stress in the South China Sea, it is found that the remote sensing data have higher resolution and more reasonable values. Therefore we suggest that remote sensing data be chosen in the study of climatological features of sea surface wind stress and its seasonal variability in the South China Sea, especially in the study of small and middle scale eddies.

Impacts of a wind stress and a buoyancy flux on the seasonal variation of mixing layer depth in the South China Sea

The seasonal variation of mixing layer depth （MLD） in the ocean is determined by a wind stress and a buoy- ance flux. A South China Sea （SCS） ocean data assimilation system is used to analyze the seasonal cycle of its MLD. It is found that the variability of MLD in the SCS is shallow in summer and deep in winter, as is the case in general. Owing to local atmosphere forcing and ocean dynamics, the seasonal variability shows a regional characteristic in the SCS. In the northern SCS, the MLD is shallow in summer and deep in winter, affected coherently by the wind stress and the buoyance flux. The variation of MLD in the west is close to that in the central SCS, influenced by the advection of strong western boundary currents. The eastern SCS presents an annual cycle, which is deep in summer and shallow in winter, primarily impacted by a heat flux on the air-sea interface. So regional characteristic needs to be cared in the analysis about the MLD of SCS.

Chlorophyll a increase induced by surface winds in the northern South China Sea

The response of chlorophyll a （Chl a） concentration to wind stress is analyzed in the South China Sea （SCS）, using in-situ data of Chl a and remote sensing data （QuikScat-sea surface wind （SSW）, AVHRR-sea surface temperature （SST）, AVISO merged-sea level anomalies （SLA）, SeaWiFS- derived Chl a and MODIS Terra-derived Chl a） in August/September/October 2004, 2006 and 2009. The variability of SSW, SST and SLA 7 d before in-situ Chl a sampling （including the work day of in^situ Chl a sampling） with the same latitude and longitude of the study area are investigated, and the correlation coefficients are calculated between these hydrographic factors and in-situ Chl a concentration. The results show that the Chl a-SSW correlation coefficients at upper layers （such as 0 m and 25 m） are more significant than those at deeper layers （such as 50, 75 and 100 m） 1 3 d before, which indicates that there is a time lag of strong surface winds stimulating phytoplankton bloom. By analyzing the relationship among the daily remote sensing derived （RS- derived） SSW, SST, SLA and 3 d averaged SeaWiFS/MODIS-derived Chl a concentration in the northern SCS in September 2004 and 2009 respectively, it shows that the intensity and speed of surface winds could have great influence on extend of Chl a increase. If surface winds reach 4-5 m/s over, Chl a concentration would increase 1-3 d after the process of strong surface winds in open sea area of the northern SCS mainly during September.

South Pole温度风速廓线的统计分析

利用2008年South Pole的探空资料,通过大气温度和风速廓线,确定了South Pole地区冬季(6,7,8月)和夏季(12,1,2月)的大气边界层结构、边界层和对流层顶的高度。对近地面的温度、水汽压、风速和风向进行了统计分析。结果表明,South Pole大气边界层大多时候为稳定型,但在夏季也存在不稳定的情况,尤其在1月份较多;夏季夜晚的边界层平均高度为389 m,比白天的304 m大,冬季夜晚的边界层平均高度为591 m,大于夏季夜晚;夏季白天对流层顶平均高度比夜晚略大,分别为6172 m和5770m。South Pole高层大气理查森数的倒数基本都小于4,发生湍流的可能性很小。

An evaluation of input/dissipation terms in WAVEWATCH Ⅲ using in situ and satellite significant wave height data in the South China Sea

A WAVEWATCH III version 3.14（WW3） wave model is used to evaluate input/dissipation source term packages WAM3, WAM4 and TC96 considering the effect of atmospheric instability. The comparisons of a significant wave height acquired from the model with different packages have been performed based on wave observation radar and HY-2 altimetry significant wave height data through five experiments in the South China Sea domain spanning latitudes of 0°–35°N and longitudes of 100°–135°E. The sensitivity of the wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 package also has been analyzed. From the results, the model is unable to dissipate the wave energy efficiently during a swell propagation with either source packages. It is found that TC96 formulation with the ＂effective wind speed＂ strategy performs better than WAM3 and WAM4 formulations. The wind speed correction parameter in the TC96 source package is very sensitive and needs to be calibrated and selected before the WW3 model can be applied to a specific region.

Sensitivity Study of the Seasonal Mean Circulation in the Northern South China Sea

A study of the circulation in the northern South China Sea （SCS） is carried out with the aid of a three-dimensional, high-resolution regional ocean model. One control and two sensitivity experiments are performed to qualitatively investigate the effects of surface wind forcing, Kuroshio intrusion, and bottom topographic influence on the circulation in the northern SCS. The model results show that a branch of the Kuroshio in the upper layer can intrude into the SCS and have direct influence on the circulation over the continental shelf break in the northern SCS. There are strong southward pressure gradients along a zonal belt largely seaward of the continental slope. The pressure gradients are opposite in the southern and northern parts of the Luzon Strait, indicating inflow and outflow through the strait, respectively. The sensitivity experiments suggest that the Kuroshio intrusion is responsible for generating the imposed pressure head along the shelf break and has no obvious seasonal variations. The lateral forcing through the Luzon Strait and Taiwan Strait can induce the southwestward slope current and the northeastward SCS Warm Current in the northern SCS. Without the lateral forcing, there is the continental slope. The wind forcing mainly causes the The wind-induced water pile-up results in the southward no high-pressure-gradient zonal belt seaward of seasonal variation of the circulation in the SCS. high pressure gradient along the northwestern boundary of the basin. Without the blocking of the plateau around Dongsha Islands, the intruded Kuroshio tends to extend northwest and the SCS branch of the Kuroshio becomes wider and stronger. The analyses presented here are qualitative in nature but should lead to a better understanding of the oceanic responses in the northern SCS to these external influence factors.

Eddy generation mechanism in the eastern South China Sea

Mesoscale eddy generation mechanisms in the eastern South China Sea(ESCS) are investigated using altimetry observations and solutions of a nonlinear, 1?-layer reduced-gravity model. We estimate the relative roles of the wind forcing in the interior South China Sea(SCS) and the remote forcing from the western tropical Pacific(WTP)in eddy generation in the ESCS. Model solutions show that the high-frequency wind in the interior SCS is the primary forcing for eddies, which explains about 54% of the mesoscale eddies generated in the ESCS. Signals from the WTP also play an important role. Wind-driven equatorial signals reach the west coast of Luzon Island through the Sibutu Passage and Mindoro Strait. The reflected Rossby waves from the west coast of Luzon Island propagate westward, become unstable, and turn into eddies. The signals driven by high-frequency wind from the WTP explain about 40% of the mesoscale eddies generated in the ESCS. The high-frequency wind forcing in both the SCS and the WTP is important for eddy generation in the ESCS.

Estimation of extreme wind speed in SCS and NWP by a non-stationary model

In offshore engineering design, it is considerably significant to have an adequately accurate estimation of marine environmental parameters, in particular, the extreme wind speed of tropical cyclone （TC） with different return periods to guarantee the safety in projected operating life period. Based on the 71-year （1945-2015） TC data in the Northwest Pacific （NWP） by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center （JTWC） of US, a notable growth of the TC intensity is observed in the context of climate change. The fact implies that the traditional stationary model might be incapable of predicting parameters in the extreme events. Therefore, a non-stationary model is proposed in this study to estimate extreme wind speed in the South China Sea （SCS） and NWP. We find that the extreme wind speeds of different return periods exhibit an evident enhancement trend, for instance, the extreme wind speeds with different return periods by non- stationary model are 4.1%-4.4% higher than stationary ones in SCS. Also, the spatial distribution of extreme wind speed in NWP has been examined with the same methodology by dividing the west sea areas of the NWP 0°-45°N, 105°E-130°E into 45 subareas of 5° × 5°, where oil and gas resources are abundant. Similarly, remarkable spacial in-homogeneity in the extreme wind speed is seen in this area： the extreme wind speed with 50-year return period in the subarea （15°N-20°N, 115°E-120°E） of Zhongsha and Dongsha Islands is 73.8 m/s, while that in the subarea of Yellow Sea （30°N-35°N, 120°E-125°E） is only 47.1 m/s. As a result, the present study demonstrates that non-stationary and in-homogeneous effects should be taken into consideration in the estimation of extreme wind speed.

Unusual coastal ocean cooling in the northern South China Sea by a katabatic cold jet associated with Typhoon Mujigea(2015)

This study deals with a unusual cooling event after Typhoon Mujigea passed over the northern South China Sea(SCS) in October 2015. We analyze the satellite sea surface temperature(SST) time series from October 3 to 18,2015 and find that the cooling process in the coastal ocean had two different stages. The first stage occurred immediately after typhoon passage on October 3, and reached a maximum SST drop of –2℃ on October 7 as the usual cold wake after typhoon. The second stage or the unusual extended cooling event occurred after 7d of the typhoon passage, and lasted for 5d from October 10 to 15. The maximum SST cooling was –4℃ and occurred after 12d of typhoon passage. The mechanism analysis results indicate that after landing and moving northwestward to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(YGP), Typhoon Mujigea(2015) met the westerly wind front on October 5. The lowpressure and positive-vorticity disturbances to the front triggered meridional air flow and low-pressure trough,thus induced a katabatic cold jet downward from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) passing through the YGP to the northwestern SCS. The second cooling reached the maximum SST drop 4d later after the maximum air temperature drop of –9℃ on October 11. The simultaneous air temperature and SST observations at three coastal stations reveal that it is this katabatic cold jet intrusion to lead the unusual SST cooling event.

东南风低空急流影响“21·7”郑州市极端暴雨分析

利用中国气象局上海台风研究所热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)最佳路径数据、美国环境预报中心(National Center of Environmental Prediction,NCEP)最终分析格点资料(Final Analysis,FNL)及常规观测数据等,分析了2021年7月郑州极端暴雨过程的特征机理。结果表明:(1)两个TC同时远距离输送大量水汽,东南风低空急流与强降水关系密切。当东南风急流北上到太原、邢台等站后郑州市暴雨减弱。郑州市6 h降水超过62.5 mm站点数目增减与850 hPa地转偏差数值变化趋势一致。(2) 20日白天郑州站极端降水发生前,从850 hPa经500 hPa至200 hPa风向从东南风顺转为西南风。200 hPa与850 hPa水平风的垂直切变(Vertical Wind Shear,VWS)从最大值开始减小、可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)明显加大、不稳定程度减小,这些都是极端暴雨发生的有利条件。极端暴雨具有明显的湿对流特点。(3)纬、经向风变率诊断表明,最有利于郑州市850 hPa东风维持的因子是地转偏差,最有利于南风加大的因子是动量平流。动量对流促使郑州市暴雨过程850 hPa南风减小,故动量上、下传递并非850 hPa南风加大原因。

冬春两湖盆地地区大气气溶胶污染的年代际变化特征及其与东亚经向风南北反相位的联系

基于MERRA-2及ERA5逐月再分析资料,本文采用EOF分析、线性回归和合成分析等方法,分析了1980~2020年长江流域中游两湖盆地地区气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的年代际变化特征及东亚经向风南北反位相模态对其的影响。结果表明,在年代际尺度上两湖盆地地区AOD呈现非线性的变化趋势,20世纪80、90年代处于低值,21世纪初AOD持续升高,2010年后开始下降。空间场上表现为全区一致的变化特征,高值区主要位于两湖盆地中部,以洞庭湖为中心呈南北纵向分布。进一步对两湖盆地AOD年代际变化与大气环流异常关系的分析表明,在东亚经向风南北反相模的影响下,偏北风输送是影响两湖盆地AOD年代际变化的主要气象原因。在年代际尺度上,当西伯利亚高压的强度、面积增大,东亚大槽西移,西北太平洋副热带高压脊线南移时,东亚经向风南北反相模趋于正相位(即长江以北有异常偏南风、长江以南有异常偏北风)。此时,两湖盆地位于气旋性环流异常的底部,在异常的偏北风的作用下,西北地区的气溶胶向两湖盆地输送加强。且两湖盆地处于两个异常气旋性环流的中间,气压梯度小,风速偏弱,使得两湖盆地气溶胶输入大于输出,促进21世纪初AOD年代际升高。

印度洋偶极子对华南沿海地表风速变化的影响

印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)这一气候因子对印度洋周边乃至全球气候产生重要影响,在最近20多年中受到越来越多的关注;但目前尚不清楚其是否对华南沿海地表风速变化产生影响。文章依据中国华南沿海地区地表风速观测资料和最近20多年来对IOD的研究成果,应用统计分析和大气环流变化对这一问题进行分析。结果发现,除了以往提到的高—低纬度温差、北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)、太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)外,IOD活动也是影响华南沿海地区地表风速变化的重要因素之一。IOD活动的影响弱于高—低纬度温差;但相对于AO、PDO和ENSO,IOD活动对该地区地表风速的变化产生更为重要的影响。特别是伴随全球变暖的IOD活动加强是造成华南沿海地区秋季地表风速下降的重要因素。

滇南一次暖区暴雨过程的雷达反演风场分析

利用自动气象站资料、ERA5再分析资料、探空资料和CINRAD/CC普洱天气雷达数据等多源资料,对2020年8月7日滇南大暴雨过程进行天气尺度和中小尺度系统综合分析.结果表明:①此次强降水是典型的暖区暴雨过程;②500 hPa东风波和700 hPa低涡系统是主要的影响系统,200 hPa高空辐散特征加强了低层系统的发展;③本次过程发生在高湿、高能、强垂直运动的大气环境背景下,孟加拉湾低压为滇南局地强降水提供充足的水汽,水汽通量散度强度达-4.6×10^(-6) g·cm^(-2)·hPa^(-1)·s^(-1);副高在滇南地区向北凹陷有利于不稳定能量积累,∑θ_(se)≥260℃的区域与地面6 h强降水落区对应一致;特大暴雨发生期间伴随有能量和强暖平流输送;④中尺度对流系统生命史完整且漫长,回波原地生消,中心稳定少动,“列车效应”明显,低质心暖云回波贡献了短时高效的降水,导致地面降水持续时间长、强度大、落区局地性强;对流发展旺盛阶段存在明显小尺度次级环流和水平气旋式辐合,二者投影位置一致,呈现出对流系统三维立体运动特征;地面投影附近集中出现20 mm·h^(-1)以上短时强降水,最大78.6 mm·h^(-1);⑤滇南地形对东(抬升)、西(降低)两股气流截然不同的影响加剧了辐合区垂直运动发展,在“喇叭口”地形隔挡下两股气流长时间交汇对峙,为特大暴雨的形成提供了有利的地形条件.

卧龙降水稳定同位素与季风活动的关系

2003-07-2004-07在四川卧龙自然保护区对逐次降水事件进行采样,分析了降水的稳定同位素特征及其与降水量、气温和风向风速等气象参数的关系.结果表明,4-8月降水的过量氘（d-excess）值为（8.4±7.4）‰,降水由东亚季风带来的大洋水汽主导;9-10月降水的d-excess值为（-7.4±12.5）‰,降水由南亚季风带来的经过强烈分馏作用的大洋水汽主导;11月-次年3月降水的d-excess值为（12.5±12.1）‰,降水由本地蒸发水汽以及西风环流带来的内陆蒸发水汽主导.季风期降水的δD和δ^18O具降水量效应（r分别为-0.389、-0.380,p〈0.05）,次一级是气温影响（p≤0.10）.季风期降水的δD、δ^18O与南风指数呈显著负相关（r分别为-0.354、-0.390,p〈0.05）,表明降水中的稳定同位素比率对水汽来源与运输过程指示性很强,特别是南亚季风的暴发带来了稳定同位素比率和d-excess值都极低的降水.

南海北部历史水文调查资料揭示的上升流现象及形成机制

南海夏季盛行西南季风,琼东、雷州半岛东部及粤东沿岸海域季节性上升流经常发生,且受到广泛的关注。本文在处理了南海北部的历史水文调查资料时发现,除了直达海面的上升流频发区域外,还存在次表层上升流分布形态:强西南季风下,贯穿琼东、粤西、粤东沿岸的次表层上升流;粤西陆架大区域次表层上升流;珠江口外冲淡水驱动的上升流;粤东海湾陆架底层水入侵及湾内气旋环流。这些分布形态在已有文献中未见报道,或关注不多。除了夏季强西南季风的Ekman输送、风应力旋度产生的Ekman泵吸,南海海盆尺度环流的底边界层Ekman效应可能是次表层贯穿上升流不能忽略的驱动机制。上升流同期的大气环流形态表明,南海北部正风应力旋度Ekman泵吸似乎是粤西陆架次表层上升流的主要驱动机制。正风应力旋度与珠江冲淡水联合驱动了粤西陆架气旋型环流。气旋型环流的辐散利于粤西陆架次表层上升流的形成与维持。在粤东海湾,西南季风驱动的湾内垂向环流,及水平气旋型环流是陆架底层水入侵海湾的主要驱动机制。大亚湾内核电温排水热力羽流利于湾内气旋环流的加强。海湾岬角利于红海湾气旋环流的形成。除了Ekman效应,上升流形成机制还需关注更多的动力因素。

南海几种海面风应力资料的比较分析

利用卫星遥感 (ERS1 ,ERS2 )资料、综合海洋大气资料集 (COADS)资料、Hellerman与Rosenstein客观分析资料 ,提取南海海面风应力因子进行比较分析 ,发现遥感资料与其他两种资料相比 ,具有分辨率高、量值合理的特点 ,建议在研究南海海面风应力气候学特征及季节变化规律 ,尤其是中、小尺度涡旋时采用遥感资料。

ASCAT反演风场与华南及南海站点观测对比分析

利用2014—2017年华南沿海及南海的浮标站、海岛站、石油平台站、沿海自动站等277个自动站风场数据,与ASCAT反演风场进行了对比分析。结果表明,当观测风速小于5 m/s(大于15 m/s)时,ASCAT反演风速的平均绝对误差在3 m/s左右(存在2级左右的高(低)估);当风速介于5~10 m/s时,平均绝对误差在2 m/s左右(多数ASCAT有1~2级的高估);介于10~15 m/s时,ASCAT反演结果相对最好,风速、风向准确率能够达到60%以上。ASCAT对风速的反演结果受陆地影响较大,与观测风速的相关系数从高到低可分为三类:(1)浮标、平台站;(2)西沙、南沙自动站;(3)广东沿海自动站及海岛站、海南海岛站。ASCAT反演风场在风向的应用较风速更优,其中,东北风样本数最多,其次分别为西南风、东南风和西北风。浮标站、平台站、西沙自动站的风向反演质量相对较好;所有测站风向偏差主要由5 m/s以下的弱风贡献。单站多年月平均风速变化显示,ASCAT反演风速相对测站主要为正偏差,且秋冬季比春夏季偏差更大,这可能与大气稳定度有关。

西沙、南沙海域波浪及波浪能季节变化特征

采用来自ECMWF将风浪、涌浪分离的近45aERA-40海浪再分析资料,对西沙和南沙海域的海面风速、风浪有效波高、涌浪有效波高、浪级频率、波向频率的多年变化特征进行统计研究,重点讨论了西沙和南沙海域风浪能和涌浪能季节变化和稳定性特点。结果表明:南海海域涌浪能明显比风浪能稳定,西沙海域年均能流密度约8.0kW/m,风浪能流密度和涌浪能流密度大小相当,是南海波浪能的富集区;南沙海域年均能流密度约4.8kW/m涌浪,能流密度占据主导。