Critical discharge at Datong for controlling operation of South-to-North Water Transfer Project in dry seasons

Previous research shows that there is a strong correlation between saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary and discharge at Datong. In the near future, the discharge of the Yangtze River during dry seasons will decrease due to the construction and operation of large water diversion projects, including the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which will further exacerbate saltwater intrusion in the estuary. In this paper, a nested 1D river network model and a 2D saltwater numerical model are used to associate saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary with different values of discharge at Datong. It is concluded that 13 000 m3/s is the critical discharge at Datong for preventing saltwater intrusion and controlling the volume of water transferred by the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Furthermore, based on the analysis of river discharge from Datong to Xuliujing and in consideration of the influence of all of the water diversion projects, operation schemes are proposed for the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project for different hydrological years.

Geological conditions and key rock mechanics issues in the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

In terms of special geological conditions of the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the classification method for surrounding rocks is discussed by combining with the construction method of tunnel boring machine （TBM）. The classification standard of surrounding rocks is put forward on the basis of physical simulations and engineering practices. Damage, deformation and evolution of surrounding rocks induced by TBM excavation are discussed. Meanwhile, the long-term deformation mechanisms and stability of surrounding rocks are also studied. On this basis, a three-dimensional constitutive model for interbedded sandstone slate and a fiat shell-joint element-foundation system for calculating internal forces of segment lining are established. The deformation features of surrounding rocks of deep and steep interbedded sandstone slate and their influences on internal forces of segment lining are presented. Finally, the design methods of segment lining constructed in deep and steep flysch are proposed.

Forecasting Loss of Ecosystem Service Value Using a BP Network: A Case Study of the Impact of the South-to-north Water Transfer Project on the Ecological Environmental in Xiangfan, Hubei Province, China

Objective To recognize and assess the impact of the South-to-north Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) on the ecological environment of Xiangfan, Hubei Province, situated in the water-out area, and develop sound scientific countermeasures. Methods A three-layer BP network was built to simulate topology and process of the eco-economy system of Xiangfan. Historical data of ecological environmental factors and socio-economic factors as inputs, and corresponding historical data of ecosystem service value (ESV) and GDP as target outputs, were presented to train and test the network. When predicted input data after 2001 were presented to trained network as generalization sets, ESVs and GDPs of 2002, 2003, 2004... till 2050 were simulated as output in succession. Results Up to 2050, the area would have suffered an accumulative total ESV loss of RMB 104.9 billion, which accounted for 37.36% of the present ESV. The coinstantaneous GDP would change asynchronously with ESV, it would go through an up-to-down process and finally lose RMB89.3 billion, which accounted for 18.71% of 2001. Conclusions The simulation indicates that ESV loss means damage to the capability of socio-economic sustainable development, and suggests that artificial neural networks (ANNs) provide a feasible and effective method and have an important potential in ESV modeling.

Price Analysis of Water Supply for South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The factors influencing the water supply price of a hydraulic project include natural conditions and economic policies. This paper thoroughly demonstrates the water price of South-to-North Water Transfer Project from the viewpoint of economic policies. It is considered that if the project is assigned as a profitable one and built depending on commercial loan from bank completely or mostly, the water price will be too high to be undertaken by users,and if the project places the public good at first while considering the economic benefit, its investment mainly relies on the state (national or local governments) appropriation and self-raised funds and a little from the bank loan on favorable terms, the price determined according to the principle of satisfying the cost and reasonable profit will be relatively lower and can be undertaken by the users in the North China where water shortage is serious. The problem of higher water price of agricultural irrigation to the north of the Yellow River can be tackled by taking measures such as "compensating agriculture by industry" according to foreign practical experiences and relevant suggestions.

Water-saving potential evaluation of water-receiving regions in Shandong province on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project of China

Taking 13 water-receiving areas on the East Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(ERSNWDP)in Shandong Province as the study area,and comparing it with Jiangsu Province on the ERSNWDP and the Middle Route of the South-to-North(MRSNWDP),the current water-saving potential of the water-receiving areas within the municipalities of Shandong was analyzed.Different water-saving scenarios were constructed and analyzed with key water-saving indexes in various industries.These indexes include the effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water,total water consumption of industrial sectors with an added value of over 10000 RMB,average leakage rate of the urban public water supply pipe network and the penetration rate of water-saving appliances.Based on the scenarios,comprehensive water-saving potential of the 13 water-receiving area cities was calculated.The results show that the water-saving potential of the study area is at a relative high level.However,some cities still have a certain amount of water-saving potential for agriculture and industry to be elevated.Under the recommended water-saving scenario,the water-saving potential is 1.134 billion m3,accounting for 5.33%of the current total water consumption,of which 460 million m3 is in agriculture,600 million m3 in industry,is and 74.20 million m3 in urban domestic sector.Comprehensive water-saving measures for the study area were proposed from the aspects of agricultural,industrial and domestic water uses.Agricultural and industrial water saving are more significant.The major cities for agricultural water saving include Jining City,Heze City,Weifang City and Jinan City;the focus cities of industrial water saving mainly include Weihai City,Jining City and Qingdao City and etc.;the key water-saving areas for urban use mainly include Zaozhuang City,Jining City and Heze City.

Water Security Situation in Haihe River Basin after South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The over-exploitation of water resources in the Haihe River Basin （HRB） has now become a serious problem. This is clearly evidenced by the fact that many local rivers and lakes are drying up and the total amount of over-exploited groundwater has reached over 1000×10^8m^3. It is important to note that the exploitation of water resources in HRB was reasonable before 1979. After 1980, however, over-exploitation happened with an annual average amount of 40×10^8m^3. Both the dry season and rapid economic growth in HRB took place at the same time. Therefore, the over-exploitation of water in HRB was actually the negative result of the conjunction of a continuous dry season and rapid economic growth. So the over-exploitation would not be as serious as it is today if either of the above two stopped. After the first stage of south-to-north water transfer project, the water shortage problem in HRB could be eased for the following reasons： firstly, water transfer project will bring to the Basin 60x108m3 water resources; secondly, a wet season will come back eventually according to natural law of climate variability; finally, its agricultural and industrial use and total water consumption all have decreased from the peak value, so that the groundwater table will raise certainly and ecological water in rivers and lakes that were dried-up will be partly restored. In the future, the main problem of water resources security in HRB will include water pollution, operation risk of the south-to-north water transfer project, groundwater pollution and engineering geological hazards that may be brought by groundwater rise. The proposed countermeasures are as follows： keeping strengthening water demand management, raising water price as well as subsidies for the low- income family and improving other water related policies, preventing and dealing with water pollution seriously and getting fully prepared for the operation of south-to-north water transfer project.

Application of SEDEA to evaluation of degree of harmony between water resources and economic development

This paper introduces the method of data envelopment analysis （DEA） for evaluation of the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of the water conservancy area of China＇s South-to-North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）. For this evaluation, a super-efficiency DEA （SEDEA） model was developed based on the super-efficiency method. To verify the applicability of the SEDEA model, both the SEDEA model and a normal-efficiency DEA （NEDEA） model were used to evaluate the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of typical cities in the SNWDP water conservancy area. The results show that the SEDEA model ranks the degree of harmony of typical cities more efficiently than the NEDEA model, and thus can better evaluate the degree of harmony between water resources and economic development of different cities than the NEDEA model. Furthermore, the SEDEA model can be applied as an operational research tool in regional water resources management.

Coupling interaction between biodiversity and aquatic habitat area in Western Route Project vicinity

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project will divert water from the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Dadu River and Yalong River, to the upper Yellow River. The project may ease the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin. However, it may also have some effects on the ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River Basin. Benthic invertebrates play an important role in the river ecosystem, particularly in the circulation of materials and nutrition. Benthic invertebrates are widely used to quickly assess river ecosystems because of their rapid response to changes in the water environment. The diversity of benthic invertebrates is closely associated with the aquatic habitat area. This study examined this interaction by sampling the benthic invertebrates in an expanding area. The conclusions are that the diversity of benthic invertebrates begins to decrease when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 45% of the original area, and decreases dramatically when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 10% of the original area. The aquatic habitat area should be kept at more than 45% of the original area in order to maintain the significant diversity of benthic invertebrates.

The Evaluation of the Integrated Risk for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project Using the Bayesian Network Theory

南水北调工程是目前我国最大的调水工程。随着工程的建设和运行,由不确定性问题引起的风险问题越来越受到关注,工程运行的风险分析也摆在管理者的面前,如何识别、评估、降低和控制风险的发生成为南水北调工程运行中的一个重要问题。本文首次将贝叶斯网络理论引入到南水北调综合风险分析中,选取东线工程宝应抽水泵站为研究对象,利用贝叶斯网络推理功能得出宝应站运行综合风险发生的概率为0.025%,风险发生的等级为"较低"。利用情景分析的方法,得出在影响综合风险的因素中,泵站的管理维护状况条件改变时,综合风险变化最大,因此需要予以重点关注。

南水北调西线工程水源区可调水量“十问”

南水北调西线工程是我国“四横三纵”国家水网主骨架尚待建设的最后一环,而水源区可调水量是西线工程规划论证面临的焦点和难点问题。本文从水资源本底条件与演变趋势,生态环境与经济社会发展需水,调蓄水库与输水工程规模,调水对水源区及其下游水资源开发利用、水生态环境、水力发电、航运等方面影响的角度,提出了与水源区可调水量相关的10个问题;以长江上游分布式水文模型为基础,建立了南水北调西线工程水源区可调水量模拟分析模型,力图系统、定量地回答所提问题。本文的主要研究结论有:在仅考虑满足水源区河道内外生态环境和经济社会需水的前提下,“上线+下线”组合方案多年平均可调水量为1.59×10^(10)m^(3),“完全下线”方案在建设岗托水库进行联调时,多年平均可调水量将达到1.74×10^(10)m^(3);在综合考虑调水对水源区水平衡、水力发电和航运影响及其可接受程度后,南水北调西线水源区可调水量为1.22×10^(10)~1.26×10^(10)m^(3)。长远来看,应谋划西南片区水网与国家水网主骨架、“大动脉”的连接与融合,在减小南水北调西线工程调水影响的同时,提高南水北调西线工程的整体供水能力以及对气候变化等外部条件的适应性。

Simulation of Transport Channel in China's Middle Route South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The unsteady flow in the Middle Route South-to-North Water Transfer Channel was simulated numerically using an implicit solution procedure for the Saint Venant equations. An equivalent roughness was used to simulate the effect of many transfer structures on the water levels in the main channel. Various gate operating and control methods were analyzed to study the response to disturbances produced by varying the flow rates through the Tianjin outlet. The results show that when the inflow at the head changes in the same way as the sum of the flow rates through all the outlets, the transition time and the fluctuation of the water levels using the timed gate operation method are less than when using the simultaneous gate operation method, but the variations of the gate openings and flow rates through each control gate are much larger. The flow disturbances produced by the Tianjin outlet can be rectified within several channel sections and the transition time can be greatly shortened by allowing the water levels immediately upstream of the control gates to vary within proscribed ranges, rather than being held constant.

Ecological assessment of lakeshore wetland rehabilitation on eastern route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

To evaluate the ecological effects of lakeshore wetland rehabilitation on the eastern route of the Southto-NorthWater Transfer Project,species composition,coverage,height,and biomass of wetland communities at 22 sites of the study area on the shore of Nansi Lake in April and May 2007 were investigated.The wetlands under investigation were divided into platform fields,transition zones,and shallow water zones according to differences in elevations,water levels,and human activities.The species richness index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index,and Pielou Evenness index were adopted to delineate and discuss the ecological effects of lakeshore wetland rehabilitation in 22 quadrates.Results showed that the species richness of the wetland areas after 2 years’rehabilitation amounted to 47 of 24 families,higher than 25 of 20 families in areas without rehabilitation.The biodiversity index and abundance index of rehabilitated areas were also higher than those of platform fields and fish ponds where there was no rehabilitation.In addition,the Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index,and community evenness index of platform fields in rehabilitated wetland areas were 1.619,0.745,and 0.860,respectively,higher than those of the platform fields before rehabilitating.The results suggested that the constructed lakeshore wetland played an important role in protecting the diversity of species.

2-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOODING EFFECTS CAUSED BY SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER TRANSFER PROJECT

Since the General Channel designed for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in China has to cross many rivers and streams flowing from west to east, there are potentially serious effects additional flooding on the western side of the project alignment. Therefore, a 2-D numerical model for forecasting basin flood disasters was established and verified using historical flood data. The model was applied to researching the interaction between the proposed Project and flooding events for 5 streams in the Anyang River reach as a representative case study. Simulated results indicate that the model could correctly forecast the flood, submerged area and depths, and water surface elevations along the left side of the channel. The discharge capacity and location of hydraulic structures in the transfer canal alignment were analyzed. Then adjustments to the dimensions and positioning of proposed hydraulic structures were recommended at intersections, especially the addition of a channel to transfer flood water from one stream to another, which can effectively limit the sluice and protect the Anyang City from flooding.

南水北调西线水源区大型底栖动物的适宜水文条件

为探索南水北调西线工程水源区大型底栖动物群落结构及其适宜的水文条件,于2022年7月(汛期)及11月(非汛期)在南水北调西线工程水源区开展了2次大型底栖动物采样调查,共记录大型底栖动物50个分类单元。结果表明:西线水源区底栖动物群落组成以节肢动物昆虫纲(Insecta)为绝对优势,占总分类单元数的90.20%。其中,汛期以扁蜉(Heptageniidae sp.,优势度Y=19.9%)为第一优势种,非汛期以襀(Perlidae sp.,优势度Y=13.8%)为第一优势种。时间上,汛期生物密度更高,但非汛期生物多样性及物种均匀度更高;空间上,西线工程上线方案调水河段的生物多样性及生物密度明显高于下线方案。在0~1.0 m/s的流速范围内,不同流速区间的物种数及Margalef多样性指数具有显著差异;且无论是汛期还是非汛期,流速在0.5~1.0 m/s的底栖动物物种数及各项生物多样性指数均处于最高水平。在0~0.6 m的水深范围内,不同水深区间的生物量在汛期或非汛期均具有显著差异,且底栖动物密度整体在0~0.2 m区间内的平均值最高。针对水源区8个优势物种,利用栖境使用模拟法,得到西线工程水源区河流大型底栖动物优势物种的适宜水文条件为水深0.2~0.4 m、流速0.3~0.6 m/s。

基于CMIP6的气候变化对南水北调西线工程水源区径流的影响

探讨未来气候变化对南水北调西线工程水源区水文过程的影响对其调水规划及开发利用具有重要意义。利用4种SSPs-RCPs情景下CMIP6中12个全球气候模式的输出结果,驱动DTVGM模型研究21世纪气候变化对西线工程水源区径流的影响。结果表明,在SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5情景下,2021—2100年南水北调西线工程3个水源区气温、降水量、径流量均较基准期呈现不断增加的趋势,增幅随着辐射强度的升高而增大,其中金沙江水源区年径流量及年代际径流量变化较大,对气候变化的响应更为明显。未来各月平均径流也呈现出随年代增加的趋势,但不同月份增幅存在差异,枯水期月径流量相对基准期的变化较小,丰水期增量较大。根据径流与气温、降水相关分析结果,径流量对降水的改变更为敏感,降水量的变化始终对径流具有显著影响,气温对径流量的影响程度随辐射强度的升高而逐渐变大。研究结果可为南水北调西线工程水源区适应气候变化影响及水资源综合管理提供参考依据。

1990-2022年胶东调水工程调蓄水库水色时空变化数据集

胶东调水工程作为山东省骨干水网,其调蓄水库水环境状况和山东省水安全保障息息相关,利用水体颜色指标可以综合评估水库水环境状况。本文通过Landsat-5 TM、Landsat-8/9 OLI和Sentinel-2 MSI等多源卫星数据协同,利用基于FUI(Forel-Ule Index)指数的水体颜色遥感监测方法,生产了1990–2022年胶东调水工程广南水库、龙泽水库、双王城水库、峡山水库、棘洪滩水库、门楼水库、米山水库等7个调蓄水库水色时空变化数据集。数据以GeoTiff栅格格式存储,同时保存了像元FUI取值和坐标信息,便于相关的地理信息系统软件读取和分析。本数据集可以为胶东调水工程调蓄水库水环境监管、调水工程运行对调蓄水库水环境影响机制研究等提供数据支撑。

南水北调中线生态保护措施对水源区碳中和的影响——以南阳市为例

为研究南水北调中线工程调水后采取的生态保护措施对水源区碳中和的影响,以南阳市为研究区域,梳理保障南水北调调水工程运营颁布的相关政策,利用碳排放、碳吸收测算模型分别测算水源区的碳排放量和碳吸收量,分析政策驱动引致的生态保护行动对南水北调水源区减排固碳能力的影响。研究发现:南阳市的碳排放量以2014年为结点整体呈先增长后下降的阶段性特征,碳吸收量整体呈现显著上升变化趋势;南阳市的碳吸收量大于碳排放量,整体已达到“碳中和”要求;水污染治理、节能减排、水土流失治理、林业建设等保障调水的生态保护措施通过增加水源区的减排固碳能力,促进“双碳”目标实现。研究结果为双碳目标实现提供决策参考。

新疆车尔臣河灌区规模确定及取水水源优化初步探讨

新疆车尔臣河是且末县和第二师37团农业发展核心区,为解决灌区取水水源工程供水保障率低的明显“短板”问题,实现农业灌溉供水安全和提高水资源合理利用水平。文章在灌区调查的基础上,基于车尔臣河水资源优化配置,总结研判车尔臣河灌区和取水水源工程存在的主要问题,对新疆车尔臣河取水水源布局、农田灌溉规模发展潜力评估、引水水源工程优化,科学建设和发展新时代“坎儿井”灌溉系统进行研究探讨。经分析车尔臣河灌区灌溉面积维持现状73.12万亩,基本能保证灌区生产生活供水要求,灌区规模较为合适;新疆车尔臣河灌区基于利用大石门水库调节,提出依托小石门三级水电站尾水输水,对第一引水枢纽、第二引水枢纽、革命龙口、塔提让龙口、阿热勒渠首、河东右岸取水水源优化,确定最佳的3个取水水源,同时将灌区分为4个自压系统,其中车尔臣河西岸3个、东岸1个,可为类似地区取水水源工程的方案优化和灌区规模确定提供参考,具有重要的工程应用意义。

南宁市宾阳县供水水源布局方案研究

宾阳县人均水资源量少,且地处流域分水岭交界及河流源头地区,水资源开发利用难度大,资源性和工程性缺水问题严重。目前,宾阳县城区及周边乡镇大部分以地下水为主水源,供水能力不足。通过分析宾阳县城区周边水资源状况和开发利用条件,结合水源水量水质情况、宾阳县发展规划、经济合理可行等因素,对不同水源工程方案进行综合比较,最终推荐郁江调水作为宾阳县正常供水水源。

房地产项目对水源保护区的环境影响及对策分析——以房地产建设西溪饮用水源二级保护区为例

水源保护区周边的开发建设行为,在一定程度上会对水源保护区的生态环境产生一定影响。研究以西溪饮用水源二级保护区为例,分析新建房地产项目对水源保护区生态环境的影响,同时提出施工期和运营期相应的环保措施对策,针对性给出环境风险应急预案,以期为类似工程建设提供借鉴思路和价值。