Levels of economic developement and the spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in 50 U.S.states and territories and 28 European countries:an association analysis of aggregated data

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)became a global pandemic within several months after it was first reported at the end of December,2019.Countries in the Northern Hemisphere have been affected the most,including the United States and European countries.Contrary to the common knowledge that infectious diseases are more prevalent in low-and middle-income countries,COVID-19 appears to affect wealthy countries more.This paper attempts to quantify the relationship between COVID-19 infections and levels of economic development with data from the U.S.and Europe.Methods:Public domain data on the confirmed COVID-19 cases during January 1 and May 31,2020 by states and territories in the U.S.and by countries in Europe were included.Incidence rate was estimated using the 2019 total population.COVID-19 cases were associated with 2019 gross domestic product(GDP)using regression models after a logarithmic transformation of the data.The U.S.data and European data were analyzed separately,considering significant heterogeneity between the two.Results:A total of 2451691 COVID-19 cases during a 5-month period were analyzed,including 1787414 from 50 U.S.states and territories and 664277 from 28 European countries.The overall incidence rate was 5.393/1000 for the U.S.and 1.411/1000 for European countries with large variations.Lg(total cases)was significantly associated with lg(GDP)for U.S.states(=1.2579,P<0.001)and European countries(=0.7156,P<0.001),respectively.Conclusion:This study demonstrated a positive correlation between COVID-19 case incidence and GDP in the United States and 28 European countries.Study findings suggest a potential role of high-level development in facilitating infectious disease spread,such as more advanced transportation system,large metropolitan cities with high population density,better domestic and international travel for businesses,leisure,and more group activities.These factors must be considered in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic.This study focuses on the impact of economic development,many other factors might also have contributed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in these countries and states,such as differences in national and statewide anti-epidemic strategies,people's behavior,and healthcare systems.Besides,low-and middle-income countries may have an artificially low COVID-19 case count just due to lack of diagnostic capabilities.Findings of this study also encourage future research with individual-level data to detect risk factors at the personal level to understand the risk of COVID-19.

Complementary and alternative medicine in European countries legislative framework

Complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)is a set of different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,as well as the use of natural products for the treatment of patients,derived from previously known traditional methods and enriched with modern scientific knowledge.The present article reviews the available data regarding the use of CAM and the legislation behind it in European countries.The use of CAM is recorded in Europe as a whole and varies between 1070%of the population of individual European countries.At least 300,000 registered CAM providers have been identified in the European Union(EU),of which slightly more than half includes non-medical practitioners.The most practiced discipline is acupuncture,followed by homeopathy.CAM regulation and legislation in Europe is not precisely defined and is constantly striving to find a common approach.Since legal frameworks for CAM are not defined,each European country has its own regulations and legislation.In order to define universal legislation for CAM,the EU created the CAMbrella project,a project of the EU designed to find a unique system that would include the treatment of CAM in Europe.According to the data from CAMbrella,from 39 countries in the EU,17 have general CAM legislations.The status of CAM in Europe is characterized by enormous heterogeneity in all aspects,including terminology,methods,prevalence and ultimately,legal status,regulations and legislation.

The New Shift in the Cooperation of the European Union With Middle and Upper-Middle-Income Countries

The objective of this article is to analyze the new cooperation of the European Union,in particular with middle and upper-middle-income countries,in order to understand the development policy of the Union in view of the new global scenario,taking into account the new status that these countries have acquired and the implications of this entails in international cooperation processes.This leads us to delve into how the EU cooperates with the middle-income countries and more advanced developing countries.The contribution of this work addresses some of the challenges and perspectives that are currently being planned about the EU’s development policy,providing different elements of analysis and reflection on its future evolution.

Research Report on China's Policy toward Central/East European Countries

With the admission of eight Central/East European countries in May 1, 2004 in sight, realization of the objective of EU’s first phase eastern extension will signify a major step toward the concept of "a Europe kept far away from war" through promoting regional integration.

The Cooperation of Logistics Among European Countries as These Experiences for South East Countries When It Comes to the Establishment of ASEAN Economic Community

The called paper presents logistics cooperation activities in European countries, which are put in the situation of establishment of ASEAN Economic Community, particularly South East countries. This will be considered as the experience in managing by government officers as well as the board management of logistics. The authors＇ methodology is almost descriptive, theoretical analyses. In addition, conducting information-related survey and in-depth interviews by experts will be considered in case of necessary. This paper focuses on Logistic Corporation leading to result in some benefits including bringing on effective in transportation, cutting cost, and saving time; improving the transportation connectivity among countries in ASEAN area; facilitating the construction of infrastructure and legal framework, and assisting to develop regional logistic activity. In this research, the authors focus on analyzing in the period before and after 2015, they attempt to investigate the turning point in the installment of ASEAN Economic Community, including 10 countries with the signed print by the prime minister in these nations. For future research, it is suggested that the cooperation is worth taking into consideration as the innovation related to management activities in microscopes （inside business） as well as macro scopes （countries） in logistics sector. Furthermore, lessons from the success of the European market are the basis foundation for the ASEAN Economic Community in setting up a common market in the field of logistics, shortening time to avoid mistakes and making the intended plan more possible to develop regional logistic activity. Logistic cooperation among nations has played an important and critical role in formation and development of country collaboration, creating the efficiency and capacity of trade among nations of region. Consequently, this paper can provide valuable pointers for shaping AEC.

Letters of NGO Representatives from Eastern European Countries and Cuba

Editor:At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a fifteenmember delegation of 7 NGOs and relevant agencies from Poland,Hungary,Bulgaria,Serbia and Cuba visited China to attend the Seminar on Knowing about China from July 16 to 27.They went to Beijing,Shandong Province and Jiangxi

基于变化更新的中东欧国家森林覆盖制图

[目的]分析中东欧国家森林资源覆盖状况,了解中东欧各国林业的现实情形和独特优势,为中国与中东欧国家加强林业合作提供基础数据。[方法]基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台获取中东欧国家2020年生长季无云影像,利用随机森林算法对影像进行分类,应用连续变化检测和分类算法得到森林变化信息并更新初步分类结果,最终获得中东欧国家土地覆盖分类结果。利用欧盟统计局土地利用/覆盖区域框架调查(LUCAS)数据、目视解译数据以及联合国粮农组织统计数据(FAOSTAT)对本研究分类结果进行验证和评估,结合谷歌高分辨率影像对制图结果进行分析。[结果]本研究分类结果利用LUCAS数据和目视解译数据的森林类型用户精度分别为0.930和0.911,生产者精度分别为0.860和0.956,总体精度分别为0.810和0.881,整体上优于GlobeLand30 2020产品(森林类型用户精度分别为0.920和0.900,生产者精度分别为0.690和0.840,总体精度分别为0.700和0.832)。根据研究结果计算出中东欧国家总体森林覆盖率为39.6%,相比GlobeLand30 2020结果(34.4%),与FAOSTAT的森林覆盖率(40.0%)更接近。目视上看,本制图结果在细节刻画上比GlobeLand30 2020产品更丰富,更能准确反映森林分布特征。截至2020年,中东欧国家森林覆盖呈北部、东南地区和西南地区丰富密集,中部分布广泛且相对较少的特点,爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、斯洛文尼亚、黑山等国家森林分布茂密,波兰、匈牙利等国家森林分布较为稀少。[结论]针对中东欧国家森林覆盖应用需求,本研究提出基于产品变化更新的森林覆盖制图方法,生产了中东欧国家2020年森林覆盖产品。本研究方法可为大区域森林覆盖制图提供新的借鉴和参考,结果有助于宏观了解中东欧国家森林覆盖状况。

中国在中东欧国家投资的风险及防范对策研究

中国与中东欧国家建立了跨区域合作机制。中国在中东欧国家的投资面临政治风险、社会风险和法律风险。政治风险包括中东欧国家的政府稳定性风险、外交风险和战争风险。社会风险包括中东欧国家对华负面舆论的风险、暴力性群体事件的风险和劳工风险。法律风险包括中东欧国家接受欧盟法律制约的风险、严格执行合同的风险和严格执行环保法的风险。我们需要加强风险防范。我国要建立境外投资和境外经贸合作园区的风险防范的工作体系;要针对政治风险、社会风险和法律风险分别采取不同的防范措施。

欧洲儿童福利政策:比较及经验借鉴

近年来,随着中国儿童福利需求不断升级,现行的儿童福利政策难以适应新时代发展要求,完善儿童福利政策势在必行。从世界范围看,欧洲国家的儿童福利政策发展较早且较为完备,对现阶段中国儿童福利政策的完善具有十分重要的参考价值。本文以福利体制和社会福利政策分析框架为基础,选取英国、德国和瑞典三个欧洲典型国家进行深入剖析,厘清其儿童福利政策的发展方向和趋势,为中国儿童福利政策的发展提供借鉴。在“三孩政策”的背景下,中国应大力发展适度普惠型儿童福利,完善经济支持、时间和服务政策,建立多元主体共同参与的混合照顾体系,拓宽儿童福利筹资渠道,以设计出适合中国国情的儿童福利政策,通过完善儿童福利政策为生育开启“机会之窗”,并消除儿童福利需求与儿童福利供给之间的现实难题,增进儿童福祉,从而切实解决家庭后顾之忧,提升适龄人群生育意愿。

中国-中东欧国家合作机制2012—2022年区域国别研究回顾与建议

中国-中东欧国家合作机制自2012年建立以来,至2022年已走过10年的发展历程。本文旨在回顾和分析这一时期中国学者围绕中东欧国家所进行的研究,以期为未来的研究提供参考和借鉴。本文采用文献综述法,系统梳理了2012—2022年我国中东欧研究机构与学者、研究成果的产出及学科分布特征等情况。研究发现,中东欧国别与区域研究在数量和质量上均有显著提升,但仍存在一些问题,如通晓该地区的专门人才缺乏,研究方法单一,学科交叉不足等。本研究为中国-中东欧合作提供战略层面的参考,也为中东欧国别区域视域下的学术发展提供参考。

面向包容性社会的创新:欧美特殊群体文化志愿服务机制及其启示

文章基于负责任创新视角,调研了欧美国家面向特殊群体的文化志愿服务机制建设实践,总结出保障各类特殊群体的文化志愿需求、依托项目和品牌实现服务的可持续、构建长效系统的招募培训运行机制、以馆际和社会资源为抓手开展服务等四种机制建设路径,以期为完善我国志愿服务机制提供参考。

中东欧国家现代化历史进程及其影响因素

在世界现代化发展进程中,中东欧国家具有特殊性。由于长期生存在大国的“阴影”之下,中东欧民族国家的构建和现代化发展道路常常由不同大国左右甚至决定。同时,由于民族、文化和历史多样而复杂,域内的各方面认同感比较脆弱,中东欧民族国家自建立以来,就在不同的现化化道路之间来回“奔波”。中东欧国家的现代化历程表明,现代化是国家前行的一种趋势,但在时空、内容上需要结合本国特点并呼应时代要求,更需要稳定的内部环境和良好的外部环境。

The External Dimension of Europeanization and Social Conditionality： The Case of the Generalized System of Preferences

The aim of the paper is to clarify the mechanisms of external Europeanization. Studies so far claim that the more distant a country is from the EU core the more indirect the mechanisms of the external Europeanization are. The paper problematizes this claim. Empirically it focuses on the case of social conditionality （SC） as applied in the area of social trade policy. Theoretically it follows Normal Accident Theory, as adapted in the area of the EU studies. The paper focuses on the interactions of the web of actors found in this policy area. It distinguishes between complex and tightly linked interactions. It hypothesizes that the less complex and the more tightly linked actors are the more direct the mechanisms of external Europeanization. SC is a ＂social＂ trade policy instrument that the EU includes to its trade agreements with developing countries through the Generalized System of Preferences （GSP） in order to promote the ratification and application of basic human rights, and labor, sustainable development and good governance standards. The GSP is a trade policy program that allows the exemption of developing countries from exports tariffs as a way of assisting their growth and development. SC is a ＂hard＂ instrument in the sense that it consists of both a positive aspect （carrots） and a negative one （sticks）. Developing countries that ratify and apply basic human rights, and labor, sustainable development and good governance standards qualify for additional trade preferences （carrots）, while failure of compliance results to the withdrawal of the preferences （sticks）.

欧洲主要国家养老金制度改革及其启示

过去二三十年来,在不可逆转的人口老龄化趋势下,为解决公共养老金制度的财政可持续难题,欧洲国家普遍以参数调整与结构性改革相结合的方式对养老金制度进行了改革,即一方面削减公共养老金的待遇水平,另一方面创建基金制的养老支柱,让市场发挥补充作用。改革有效提升了公共养老金制度的财政可持续性,但同时也削弱了整个养老金制度的再分配性质,使养老金待遇在不同代际、不同性别、不同收入、不同技能和学历、不同就业性质等的退休者之间出现较大差异,某些群体的老年贫困风险随之上升,养老金制度的充足性受到冲击。欧洲的经验显示,养老金制度改革是一个系统工程,需统筹兼顾财政可持续性和充足性两大要素,避免顾此失彼。

中国进口中东欧国家农产品影响因素研究——基于CMS模型的因素分解及测算

为探索中国进口中东欧国家农产品贸易波动的影响因素,扩大中国自中东欧国家农产品进口,本研究基于2012—2021年联合国商品贸易统计数据库(UN Comtrade)数据,运用修正的恒定市场份额(CMS)模型,从结构效应、竞争力效应和交叉效应3个方面对中国进口中东欧双方农产品贸易的影响因素进行分解。CMS模型为评估中国进口中东欧国家农产品市场份额的变化、揭示中东欧国家在中国进口市场中的竞争地位变化提供了一个研究框架。本研究深入探讨了中国进口中东欧国家商品和服务结构的调整,审视了从中东欧国家进口的产品和服务类型的演变。结果显示:增长效应是影响中东欧国家对中国出口农产品的首要因素,表明中国农产品需求扩张是中国进口中东欧农产品增长的重要推力;中国进口中东国家农产品结构效应在逐步降低,综合竞争力效应则在稳步上升;中东欧的出口结构稳定性较强,但交叉效应呈现负相关关系,克服交叉效应的阻碍作用是应对中东欧对中国出口份额减少的有效方法。最后,从拓展市场增长点、优化产品结构、提高产品市场竞争力、推进多边合作等方面提出了促进中国和中东欧国家农产品贸易的对策建议。

中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系的样态表征、影响因素与纾解之策

中文纳入目标国国民教育体系是国际中文教育当地化的最佳体现,是衡量国际中文教育发展水平的重要指标。中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系区域国别特征明显,前景广阔,具有华文教育辐射作用、孔子学院/课堂开设等方面优势,但同时存在着教育资源供需矛盾突出、缺乏深厚民众基础的劣势。中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系拥有语言教育政策支持、经贸合作不断深化、教育互动持续良好的契机,同时面临着国际关系变化、外语市场激烈竞争的威胁。探索全面推进中文纳入中东欧国家国民教育体系的区域性纾解之策,要坚持以中东欧为主导的中外配合协作机制,满足和激发中东欧中文教育的多层次需求,利用多元化的媒介展示真实、立体、全面的中国,推动中东欧中文教育研究智库或联盟建设,为加速推进中文纳入更多中东欧国家国民教育体系提供方案。

中国与中东欧国家高技术产品贸易波动因素研究——基于CMS模型

为探索中国与中东欧国家高技术产品贸易的波动影响因素,深化中国与中东欧国家贸易合作,文章基于2012-2021年九大类高技术产品贸易数据,运用恒定市场模型(CMS)分析方法,对中国与中东欧国家高技术产品贸易波动影响因素进行分解和测算。结果显示:中东欧国家对高技术产品市场需求是促进中国对中东欧国家高技术产品出口的首要因素,而中国的高技术产品出口结构与中东欧国家进口结构互补性较低。中东欧国家高技术产品的竞争力促进了中国从中东欧国家进口,但随着时间迁移,中东欧国家高技术产品在中国市场竞争力在减弱。中国进口需求结构与中东欧国家出口结构互补性较低,但自2012年中国与中东欧国家合作机制建立以后,互补性有所提升。

中国与中东欧国家文化关系史研究的十个基本问题

“中国与中东欧国家文化关系史研究”是中外文化关系研究领域的一个新方向。本文从方法论的角度对中国与中东欧国家文化关系史研究的十个方面进行了初步思考,主要涉及核心概念与研究疆界的厘定、研究基础与研究范式的回溯、拓展研究与学术创新的空间、研究方法的选择、作为研究前提的新史料发掘、专题编目工作的意义与类别、口述史料的搜集与高端访谈、文字与风格、多元文化对话的视界与本质、文化关系史研究之鉴往知来等问题。

中东欧国家绿色发展背景下长江经济带的出口贸易效率研究

长江经济带是我国对外贸易的主要力量,其与中东欧的经贸联系与合作日益密切。为探究中东欧国家绿色发展对长江经济带出口贸易的影响机制及贸易效率,构建随机前沿引力模型,并结合熵权法选择贸易非效率模型中的绿色发展变量,得到变量的作用机制以及双边贸易效率,研究结果表明:中东欧国家绿色发展水平在整体上表现为对长江经济带出口贸易的促进作用,但不同解释变量作用方向不同;长江经济带对中东欧国家的出口贸易效率均值为0.568,国家之间差异明显,多数中东欧国家属于市场扩张型和发展型;波兰、罗马尼亚、捷克的贸易潜力较大,而波黑、摩尔多瓦的贸易潜力值偏小,贸易拓展空间巨大;长江经济带出口贸易效率有明显的空间异质性,上游和下游的出口贸易效率值较高。

中国—中东欧国家高等教育合作十年回顾与展望

中国—中东欧国家合作机制建立至今已有十年,期间中国—中东欧国家高等教育合作呈螺旋上升态势,硕果累累的同时挑战重重。文章将中国—中东欧国家十年的高等教育合作划分为启动期、加速期和创新期三个发展阶段,合作在机制、层次、形式和内容等方面均取得瞩目成就。与此同时,合作发展也面临地缘政治不确定性增强、结构布局不均衡、成效评估亟待加强等挑战。中国—中东欧国家高等教育合作后续发展的突破口在于注重长远布局,加强共同体建设和质量建设,走内涵式发展之路。