Optimization of water-urban-agricultural-ecological land use pattern:A case study of Guanzhong Basin in the southern Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province,China

Extensive land use will cause many environmental problems.It is an urgent task to improve land use efficiency and optimize land use patterns.In recent years,due to the flow decrease,the Guanzhong Basin in Shaanxi Province is confronted with the problem of insufficient water resources reserve.Based on the Coupled Ground-Water and Surface-Water Flow Model(GSFLOW),this paper evaluates the response of water resources in the basin to changes in land use patterns,optimizes the land use pattern,improves the ecological and economic benefits,and the efficiency of various spatial development,providing a reference for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.The research shows that the land use pattern in the Guanzhong Basin should be further optimized.Under the condition of considering ecological and economic development,the percentage change of the optimum area of farmland,forest,grassland,water area,and urban area compared with the current land use area ratio is+2.3,+2.4,-6.1,+0.2,and+1.6,respectively.The economic and ecological value of land increases by14.1%and 3.1%,respectively,and the number of water resources can increase by 2.5%.

Main Detrainment Height of Deep Convection Systems over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Southern Slope

Deep convection systems (DCSs) can rapidly lift water vapor and other pollutants from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The main detrainment height determines the level to which the air parcel is lifted. We analyzed the main detrainment height over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope based on the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar 2B_GEOPROF dataset and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Level 2 cloud ice product onboard the Atrain constellation of Earth-observing satellites. It was found that the DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope have a higher main detrainment height (about 10-16 km) than other regions in the same latitude. The mean main detrainment heights are 12.9 and 13.3 km over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope, respectively. The cloud ice water path decreases by 16.8% after excluding the influences of DCSs, and the height with the maximum increase in cloud ice water content is located at 178 hPa (about 13 km). The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are higher and larger over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau, the west of the southern slope, and the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau than that over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau. The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are lower and broader at nighttime than during daytime.

Remote sensing-based dynamic monitoring and environmental change of wetlands in southern Mongolian Plateau in 2000‒2018

The environmental change in the wetlands in the southern Mongolian Plateau has important impacts on the environment of North China and even the entire Northeast Asia,from which the global climate change can be understood on a large scale,especially the climate change in the Mongolian Plateau.This study extracted the information on the wetlands from three stages of remote sensing images(also referred to as RS images)of the study area,including Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+)images of 2000,TM images of 2010,and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager(OLI)images of 2018.As indicated by the extraction results,the area of wetlands decreased from 796.90 km^(2) of 2000 to 666.24 km^(2) of 2018 at a rate of 7.26 km^(2)/a.The reduced area is 130.66 km^(2),which is about 16.4%reduction.And the patch number of wetlands decreased from 731 of 2000 to 316 of 2018 in the study area,approximately 56.8%reduction(415 patches),and the decrease in the area of the wetlands mainly occurred in the northwest endorheic region.In terms of wetland types,the change of the wetlands was dominated by the decrease of lacustrine wetlands,of which the area and patch number decreased by 106.2 km^(2) and 242,respectively.Furthermore,the area of the lacustrine wetlands decreased at the highest rate of 8.70 km^(2)/a in 2010‒2018.From the perspective of spatial distribution,the wetlands in the western part shrunk more notably than those in the eastern part as a whole in the study area.According to local meteorological data,the precipitation gently decreased and the temperature increased(about 1.7℃)from 1975-2018.Overall,the decrease in the area of the wetlands and the temperature rises in the study area were mainly driven by the Mongolian monsoon climate,reduction in precipitation,and human activities.

Initial Rifting Age of the Nearly N–S Rifts in Southern Tibetan Plateau:New Evidence from the Age limit of the Early Sediments

Objective The nearly parallel N-S-trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E-W extension of the Tibet Plateau. Most data which constrained the age of the extensional deformation come from isotopic dating of the dikes probably related to the activity of the nearly N-S faulting and micas from hydrothermal activity and the low- temperature thermochronology of plateau uplift. Previous research shows that there are at least three different ideas about the age of the rifts： （1） older than 16-12 Ma, （2） 14- 10 Ma, and （3） 8-4 Ma （Fig. la）. For the old sedimentary strata represented the beginning of the rifting, the dating of the sediments helps to better define the initial rifting age.

Dynamic Simulation of Land Use in the Southern Loess Plateau

To study the dynamic changes of land use and predict the future land use scenarios based on the current land use,this paper uses Cellular Automata- Markov( CA- Markov) model to simulate the landscape pattern in 2030. The results show that in the study area during the period 1980- 2005,grassland and construction land increased,and woodland increased slightly; waters and unused land decreased,and arable land underwent dramatic changes. The simulation precision of CA- Markov model is 87. 28%,indicating that the use of it for simulation is reliable. The land use of the study area will be changed greatly in the future. This method provides a reference for the regions to carry out land prediction,and the research results can provide a basis for the study of optimization of land.

A Probe into the Dynamic Change of Land Use in the Southern Loess Plateau

In order to reveal the characteristics of land use change in the south loess plateau,this paper tentatively divided Loess Plateau into North and South under the support of GIS,and then introduced land use spatial temporal dynamic model,analyzed land use dynamic change in provincial scale. The results showed: during the 25 years,construction land area increased from 3 555. 99 km2 to 4 794. 28 km2,unused land decreased by 0. 02 percentage points,forest land area increased from 51 011. 31 km2 to 51 066. 79 km2,waters increased of 0. 01 percentage points,farmland area decreased to 98 561. 57 km2 from 100 004. 79 km2,grassland area increased by 0.08 percentage points. Land use change important values in province scale on each were not identical,showed obvious regional differences.

Petrogenesis of high-Mg# Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Qiangtang area, Tibetan Plateau： geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence

The Nadingcuo volcanic rock suite is the most voluminous Cenozoic volcanic suite in the southern Qiangtang area of the northern Tibetan Plateau. These high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks were formed between36 and 34 Ma,characterized by high Mg#values,high concentrations of Ti O2 and P2O5,87 Sr /86 Sr ratios of0. 704682--0. 706 112,and εNd( t) values of- 1. 2 to 1. 6. There is a lack of reasonable explanations for sourcing and origin of magmas that formed the rocks with high Mg#values and Ti O2 and P2O5enrichments,which makes the previous research results still controversial. This study reviews the geochemical characteristics of Nadingcuo volcanic rocks and the data we have newly found in our fieldwork. We give some new interpretation to the magmatic evolution of the basaltic magmas in the discussed area dominated by fractional crystallization.The geochemistry of trachyandesite and trachyte units in the studied area is indicative of formation from mantlederived magmas that mixed with crustal materials. The high values of Mg#and Ti O2 and P2O5enrichment in these units are evident to show the mixing between mantle-derived magmas with ~ 30--40 wt.% rhyolitic melt or assimilation of a similar amount of felsic rocks. The geochemistry of basaltic rocks in the area also suggests that the Nadingcuo basalts may have been derived from an ocean island basalt( OIB)-type source that contained and was mixed with ancient mantle wedge derived material,indicating that a 36--34 Ma asthenospheric upwelling event in the Qiangtang area may relate to the northward subduction of Indian lithospheric mantle and the southward subduction of Asian lithospheric mantle. This upwelling of asthenospheric material was centered in the southern Qiangtang area between 36 and 34 Ma,while the northward movement of the Indian Craton caused this upwelling mantle flow to continuously migrate northward,resulting in the current centering of this upwelling in the Hoh Xil-Kunlun region.

Ar^(39)/Ar^(40) dating of three typical gold deposits in southern Qinling and its implication

Three types of gold deposits,which are the disseminated ore,auriferous quartz vein,and ore hosted in ductile shear zone have been identified in southern Qinling. The dating of the Baguamiao gold deposit in Fengxian, Xiaogouli gold deposit in Chengxian and Shangjiagou gold deposit in Kangxian gave rise to plateau ages (131.91±0.89)Ma, (197.45±1.13)Ma and (161.59±0.56)Ma respectively, consistent with the isochron ages. It is indicated that the metallization occurred in late Indosinian and early Yanshannian. The Ar 39 /Ar 40 dating affirms their metallogenic ages ranging from (131.91±0.89)Ma to (197.45±1.13)Ma which couple with the epoch in which the continent continent collision and intracontinent orogene took place. Consequently, it is suggested that the collision orogene, magmatic intrusion and location of gold deposits constitute an organic successive process. In line with the tectonic event, the large scale metallization symbolizes the different representation of the same continental dynamics in the evolution of regional tectonics.

Deep Deformation Processes in the Southern Ningxia Geomorphic Belt: Insight from Two-dimensional Particle-in-cell Finite Difference Numerical Modelling

The deep lateral growth process of the plateau is a hot topic in earth science.As the growth boundary zone of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau,southern Ningxia geomorphic zone is controlled by four major arcuate fault zones(Fig.1),namely Haiyuan fault(HYF),XiangshanTianjingshan fault(XTSF),Yantongshan fault(YTSF).

雅鲁藏布江流域风成沉积空间格局、沉积模式及其环境效应

青藏高原南部雅鲁藏布江(雅江)流域位于印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞产生的缝合带,是地球系统科学研究的热点地区。该区域中更新世以来的风成沉积物不仅是揭示青藏高原气候变化与大气环流演化的重要窗口,而且有助于深入认识构造、气候及地表景观之间的内在联系,然而我们对于该区域风成沉积物的空间格局、沉积模式及其环境效应至今仍然缺乏系统的认识。本文在大量野外考察和已有研究结果基础上,结合典型沉积物样品的综合分析,对雅江流域风成沉积体系进行了梳理,绘制了《雅江风成沉积空间分布图》,包括1幅序图和6幅区域分布图,其中风沙和黄土沉积呈斑块状分布,二者通常相伴而生。黄土与沙丘、河流砂等松散沉积物之间存在密切的物质联系,区域内的风成沉积以自循环过程为主,记录了区域气候的空间差异。河谷沉积物在接受有限的远源粉尘输入的同时,在高空西风的作用下向全球贡献粉尘物质。中更新世以来的粉尘活动受控于构造运动和全球气候变化的耦合,而全新世粉尘活动受河谷环境影响表现较为复杂,区域气候变化受中纬度西风和印度夏季风的协同作用影响。

阿拉善地块南缘北大山断裂的晚第四纪构造活动证据

阿拉善地块南缘地处青藏高原东北缘地壳扩展前锋带的北侧,对该地区活动断裂晚第四纪的运动性质、滑动速率等开展研究,有助于理解阿拉善地块的晚第四纪构造变形特征及其对青藏高原向N扩展的响应。文中结合遥感影像解译与野外地质地貌考察,对阿拉善地块南缘的北大山断裂进行了分段和活动性研究。结果表明,北大山断裂左旋走滑断错晚第四纪洪积扇和阶地等地貌,形成显著的位错阶地坎、冲沟以及断层陡坎。通过对断错地貌线等标志的测量、复原、统计分析等,发现断裂的地貌位移值分布于3~20m,发育新鲜断层自由面的断层陡坎和左旋错动的纹沟指示了断层的最新一次活动。基于同期洪积扇年龄估算得到北大山断裂晚更新世以来的左旋滑动速率为0.3~0.6mm/a。北大山断裂的运动学特征与区域NE向应力场一致,可能受到了青藏高原NE向扩展的影响。

泾阳南塬黄土斜坡结构面发育特征及其影响效应

黄土斜坡中常发育有大量的结构面,这些结构面不仅破坏土体的连续性,同时对斜坡的渗流场、变形场甚至稳定性产生显著的影响。本文以泾阳南塬为研究区,通过现场调查和室内试验及数值模拟等方法,对结构面的发育特征和影响效应进行了系统研究。取得主要结果包括:(1)考虑结构面的形成原因及其对坡体的影响效应等,从宏观、细观及微观3个尺度提出了黄土结构面的分级分类方法,将黄土结构面分为5级,两个大类和25个小类。(2)根据现场实测结果,研究区结构面多分布在距坡肩较近位置,且其走向与坡面走向基本一致,结构面的延伸长度、张开度及错动高差等随其距坡肩距离的增加而增大。(3)由数值模拟结果可见,距坡肩不同距离和不同深度的结构面扩展特性及其对坡体变形破坏的影响差异较大。距坡肩较近和较深的结构面在重力作用下更容易扩展。随着结构面与坡面距离的增加,坡体稳定系数先减小后增大并逐渐趋于一个稳定值。随着结构面深度的增加,坡体稳定系数逐渐减小,最终趋于一个稳定值。研究结果可为黄土边坡的稳定性评价提供一定的地质依据。

冬半年青藏高原绕流与中国降水和气温的关系

冬半年中纬度西风带在青藏高原地区产生南北两支绕流,即动力性的南支槽和北支脊,这样的绕流对其周边及下游天气气候有重要影响。本文先分别用600 hPa动力性的南支槽和北支脊各自所在的关键区域的平均涡度与多年平均涡度的差异,表示南支槽和北支脊的强度,然后直观地将南支槽和北支脊强度之差定义为高原绕流强度指数,利用相关分析和合成分析等方法,讨论高原绕流在冬半年平均(10月至次年4月)、秋季、冬季和春季的演变与中国降水和气温的关系。结果表明:高原绕流在冬半年10月至次年4月期间定常的存在,年际变化明显,冬季最强。全球变暖背景下,各时间段绕流强度的变化与中国西北、西南和华南部分地区的降水和气温的关系明显,特别是在冬季。降水关联性最好的是中国西南地区和华南地区,与西北、西南和东北地区的气温变化关系明显。探讨各时间段各层的大尺度大气环流和水汽通量散度、垂直速度等物理量的异常场,亚洲大部分地区自下而上的正压性特征显著,可以很好地解释各时间段高原绕流的异常与中国降水和气温关系。绕流的异常也可能是引发中国冬半年期间高影响天气的原因之一。

青藏高原夏季热力状态和南半球大气环流的可能联系

本文通过对观测和再分析数据采用最大协方差分析以及回归、合成等分析方法,研究了青藏高原夏季地表气温与南半球大气环流之间的遥相关关系。结果表明,前期(4月)南半球极地—中高纬度大气环流呈现负位势高度异常、较低纬度印度洋—西太平洋区域呈现正位势高度异常时,高原中部和东部大部分区域夏季出现暖异常。在上述遥相关中,印度洋—西太平洋海温异常可能起到了重要的中间桥梁作用。在高原夏季温度偏高的年份,前期跨赤道的印度洋—西太平洋海温也持续偏暖,带来的海陆热力对比减小、经向跨赤道气流减弱有利于削弱夏季的季风环流,使得高原夏季降水偏少,有利于形成高原夏季的暖异常。在这一高原气温—南半球大气环流的遥相关关系中,4月南半球的大气位势高度场异常和与印度洋—西太平洋海温异常相关的异常高度场分布也十分相似。这一前期的跨赤道区域海温异常与南半球中高纬度位势高度场异常的因果关系仍有待进一步揭示。

藏南沉错湖泊沉积多指标揭示的2万年以来环境变化

通过对藏南沉错湖芯TC1孔的研究,分析了TC1孔的粒度、TOC、TN、C/N、Fe/Mn、Sr/Ba以及环境磁学参数等环境代用指标,基本上获得了这一地区2万年以来的环境变化记录.结果显示约19800～18000 Cal aBP的温度下降在各指标中具有明显的反映;约16000Cal aBP左右,温度在一次跃动上升之后,随即出现急剧下降;约15200～12000 Cal aBP,是降温之后的缓慢回升过程;约12000～9500Cal aBP,各种指标均显示湖区环境处于不适宜阶段,特别是11600～10400 Cal aBP,湖区环境显著恶化.进入全新世后,湖区环境经历了3次明显的暖期(约9 500～7600 Cal aBP、约6800～5800Cal aBP、约4800～3800 Cal aBP)和2次冷期(约7600～6800 Cal aBP、约5 800～4800 Cal aBP),呈现出暖干/冷湿的交替规律,具有南亚季风(西南季风)区气候变化的特征.沉错湖区2万年来的气候环境变化序列中的某些特征时段与格陵兰冰芯记录和青藏高原其他记录相比具有较好的一致性,反映了湖区及藏南地区的气候环境演变特征具有全球性特征.

1971-2007年青藏高原南部气候变化特征分析

利用我国青藏高原南部24个站点1971-2007年37 a的月平均气温和月降水量资料,对该地区气温和降水量的时空变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明:1)37 a来该地区气候显著变暖,年平均气温升温率为0.33℃.(10a)-1,气候变暖主要发生于1990年后.1991-2007年气候变暖加速,升温率达到0.76℃.(10a)-1,1997年后升温尤为迅速,升温率达1.14℃.(10a)-1.变暖表现为全年温度升高,其中冬季增暖尤为显著,1971-2007年升温率为0.41℃.(10a)-1,1991-2007年快速上升为1.4℃.(10a)-1.变暖速率具有从东向西的增加趋势;2)年降水量呈增加趋势,但不明显.降水量变化地区差异显著,西部地区降水量显著减少,东部地区总体呈增加趋势.随海拔和地形升高,年降水量有从东向西的减少趋势;3)综合而言,37 a来青藏高原南部地区气候变化呈现暖湿组合特征,但地区差异显著,东部地区变暖变湿,西部地区在变暖变干.

内蒙古察哈尔右翼后旗乌兰哈达第四纪火山群

乌兰哈达火山群位于内蒙古中部察哈尔右翼后旗乌兰哈达一带,地处蒙古高原南缘,距北京约300km。火山群坐落在太古宙乌拉山岩群和新近纪汉诺坝玄武岩之上,面积约280km^2。火山活动可分为晚更新世(30.56+2.59ka BP;21.05+1.79ka BP)和全新世两期,火山喷发总体为裂隙式或裂隙—中心式。晚更新世形成一系列呈北东和北西向线形展布的溅落锥,其中黑脑包为熔壳状火山锥。大部分锥体主要由玄武质熔结集块岩及碎成熔岩组成,已遭受一定剥蚀,但多数火口形态仍清晰可辨。全新世与晚更新世火山受同一北东向基底断裂控制。主要包括3座中心式喷发的炼丹炉火山,火山均由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成,属斯通博利式火山。火山规模较大,结构完整,基本未遭受剥蚀。锥体由早期降落浮岩渣和晚期溅落熔结集块岩组成。熔岩流分布受地形制约,总体由北西向南东流淌,最长熔岩流约18km。熔岩流覆盖在全新世河谷砂砾石、风成沙和沼泽沉积物之上,表明火山喷发的时代应为全新世。熔岩流类型主要为结壳熔岩,其中胀裂谷和塌陷谷发育。熔岩流前部发育挤压脊、喷气锥和特征的熔岩塚群。熔岩流前缘抵达白音淖一带,堰塞水系形成莫石盖淖和乌兰胡少海等火山堰塞湖。乌兰哈达火山群是蒙古高原南缘目前发现的唯一全新世有过喷发的火山群,是一处天然火山"博物馆",是研究蒙古高原南缘现代地壳深部结构及其活动性的天然"窗口"。

青藏高原南部冰芯记录与大气环流的关系

通过念青唐古拉峰拉弄冰川垭口处（30°24′30″N，90°34′12″E；海拔5850m）长度为29．5m的冰芯记录，恢复了1952-1998年间大气降水δD和净积累量的时间变化序列。上述两组序列与NCEP／NCAR气候资料的相关分析表明：δD和净积累量与中亚冬季的气压、南亚和青藏高原冬季、夏季的位势高度关系密切。中亚地区冬季气压的升高以及冬、夏季南亚和青藏高原位势高度的异常增强了印度夏季风，导致了念青唐古拉峰地区20世纪80年代以来降水量的增多和降水中δD值的降低。根据念青唐古拉冰芯δD和净积累量记录及其与亚洲地区大气环流的关系，可以通过青藏高原南部较长的冰芯记录来恢复过去该地区大气环流变化的历史。