Initial Rifting Age of the Nearly N–S Rifts in Southern Tibetan Plateau:New Evidence from the Age limit of the Early Sediments

Objective The nearly parallel N-S-trending rifts in southern Tibet represent the E-W extension of the Tibet Plateau. Most data which constrained the age of the extensional deformation come from isotopic dating of the dikes probably related to the activity of the nearly N-S faulting and micas from hydrothermal activity and the low- temperature thermochronology of plateau uplift. Previous research shows that there are at least three different ideas about the age of the rifts： （1） older than 16-12 Ma, （2） 14- 10 Ma, and （3） 8-4 Ma （Fig. la）. For the old sedimentary strata represented the beginning of the rifting, the dating of the sediments helps to better define the initial rifting age.

Magnetic characteristics of lake sediments in Qiangyong Co Lake,southern Tibetan Plateau and their application to the evaluation of mercury deposition

Heavy metals,one of the most toxic classes of pollutants,are resistant to degradation and harmful to the biological environment.The lakes that have developed on the Tibetan Plateau are ideal regions to investigate historic heavy metal pollution,particularly through the use of the reliable 210 Pb dating technique.Environmental magnetism has been successfully applied to estimate heavy metal pollution in different environmental systems due to its characteristics of simple processing steps,good sensitivity,and non-destructibility.However,it has not yet been applied to assess heavy metal pollution in lake sediments on the Tibetan Plateau.A series of environmental magnetic investigations of Qiangyong Co Lake sediments(southern Tibetan Plateau) was therefore conducted to explore the relationship between magnetic minerals and mercury(Hg) concentrations.The results showed that the magnetic mineral species in lake sediments remained stable,with similar levels of four different components from 1899 to 2011.However,the proportion of component 1(C1,hematite) increased continuously with the corresponding decrease in the proportion of C2(goethite),while the proportions of C3 and C4(magnetite) did not change significantly.As a result,the bulk magnetic signals(e.g.,SIRM and clf) were unsuitable for the evaluation of the Hg concentration;however,the proportion of hematite had a strong positive correlation with the Hg concentration.It is possible that the Qiangyong Glacier(the main water supply for Qiangyong Co Lake) has experienced faster melting with global and local warming,and the Hg trapped in cryoconite and ice was released.Hematite,with a large specific surface area,has a strong capacity for absorbing Hg,and both materials are ultimately transported to Qiangyong Co Lake.The proportion of hematite in a sample is therefore a suitable semi-quantitative proxy that can be used to evaluate the Hg concentration in Qiangyong Co Lake sediments.This study confirmed that the variation of magnetic minerals can provide a new method to estimate the variation of Hg concentrations and to study the process of Hg deposition in lakes in the southern Tibetan Plateau on the basis of a detailed environmental magnetic analysis.

Influence of variation in precipitation on the δD values of terrestrial n-alkanes on the southern Tibetan Plateau

A short lake sedimentary core and ice core were recovered from Lake Chen Co and Noijingangsang Glacier,respectively,in the Lake Yamdrok watershed of the southern Tibetan Plateau.Hydrogen isotope ratios of the ice core(δDice) and δD values of terrestrial n-alkanes(δDwax) in the sediments showed a linear correlation(R2 = 0.41,P = 0.047) over the past 80 years,indicating the effect of hydrogen isotope ratios of precipitation(δDp) on δDwax.However,apparent fractionation(εwax-p) values of δDwax relative to δDice increased with decreasing ice core accumulation(amount of precipitation;R2 = 0.65,P = 0.0051),revealing that dry or wet climate variation had a significant impact on δDwax.Thus,precipitation amount and δDp are both important in determining δDwax.

Main Detrainment Height of Deep Convection Systems over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Southern Slope

Deep convection systems (DCSs) can rapidly lift water vapor and other pollutants from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The main detrainment height determines the level to which the air parcel is lifted. We analyzed the main detrainment height over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope based on the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar 2B_GEOPROF dataset and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Level 2 cloud ice product onboard the Atrain constellation of Earth-observing satellites. It was found that the DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope have a higher main detrainment height (about 10-16 km) than other regions in the same latitude. The mean main detrainment heights are 12.9 and 13.3 km over the Tibetan Plateau and its southern slope, respectively. The cloud ice water path decreases by 16.8% after excluding the influences of DCSs, and the height with the maximum increase in cloud ice water content is located at 178 hPa (about 13 km). The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are higher and larger over the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau, the west of the southern slope, and the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau than that over the northwestern Tibetan Plateau. The main detrainment height and outflow horizontal range are lower and broader at nighttime than during daytime.

Crustal Electrical Conductivity Structure of Southern Tibet from Magnetotelluric Survey

Two superwide bands of frequency magnetotelluric (MT) profiles (Yadong-Xuegula, Jilong-Cuoqin) across the Yaluzangbu suture were deployed along the west-east direction, for the research into the electrical conductivity structure in the shallow and deep crust along the west-east and north-south directions in the southern part of Tibet plateau. The main characters of the electrical conductivity structure in this region are: (1) large-scale high resistive bodies exist near the Yaluzangbu suture surface, which extends to the maximum depth of more than 30 km. They are the reflection of the Gangdise granite; (2) small-scale conductive bodies exist in the southern part of the Yaluzangbu suture, and large-scale ones under the suture and in the northern part; (3) conductive bodies widely spread in the crust along the profiles. They are discontinuous, mainly decline to the north and become larger in scale, steeper near the suture, deeper gradually from south to north; (4) under the Yaluzangbu suture, the conductive bodies become larger in scale, more conductive gradually from west to east. These important electrical characters are caused possibly by the India plate subduction to the north. The variation in characters of the large-scale conductive bodies from west to east may be the proof that the plate collision might cause substantial movement along the west-east direction.

Differences in Atmospheric Heat Source between the Tibetan Plateau–South Asia Region and the Southern Indian Ocean and Their Impacts on the Indian Summer Monsoon Outbreak

In this paper, the NCEP-NCAR daily reanalysis data are used to investigate the characteristics of the atmospheric heat source/sink （AHSS） over South Asia （SA） and southern Indian Ocean （SIO）. The thermal differences between these two regions and their influence on the outbreak of the Indian summer monsoon （ISM） are explored. Composite analysis and correlation analysis are applied. The results indicate that the intraseasonal variability of AHSS is signi- ficant in SA but insignificant in the SIO. Large inland areas in the Northern Hemisphere still behave as a heat sink in March, similar to the situation in winter. Significant differences are found in the distribution of AHSS between the ocean and land, with distinct land-ocean thermal contrast in April, and the pattern presents in the transitional period right before the ISM onset. In May, strong heat centers appear over the areas from the Indochina Peninsula to the Bay of Bengal and south of the Tibetan Plateau （TP）, which is a typical pattern of AHSS distribution during the monsoon season. The timing of SA-SIO thermal difference turning positive is about 15 pentads in advance of the onset of the ISM. Then, after the thermal differences have turned positive, a pre-monsoon meridional circulation cell develops due to the near-surface heat center and the negative thermal contrast center, after which the meridional circulation of the ISM gradually establishes. In years of early （late） conversion of the SASIO thermal difference turning from neg- ative to positive, the AHSS at all levels over the TP and SIO converts later （earlier） than normal and the establish- ment of the ascending and descending branches of the ISM＇s meridional circulation is later （earlier） too. Meanwhile, the establishment of the South Asian high over the TP is later （earlier） than normal and the conversion of the Mas- carene high from winter to summer mode occurs anomalously late （early）. As a result, the onset of the ISM is later （earlier） than normal. However, the difference in vorticity between early and late conversion only shows in the changes of strong vorticity centers＇ location in the upper and lower troposphere.

The Persistent Heavy Rainfall over Southern China in June 2010:Evolution of Synoptic Systems and the Effects of the Tibetan Plateau Heating

This study investigates influencing weather systems for and the effect of Tibetan Plateau （TP）’s surface heating on the heavy rainfall over southern China in June 2010, focusing on the four persistent heavy rainfall events during 14-24 June 2010. The ma jor weather systems include the South Asian high, midlatitude trough and ridge, western Pacific subtropical high in the middle troposphere, and shear lines and eastward-moving vortices in the lower troposphere. An ensemble of convection-permitting simulations （CTL） is carried out with the WRF model for these rainfall events, which successfully reproduce the observed evolution of precipitation and weather systems. Another ensemble of simulations （SEN） with the surface albedo over the TP and its southern slope changed artificially to one, i.e., the surface does not absorb any solar heating, otherwise it is identical to CTL, is also performed. Comparison between CTL and SEN suggests that the surface sensible heating of TP in CTL significantly affects the temperature distributions over the plateau and its surroundings, and the thermal wind adjustment consequently changes atmospheric circulations and properties of the synoptic systems, leading to intensified precipitation over southern China. Specifically, at 200 hPa, anticyclonic and cyclonic anomalies form over the western and eastern plateau, respectively, which enhances the southward cold air intrusion along the eastern TP and the divergence over southern China;at 500 hPa, the ridge over the northern plateau and the trough over eastern China are strengthened, the southwesterly flows along the northwestern side of the subtropical high are intensified, and the positive vorticity propagation from the plateau to its downstream is also enhanced significantly;at 850 hPa, the low-pressure vortices strongly develop and move eastward while the southwesterly low-level jet over southern China strengthens in CTL, leading to increased water vapor convergence and upward motion over the precipitation region.

青藏高原南部冰芯记录与大气环流的关系

通过念青唐古拉峰拉弄冰川垭口处（30°24′30″N，90°34′12″E；海拔5850m）长度为29．5m的冰芯记录，恢复了1952-1998年间大气降水δD和净积累量的时间变化序列。上述两组序列与NCEP／NCAR气候资料的相关分析表明：δD和净积累量与中亚冬季的气压、南亚和青藏高原冬季、夏季的位势高度关系密切。中亚地区冬季气压的升高以及冬、夏季南亚和青藏高原位势高度的异常增强了印度夏季风，导致了念青唐古拉峰地区20世纪80年代以来降水量的增多和降水中δD值的降低。根据念青唐古拉冰芯δD和净积累量记录及其与亚洲地区大气环流的关系，可以通过青藏高原南部较长的冰芯记录来恢复过去该地区大气环流变化的历史。

藏南沉错湖泊沉积多指标揭示的2万年以来环境变化

通过对藏南沉错湖芯TC1孔的研究,分析了TC1孔的粒度、TOC、TN、C/N、Fe/Mn、Sr/Ba以及环境磁学参数等环境代用指标,基本上获得了这一地区2万年以来的环境变化记录.结果显示约19800～18000 Cal aBP的温度下降在各指标中具有明显的反映;约16000Cal aBP左右,温度在一次跃动上升之后,随即出现急剧下降;约15200～12000 Cal aBP,是降温之后的缓慢回升过程;约12000～9500Cal aBP,各种指标均显示湖区环境处于不适宜阶段,特别是11600～10400 Cal aBP,湖区环境显著恶化.进入全新世后,湖区环境经历了3次明显的暖期(约9 500～7600 Cal aBP、约6800～5800Cal aBP、约4800～3800 Cal aBP)和2次冷期(约7600～6800 Cal aBP、约5 800～4800 Cal aBP),呈现出暖干/冷湿的交替规律,具有南亚季风(西南季风)区气候变化的特征.沉错湖区2万年来的气候环境变化序列中的某些特征时段与格陵兰冰芯记录和青藏高原其他记录相比具有较好的一致性,反映了湖区及藏南地区的气候环境演变特征具有全球性特征.

1971-2007年青藏高原南部气候变化特征分析

利用我国青藏高原南部24个站点1971-2007年37 a的月平均气温和月降水量资料,对该地区气温和降水量的时空变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明:1)37 a来该地区气候显著变暖,年平均气温升温率为0.33℃.(10a)-1,气候变暖主要发生于1990年后.1991-2007年气候变暖加速,升温率达到0.76℃.(10a)-1,1997年后升温尤为迅速,升温率达1.14℃.(10a)-1.变暖表现为全年温度升高,其中冬季增暖尤为显著,1971-2007年升温率为0.41℃.(10a)-1,1991-2007年快速上升为1.4℃.(10a)-1.变暖速率具有从东向西的增加趋势;2)年降水量呈增加趋势,但不明显.降水量变化地区差异显著,西部地区降水量显著减少,东部地区总体呈增加趋势.随海拔和地形升高,年降水量有从东向西的减少趋势;3)综合而言,37 a来青藏高原南部地区气候变化呈现暖湿组合特征,但地区差异显著,东部地区变暖变湿,西部地区在变暖变干.

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。

藏北羌塘南部埃迪卡拉系达布热组的建立及其地质意义

羌塘位于青藏高原腹地,构造上处于冈瓦纳大陆北缘。因其特殊的构造位置,羌塘地体的起源及构造演化对于探讨青藏高原的早期形成演化、冈瓦纳大陆裂解,以及特提斯洋演化等关键科学问题至关重要。最近,在羌塘南部达布热地区发现一套碎屑岩夹玄武岩的岩石组合,碎屑岩具有低成分成熟度的特点,虽然岩石发生了低绿片岩相变质,但仍然保留了原岩类复理石沉积的特点。根据碎屑锆石定年结果,该套地层中碎屑锆石的最年轻年龄为550Ma左右。此外,该套地层中玄武岩夹层的测年结果表明,该套地层形成于埃迪卡拉纪(约550Ma)。结合地层剖面及区域地层对比,建立了埃迪卡拉纪达布热组。达布热组是羌塘地区首次发现的埃迪卡拉纪地层,该组地层的建立为探讨冈瓦纳大陆北缘构造演化提供了重要线索。

树轮记录的青藏高原南部过去526年降水变化特征

利用位于南木林的大果圆柏树轮宽度资料,分析了树轮宽度对气候要素的响应关系,研究结果发现制约树木径向生长的主要因子是年总降水.基于一元线性回归模型建立的转换方程(方差解释量为45.94%),重建了南木林1485-2010年的年总降水(上一年7月至当年6月).重建结果表明:南木林降水存在明显的年代际的气候变化韵律,相对于平均值偏湿的持续时段发生在公元1490-1510,1530-1550,1620-1640,1680-1720,1740-1750,1840-1850,1880-1910,1960-1990年,相对于平均值偏干的持续时段发生在公元1520,1560-1610,1650-1670,1730,1760-1830,1860-1970,1920-1950,1990年以后.与林周地区及高原南部区域降水序列对比发现,过去500年内青藏高原南部地区经历了相同的干湿变化过程,在年代际尺度上变化一致,可能受到相同的气候驱动因子控制.

西藏札达盆地构造与沉积特征

札达盆地位于青藏高原南西部 ,是发育于喜马拉雅山内部的盆地。盆地北东侧以阿依拉日居断裂为边界 ,该断裂属逆冲性质。西北边界为曲松断裂 ,为一拆离断层。盆地西南主边界为藏南拆离系 (STDS) ,是盆地主控构造。盆地内部沉积了巨厚的第三纪地层 ,可以分为上下 2个部分 ,即上部的湖相沉积和下部的河湖交互相沉积。湖相沉积是以泥岩为主的巨厚沉积 ;河湖交互相沉积以砾岩层的出现为标志 ,可分为 3个沉积旋回。札达盆地的主控构造为伸展构造 ,但同时经受了垂直于造山带的挤压作用。

青藏高原拉萨地块西部亚热南复式岩体年代学与地球化学

青藏高原拉萨地块发育着中新世斑岩,该后碰撞时期的斑岩因与斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床有着密切关系已被前人做过大量研究。然而对于拉萨地块西部未成矿斑岩岩体的年代学、地球化学报道研究较少。本文对拉萨地块西部亚热南复式岩体识别出的两类侵入岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究表明,亚热南复式岩体主要由始新世黑云母二长花岗岩（年龄49.4±0.9Ma）和中新世花岗斑岩（年龄16.3～16.5Ma）组成。始新世黑云母二长花岗岩属钾玄岩系列准铝质-弱过铝质,具有低的Sr/Y、（La/Yb）N值高Y、YbN值具有典型的岛弧岩浆岩性质;中新世花岗斑岩为钾玄岩系列、准铝质,具有类埃达克质特征。这两种岩性所反映的源区亦存在差别,始新世黑云母二长花岗岩源区为地幔楔混染过的中下地壳;而具有埃达克性质的花岗斑岩则可能是源于古老地壳部分熔融。结合年代学及构造背景,推论出始新世黑云母二长花岗岩的岩石成因为新特提斯洋板片断离引发混染过的中下地壳发生熔融并结晶分异形成;而中新世花岗斑岩则形成于某种动力学机制引发的古老下地壳熔融后侵位于上地壳。

青藏高原冬季积雪影响我国夏季降水的模拟研究

利用区域气候模式(NCC_RegCM1.0)对青藏高原前冬积雪对次年夏季中国降水的影响进行了数值模拟研究,所得结果与实际观测的积雪和降水的关系较为吻合,即长江流域、新疆地区夏季多雨,华北和华南少雨,这与我国最近二十年来维持的"南涝北旱"雨型较为一致。因此,可以认为青藏高原冬季多雪,是引起中国东部夏季降水出现"南涝北旱"的一个重要原因。本文揭示了青藏高原冬季积雪影响我国夏季降水的可能物理机制。青藏高原冬季多雪,会导致青藏高原地面感热热源减弱,这种热源的减弱在冬季导致冬季风偏强,可以影响到我国华南、西南及孟加拉湾地区。同时,由于高原热源的减弱可持续到夏季,成为东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风减弱的一个原因。在积雪初期,地面反射通量的增加起了主要作用;在积雪融化后,"湿土壤"在延长高原积雪对天气气候的影响过程中起了重要作用。初期的反射通量增加减少了太阳辐射的吸收、融雪时的融化吸热,以及后期的湿土壤与大气的长期相互作用,作为异常冷源,减弱了春夏季高原热源,是高原冬季积雪影响夏季风并进而影响我国夏季降水的主要机理。本文的模拟结果表明,青藏高原冬季积雪的显著影响时效可以一直持续到6月份。

宁夏南部晚更新世沉积物沉积特征及其构造意义

通过研究宁夏南部第四纪沉积物类型及沉积作用,结合沉积物年代学分析,初步确定宁夏南部晚更新世发育众多沉积盆地。其沉积学特征研究表明,晚更新世沉积盆地主要发育冲积扇沉积物、湖相泥质粉砂质沉积物、盆地边缘斜坡岩相组合、现代河流一级阶地沉积物以及黄土等几种沉积物。沉积作用特点显示,晚更新世沉积盆地的大范围出现主要受构造伸展作用控制,表明青藏高原北东扩展过程中,宁夏南部地区于晚更新世期间还存在较明显的构造伸展活动,从而证实青藏高原隆升及其北东向扩展具明显的阶段性。

社会资本视角下青南高原藏区生态旅游发展的社区参与研究

保护与发展是青南高原藏区面临的困境。社区参与生态旅游是解决这一困境的主要途径,这是基于当地丰富的生态旅游资源和居民对发展的强烈意愿。社区社会资本是社区参与生态旅游的一种重要的资源,在生态旅游发展中有着极其重要的作用。研究区最突出的特点是社区居民全民信教(藏传佛教),宗教对社区有着十分重要的影响,是社区居民共同的行为准则和信任基础,也是社区和谐或冲突的主要因素。问卷调研显示,研究区大部分社区社会资本比较高,社区居民之间的关系较融洽、居民之间信任度较高,社区内比较和谐。进一步完善社区信任体系和规范体系,强化社区内外的参与和合作,培育社区网络是推动社区参与生态旅游健康发展的重要举措。

裂变径迹热年代学对西藏卓奥友峰藏南拆离系活动时间的约束

引入裂变径迹方法研究藏南拆离系（STDS）的活动历史。通过青藏高原喜马拉雅卓奥友峰5个锆石和4个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹实验,分别获得11.2-17.1Ma和12.4-14.3Ma的年龄范围。年龄温度法计算得到中新世时期洛子峰拆离断层在卓奥友峰地区剥蚀作用逐渐增强的结论：（1）17.1-15.2Ma地壳冷却速率较慢,约为37.8℃/Ma;（2）15.2-13.5Ma地壳冷却速率为82.4℃/Ma,并且在14.3Ma左右构造活动最强烈,达到峰值;（3）13.5-12.4Ma地壳冷却速率可达100℃/Ma。