The Energy Budget of a Southwest Vortex With Heavy Rainfall over South China

Energy budgets were analyzed to study the development of an eastward propagating southwest vortex (SWV) associated with heavy rainfall over southern China(11-13 June 2008).The results show that kinetic energy(KE) generation and advection were the most important KE sources,while friction and sub-grid processes were the main KE sinks.There was downward conversion from divergent to rotational wind KE consistent with the downward stretching of SWVs.The Coriolis force was important for the formation and maintenance of the SWV.Convergence was also an important factor for maintenance,as was vertical motion during the mature stage of the SWV and the formation stage of a newly formed vortex(vortex B).The conversion from available potential energy(APE) to KE of divergent wind can lead to strong convection.Vertical motion influenced APE by dynamical and thermal processes which had opposite effects. The variation of APE was related to the heavy rainfall and convection;in this case,vertical motion with direct thermal circulation was the most important way in which APE was released,while latent heat release and vertical temperature advection were important for APE generation.

Observational Facts Regarding the Joint Activities of the Southwest Vortex and Plateau Vortex after Its Departure from the Tibetan Plateau

Using atmospheric observational data from 1998 to 2013,station rainfall data,TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission） data,as well as annual statistics for the plateau vortex and shear line,the joint activity features of sustained departure plateau vortexes（SDPVs） and southwest vortexes（SWVs） are analyzed.Some new and useful observational facts and understanding are obtained about the joint activities of the two types of vortex.The results show that：（1） The joint active period of the two vortexes is from May to August,and mostly in June and July.（2） The SDPVs of the partnership mainly originate near Zaduo,while the SWVs come from Jiulong.（3） Most of the two vortexes move in almost the same direction,moving eastward together with the low trough.The SDPVs mainly act in the area to the north of the Yangtze River,while the SWVs are situated across the Yangtze River valley.（4） The joint activity of the two vortexes often produces sustained regional heavy rainfall to the south of the Yellow River,influencing wide areas of China,and even as far as the Korean Peninsula,Japan and Vietnam.（5） Most of the two vortexes are baroclinic or cold vortexes,and they both become strengthened in terms of their joint activity.（6） When the two vortexes move over the sea,their central pressure descends and their rainfall increases,especially for SWVs.（7） The two vortexes might spin over the same area simultaneously when there are tropical cyclones in the eastern and southern seas of China,or move southward together if a tropical cyclone appears near Hainan Island.

Study on Prediction of Summer Rainstorm Induced by Southwest Vortex in Guizhou Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the prediction of summer rainstorm induced by southwest vortex.[Method] Based on 2.5°×2.5° re-analysis data in four time points a day from June to August during 1971-2008 at 700 hPa in northern hemisphere provided by NECP,rainstorm and southwest vortex from June to August in Guizhou Province were studied systematically,and the forecast data of rainstorm induced by southest vortex was obtained.[Result] Southwest vortex was one of major systems influencing rainstorm in flood season(from June to August),especially in June and July;the occurrence of this kind of rainstorm was closely related to the moving path of southwest vortex,activity of cold air,environmental flow field at 500 hPa,shear line at 850 hPa,southwest jet,position of subtropical high ridge,water vapour conditions,vorticity field,etc.On the basis of factual data,objective forecast system was established and verified by means of similar method and physical diagnosis.The results showed that it was rational to choose upper trough,southwest vortex,conditions of vertical movement,southwest jet,water vapour conditions,etc.as forecast factors;when the center of southwest vortex was located in major key area(100°-105° E,25°-35° N),and secondary key area(105°-108° E,25°-35° N),regional rainstorm occurred most easily,especially in major key area with high frequency of rainstorm.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the improvement of prediction level of rainstorm induced by southwest vortex,disaster prevention and reduction.

A Fourteen-Year Climatology of the Southwest Vortex in Summer

Statistical studies were conducted on the southwest vortex(SWV) during the summers of 2000–13 using high-resolution reanalysis data with a horizontal resolution of 0.5°× 0.5°. A total of 578 SWVs were detected, with a maximum interannual frequency of 55. The variation of the interannual frequency featured a period of around six years. The most active period of SWVs was early July and the maximum occurrence of SWVs appeared in early morning(0200–0800 Beijing Standard Time(BST)). Most of the SWVs were short-lived, with only 66 cases(11.4%) lasting for more than 24 h. In addition, the moving tracks and three-dimensional shape of long-lived(≥ 36 h) SWVs are also presented. For those SWVs that lasted for more than 12 h, four types of SWVs(Types I–IV) were identified using a new method, and the results indicated that the dynamical and thermodynamical conditions before the formation of SWVs are effective indicators of the subsequent evolution of the vortex and associated severe weathers. Moreover, a further level of classification was also constructed for Type II SWVs, which accounted for the largest proportion out of Types I–IV, and the results indicated that the lifespan, radius and maximum 6-h precipitation were all closely related to the intensity of precipitation before the formation of SWVs.

A Climatology of the Southwest Vortex during 1979–2008

Using a new vortex detection and tracing method, a dataset of the Southwest Vortex(SWV) is established based on Japanese 25-year Reanalysis(JRA-25) reanalysis data during 1979–2008. The spatiotemporal features of the SWV are derived from the dataset. In comparison to other seasons, summer yields the least SWVs, but with the highest probability that they will migrate from their region of origin. SWVs mostly emerge in the southwest of the Sichuan Basin and the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Migratory SWVs mainly move along either an eastward or southeastward path. Detailed composite analysis of warm-season SWVs shows that the subtropical high is a key factor in determining the direction of migratory SWVs. Furthermore, the steering wind at 700 hPa dominates the moving direction of migratory SWVs. Potential stability diagnosed by pseudo-equivalent potential temperature ? se is of certain significance for the evolution and movement of SWVs. On the other hand, migratory SWVs possess relatively greater strength than stationary SWVs, due to a stronger low-level jet with enhanced baroclinicity and moisture transport providing more energy to support the growth of SWVs along their paths of movement.

The Impact of the Eastward Propagation of Convective Systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the Southwest Vortex Formation in Summer

Based on the temperature of the black body (TBB),station observed and NCEP reanalysis data,the impacts of the eastward propagation of convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest vortex (SWV) formation that occurred at 1800 UTC on 29 June 2003 are analyzed by using the Zwack-Okossi (Z-O) equation to diagnose the thermal and dynamic processes.It is found that,in summer,severe convective activities often occur over the Tibetan Plateau due to the abundant supply of moisture.The convective cloud near the east edge of the plateau could move eastward with a shortwave trough in the westerly.The divergent center that is induced by latent heat release,which is associated with severe convective activities,moves out with the convective cloud and contributes to the low level decompression which is favorable for the formation of plateau edge cyclogenesis (PEC).The Z-O equation indicates that,in this case,the latent heat release and convergence are the two most important factors for SWV formation,which amounts to about 42% and 15% of the term TOTAL,respectively.It is implied that the thermal process effect was more important than the dynamic process during SWV formation.

Diagnostic Analysis on Heavy Rain Process of the Northeast-moving Southwest Vortex

The moving path of southwest vortex and the mechanism of heavy rain in the north were studied in order to find out the forecasting point of the northern heavy rain,so as to improve the forecasting ability of the heavy rain disastrous weather.A large-scale heavy rain process in northern China from 18 to 21 July 2010 was diagnostically analyzed using meteorological conventional and intensified observation data and NCEP 1°× 1° reanalysis data.The result showed that the southwest vortex moved northeastward under the guidance of southwest airflow in the periphery of subtropical high,which was the direct influence system of the heavy rainfall.The heavy rainfall occurred on the east side of the symmetrical axis of the 700 hPa low vortex.The southwest jet provided abundant water vapor and potential instability energy for the occurrence of heavy rainfall.The changes of vorticity advection and temperature advection in the lower and middle troposphere were the leading causes of affecting the development and movement of the low vortex.The low vortex moved along the positive vorticity advection increasing region and the warm advection increasing region.The dry and cold air intruded into the low vortex from the middle layer,which promoted the generation and development of the unstable stratification of upper cold and lower warm,and provided unstable and triggering conditions for heavy rain.The water vapor transport from the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea was very abundant,and the water vapor flux was very high,reaching 30 g/(s·cm·hPa).It was the main reason for the maximum precipitation in Liaoning Province,which was the farthest from the southwest vortex source.The study deepened the understanding of the structural characteristics of the southwest vortex and revealed the dynamic mechanism of the northeast movement and development of the southwest vortex as well as the cause of rainstorm induced by interaction with other weather systems.It can provide some forecasting ideas and useful references for forecasting the movement of the southwest vortex and the heavy rain weather in the north.

Comparative Analysis of Energy Characteristics of Two Southwest Vortices in Sichuan Under Similar Circulation Backgrounds

Based on ERA5 reanalysis data,the present study analyzed the thermal energy development mechanism and kinetic energy conversion characteristics of two extreme rainstorm processes in relation to the shallow southwest vortex in the warm-sector during a“rain-generated vortex”process and the deep southwest vortex in a“vortex-generated rain”process.The findings were as follows:(1)During the extreme rainstorm on August 11,2020(hereinafter referred to as the“8·11”process),intense surface heating and a high-energy unstable environment were observed.The mesoscale convergence system triggered convection to produce heavy rainfall,and the release of latent condensation heat generated by the rainfall promoted the formation of a southwest vortex.The significant increase(decrease)in atmospheric diabatic heating and kinetic energy preceded the increase(decrease)in vorticity.By contrast,the extreme rainstorm on August 16,2020(hereinafter referred to as the“8·16”process)involved the generation of southwest vortex in a low-energy and highhumidity environment.The dynamic uplift of the southwest vortex triggered rainfall,and the release of condensation latent heat from rainfall further strengthened the development of the southwest vortex.The significant increase(decrease)in atmospheric diabatic heating and kinetic energy exhibited a delayed progression compared to the increase(decrease)in vorticity.(2)The heating effect around the southwest vortex region was non-uniform,and the heating intensity varied in different stages.In the“8·11”process,the heating effect was the strongest in the initial stage,but weakened during the vortex's development.On the contrary,the heating effect was initially weak in the“8·16”process,and intensified during the development stage.(3)The available potential energy of the“8·11”process significantly increased in kinetic energy converted from rotational and divergent winds through baroclinic action,and the divergent wind energy continued to convert into rotational wind energy.By contrast,the“8·16”process involved the conversion of rotational wind energy into divergent wind energy,which in turn converted kinetic energy back into available potential energy,thereby impeding the further development and maintenance of the southwest vortex.

Analysis of a Vortex Precipitation Event over Southwest China Using AIRS and In Situ Measurements

A strong precipitation event caused by the southwest vortex（SWV）, which affected Sichuan Province and Chongqing municipality in Southwest China on 10–14 July 2012, is investigated. The SWV is examined using satellite observations from AIRS（Atmospheric Infrared Sounder）, in situ measurements from the SWV intensive observation campaign, and MICAPS（Marine Interactive Computer-Aided Provisioning System） data. Analysis of this precipitation process revealed that：（1）heavy rain occurred during the development phase, and cloud water content increased significantly after the dissipation of the SWV;（2） the area with low outgoing longwave radiation values from AIRS correlated well with the SWV;（3） variation of the temperature of brightness blackbody（TBB） from AIRS reflected the evolution of the SWV, and the values of TBB reduced significantly during the SWV＇s development; and（4） strong temperature and water vapor inversions were noted during the development of the SWV. The moisture profile displayed large vertical variation during the SWV＇s puissant phase,with the moisture inversion occurring at low levels. The moisture content during the receding phase was significantly reduced compared with that during the developing and puissant phases. The vertical flux of vapor divergence explained the variation of the moisture profile. These results also indicate the potential for using AIRS products in studying severe weather over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings, where in situ measurements are sparse.

Analysis of Deep Convective Towers in a Southwest-Vortex Rainstorm Event

The structure and organization of the extreme-rain-producing deep convection towers and their roles in the formation of a southwest vortex(SWV)event are studied using the intensified surface rainfall observations,weather radar data and numerical simulations from a high-resolution convection-allowing model.The deep convection towers occurred prior to the emergence of SWV and throughout its onset and development stages.They largely resemble the vortical hot tower(VHT)commonly seen in typhoons or hurricanes and are thus considered as a special type of VHT(sVHT).Each sVHT presented a vorticity dipole structure,with the upward motion not superpose the positive vorticity.A positive feedback process in the SWV helped the organization of sVHTs,which in turn strengthened the initial disturbance and development of SWV.The meso-γ-scale large-value areas of positive relative vorticity in the mid-toupper troposphere were largely induced by the diabatic heating and tilting.The strong mid-level convergence was attributed to the mid-level vortex enhancement.The low-level vortex intensification was mainly due to low-level convergence and the stretching of upward flow.The meso-α-scale large-value areas of positive relative vorticity in the low-level could expand up to about 400 hPa,and gradually weakened with time and height due to the decaying low-level convergence and vertical stretching in the matured SWV.As the SWV matured,two secondary circulations were formed,with a weaker mean radial inflow than the outflow and elevated to 300-400 hPa.

PV Perspective of Impacts on Downstream Extreme Rainfall Event of a Tibetan Plateau Vortex Collaborating with a Southwest China Vortex

An extreme rainfall event occurred over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Basin(MLY)during the end of June 2016,which was attributable to a Tibetan Plateau(TP)Vortex(TPV)in conjunction with a Southwest China Vortex(SWCV).The physical mechanism for this event was investigated from Potential Vorticity(PV)and omega perspectives based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data.The cyclogenesis of the TPV over the northwestern TP along with the lower-tropospheric SWCV was found to involve a midtropospheric large-scale flow reconfiguration across western and eastern China with the formation of a high-amplitude Rossby wave.Subsequently,the eastward-moving TPV coalesced vertically with the SWCV over the eastern Sichuan Basin due to the positive vertical gradient of the TPV-related PV advection,leading the lower-tropospheric jet associated with moisture transport to intensify greatly and converge over the downstream MLY.The merged TPV−SWCV specially facilitated the upper-tropospheric isentropic-gliding ascending motion over the MLY.With the TPV-embedded mid-tropospheric trough migrating continuously eastward,the almost stagnant SWCV was re-separated from the overlying TPV,forming a more eastward-tilted high-PV configuration to trigger stronger ascending motion including isentropic-gliding,isentropic-displacement,and diabatic heating-related ascending components over the MLY.This led to more intense rainfall.Quantitative PV diagnoses demonstrate that both the coalescence and subsequent re-separation processes of the TPV with the SWCV were largely dominated by horizontal PV advection and PV generation due to vertically nonuniform diabatic heating,as well as the feedback of condensation latent heating on the isentropic-displacement vertical velocity.

近十年我国涡旋系统的研究进展

近年我国暴雨和强对流等中小尺度灾害性天气频发,涡旋是产生这些灾害天气的重要天气系统之一。为了不断提高对我国涡旋及其产生的暴雨和强对流天气发生发展机理的认识和预报准确率,本文对容易引发长江流域沿线灾害天气的三类涡旋(高原低涡、西南低涡和大别山涡)及对北方地区暴雨、强对流天气有重要影响的东北冷涡、中亚低涡的主要研究成果进行了梳理。主要回顾了近十年这些涡旋的识别方法、时空分布统计特征、三维结构以及产生的暴雨、强对流天气机理。最后,对与涡旋系统以及相关天气的研究与预报中的问题、未来发展方向进行了简要讨论和展望。

青藏高原东侧九龙夏季非降水云的观测特征

青藏高原东侧九龙地区是西南涡多发区,利用该地区新型探测设备开展云探测,有助于增强对西南涡多发区云特征的认识。利用2018—2019年6—8月九龙站地基微波辐射计资料,分析了该地区夏季非降水云的出现率、液态水路径及过冷水路径的观测特征。结果表明:九龙夏季非降水云出现率月均值在67%~82%之间,以低云和中云为主,高云较少;低云出现率表现为白天低、夜间高,而中云和高云则相反;云出现率的垂直分布表现为单峰形态,在约2km高度存在云出现率峰值8.1%;受大气热力层结日变化影响,云出现率的单峰垂直分布呈现日夜差异。另外,九龙夏季非降水云的液态水路径均值为0.433kg·m^(-2),其中低云、中云、高云的液态水路径均值分别为0.665、0.240、0.102kg·m^(-2);低云的液态水路径日变化特征与其出现率相似,而中云和高云的液态水路径日变化特征不明显。此外,九龙夏季非降水云中冷云的过冷水路径均值为0.154kg·m^(-2),其中低云、中云、高云的过冷水路径均值分别为0.065、0.166、0.102kg·m^(-2);总体上过冷水路径在液态水路径中的占比约为34.3%~38.8%,过冷水路径占比随云的高度而增大,这使得中云和高云的过冷水路径日变化与其液态水路径相似。与同纬度华中地区相比,九龙夏季非降水云具有明显不同的特征,这与两地之间的大气水汽特征差异密切相关。

陕南西南涡暴雨的热动力特征分析

利用10年(2013-2022年)4-10月逐日700 hPa高空图、西南低涡年鉴资料、欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料、陕西省站点降水数据对陕南西南涡暴雨个例进行了统计与诊断分析。结果表明:(1) 10年间共有119个暴雨日,其中由西南涡引起的暴雨日数38天,约占总暴雨日数的三分之一(32%),主要发生在5-9月,6月最多,根据统计降水时段多开始于夜间,结束于白天。(2)影响陕南的西南涡,源地主要是盆地涡,一般东移12~24 h后可造成陕南地区暴雨天气。陕南西南涡暴雨区主要位于700 hPa西南涡中心的东北象限附近,切变线以南区域,假相当位温的梯度大值区,500 hPa西风槽和副高外围西南气流的交汇区域且对应200 hPa强辐散区。(3)对西南涡的垂直结构研究表明,700 hPa强辐合中心位于正涡度中心东侧。这一区域与暴雨落区对应较好。高空急流下的强辐散引起空气质量调整,低层辐合,促使锋生。(4)存在三支水汽输送:通道一来自孟加拉湾西部的暖洋面;通道二源于孟加拉湾东部暖洋面;通道三源于南海洋面。暴雨期间秦巴山区地形产生的气旋式涡度、散度、水汽通量散度与系统性的涡度、散度和水汽通量散度叠加,增强低层辐合,这也是陕南西南涡暴雨形成的一个重要因素。

西北涡与西南涡共同作用引发秦巴区域大暴雨的成因分析

利用常规观测资料、ERA-5再分析数据、FY-4A卫星资料,对2021年9月3-4日一次西北涡与西南涡共同作用引发的秦巴区域大暴雨过程进行了研究,探讨了两涡作用导致大暴雨的中尺度环境场特征,并对西南涡的形成过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:秦巴区域的大暴雨是在西北涡与西南涡共同作用下由中尺度对流复合体(Mesoscal Convective Complex,MCC)引起的,强降水位于MCC云顶亮温冷中心及后部偏冷空气一侧的亮温梯度大值区。西南涡生成前,西北涡后部的偏北气流与西南气流形成了中尺度切变线,在秦巴区域触发对流不稳定而激发出中尺度对流云团而产生降水;西南涡生成后与西北涡共同作用,使秦巴区域水汽的输送加强,对流层低层形成强烈辐合,正涡度和垂直上升运动加强,使MCC强烈发展并具有较长生命史,同时伴随β和γ中尺度的对流云团发展,加强了该区域的强降水,从而造成大暴雨。该过程中西南涡是由500 hPa低涡产生的正涡度和高位涡向下传递强迫,使西北涡后部偏北风与西南气流气旋性运动加强从而形成涡旋环流,西南涡与500 hPa低涡的垂直耦合使其发展为强大的涡旋系统,从而加强水汽的辐合上升运动以加强降水。

西南涡的气候学研究进展

西南涡是特殊地形与区域环流条件相互作用而产生的α中尺度天气系统,对我国西南地区的天气、气候和环境具有重要影响。本文系统梳理了西南涡的涡源分布、活动频数、移动路径及强度变化的多时空尺度分布特征,阐述了西南涡活动对我国西南及其下游地区天气、气候及区域环境的影响,总结了西南涡与高原涡、南亚高压等重要的天气系统的协同作用过程,综述了近年来西南涡气候学研究的进展,旨在为后续展开的西南涡的客观识别算法和技术研究提供基础信息。综述发现,前人研究中关于西南涡活动异常变化特征的结论并不一致,这可能是选用的资料时段、时间长度以及西南涡识别方法等不同造成的。因此,建立一套基于客观算法识别的西南涡基础研究资料是展开未来高质量研究的基石,对理解、预测西南涡活动具有极其重要的意义,并有利于进一步提升西南地区天气、气候、环境预测水平。

不同类型九龙涡的水汽输送与热力结构特征的对比分析

应用1989~2018年6~8月ERA-interim再分析资料,在西南涡之九龙涡新定义的基础上,通过观测、诊断、合成分析,深入研究了川西高原涡源子区域1和子区域2源地型、偏东型、东北型、偏南型九龙涡的水汽输送、热力特征及其变化。结果表明:(1)夏季九龙涡水汽主要来源于印度洋,受多尺度系统协同作用影响,源地型、偏东型、东北型生成区主要为西南水汽输送,偏南型则为西北水汽输送。伴随九龙涡生成,生成区水汽辐合逐渐加强,结束时次,移动型九龙涡在对应的移动方向下游具有异常的水汽通量辐合。(2)九龙涡涡区主要为热量消耗,其中源地型九龙涡热量消耗较大且无充足补给成为其消亡的原因之一,初生时次低层(高层)水汽消耗(增加),但发展后均为消耗;子区域1(子区域2)下垫面、环流影响复杂(简单),视热源、视水汽汇项垂直分布多样(单一),具有多个(一个)极值中心;辐射冷却和小尺度涡旋垂直输送可使视热源项中心高于视水汽汇项中心。(3)九龙涡的视热源、视水汽汇的大值区主要位于低涡东北部,且视水汽汇强于视热源,分别对应低涡强对流区和强夜发性;移动型的视热源和视水汽汇分布及变化一般都强于源地型,其中,子区域1的东北型、偏南型始终保持较强分布,子区域2的移动型和源地型初生时次差异不大,结束时次东北型显著增强。(4)源地型低涡的消亡最先表现为视水汽汇在低涡外围的减弱,而偏东型、东北型则在移动方向扩展、增强,形成视热源、水汽汇大值区,分别预示着九龙涡的减弱消亡和发展移动;偏南型西南侧有一热源大值系统,可能成为其偏南移出的外强迫因素。综上,区域和环境水汽、大气热力条件等异常变化与九龙涡演变密切相关,两者可能是九龙涡生成、消亡、发展、移动的重要原因。

四川盆地西部连续两次特大暴雨过程的西南涡特征分析

针对两次四川盆地西部特大暴雨过程中西南涡发展与演变特征,利用欧洲中心ERA5逐小时再分析资料和FY4A卫星云顶相当黑体温度资料进行诊断分析。结果表明:两次过程的西南涡均生成于低槽东移和副高西伸的有利环流背景下。过程一的西南涡在高能高湿的环境下生成和发展,低层的感热和潜热加热作用更为显著,正涡度随高度向西倾斜发展且高度达到400 hPa,涡度拉伸项和扭转项对西南涡的发展起主要作用。过程二的偏南气流更为强盛,对流层高层的辐散抽吸作用更强,热力条件弱于过程一,西南涡范围内为高湿状态,对流层高层强的感热和凝结潜热加热使得高层增温,从而增强西南涡的发展,其正涡度发展至对流层顶,正涡度柱随高度垂直延伸,动力作用强于过程一,涡度拉伸项、扭转项和垂直输送项对西南涡的发展起主要作用。

地理经纬双向过渡带和复杂地形下气候的过渡性和特异性--以宜昌市为例

宜昌处在我国地形第二、第三级阶梯的过渡地带,又位于我国南北过渡带秦巴山地南麓的中低纬度过渡带,长江中上游结合部,山地河谷平原并存,地形复杂,垂直高差大。气候资料分析和文献调研表明,宜昌天气气候因特殊地理环境具有过渡性和特异性:(1)年平均气温主要随地形高度递减,年总降水量主要随纬度升高减小。(2)年暴雨日数、连阴雨天数,在中西部随纬度升高而递减,等值线近似纬向排列;东部随地形升高而递增,等值线近似经向排列。(3)山地平原过渡带地形的阻挡滞留、辐合抬升等对极端短时强降水有明显加强作用,这种作用在秦岭与黄淮过渡带、太行山与华北平原过渡带有相似的天气气候效应。(4)宜昌位于江淮梅雨的西界、华西秋雨的东界,具有天气气候“分水岭”特征。(5)宜昌是暴雨雨团、西南涡移动的主要通道之一。

四川盆地一次暖性西南低涡大暴雨的中尺度分析

2021年8月7—8日,四川盆地中东部出现大暴雨、局地特大暴雨,是重庆2021年度社会影响最大的一次暴雨过程。采用多源观测及ERA5再分析资料,对此次大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:大暴雨发生在低槽移入四川盆地诱发暖性西南低涡背景下,具有显著的阶段性、跳跃性和极端性特征。大暴雨先后形成于西南低涡中心东南部、西南低涡东侧和西南低涡南侧暖湿的边界层辐合线附近。各阶段大暴雨均由移动缓慢、维持时间达3~6 h的β中尺度对流系统影响形成,暖湿不稳定和弱垂直风切变为β中尺度对流系统的形成提供了有利的环境条件。涡度分析表明,西南低涡的发展主要源于低空辐合及垂直涡度输送效应,但暴雨区的正涡度发展与西南低涡并不完全相同,水平涡度倾侧效应较为显著。第一阶段暴雨区正涡度主要源于对流层中低层西南低涡中心附近显著的低空辐合、涡度垂直输送及水平涡度倾侧效应;第二阶段和第三阶段暴雨区正涡度主要源于边界层辐合及边界层以上的水平涡度倾侧效应,边界层辐合触发暖湿大气中的中尺度对流活动促进了第二阶段和第三阶段大暴雨的形成。