Effects of Land Management Practices on Soil Water in Southwestern Mountainous Area, China

The effects of selected land management practices （cross-sloping tillage, ridge culture, organic manure, and straw mulch） on soil water conservation in a southwestern mountainous area, China, were studied during November 2002 to November 2004. The experimental field is divided into three parts based on soil layer depths, 0-60 cm （part Ⅰ）, 0-40 cm （part Ⅱ）, and 0- 20 cm （part Ⅲ）, and they all had the same slope azimuth （SE）, slope （10°）, and slope type （linear）. The experimental plots were subjected to the following treatments： cross-sloping tillage （CST）; cross-sloping tillage with organic manure （CST/ OM）; cross-sloping tillage with straw mulch （CST/SM）; contour ridge culture （CRC）; contour ridge culture with organic manure （CRC/OM）; and contour ridge culture with straw mulch （CRC/SM）, to identify the effects of management practices on soil water. Water contents were determined for soil samples collected, using a 2.2 cm diameter manual probe. Soil water was monitored once every five days from Nov. 20, 2002 to Nov. 20, 2004. The results indicated that, in the study stages, an integration of rainfall, evaporative losses, and crop transcription controlled the basic tendencies of profile （mean） soil water, while land management practices, to a certain extent, only modified its amount, distribution, and routing. Moreover, these modifications also mainly focused on the first 20 cm depth of topsoil layer. When each management practice was compared with control treatment, season changes of profile （mean） soil water were pronounced, while interannual changes among them were not significant. More comparisons indicated that, in the study stages, contour ridge culture had better effects than cross-sloping tillage. And under the same tillage, the combination of organic manure could achieve more than straw mulch. These management practices should be recommended considering the effectiveness of soil and water management techniques in the southwestern mountainous area, China.

Origin and geochemistry of Pan-African granitoid rocks in the Gabal Um Shomer area,Southwestern Sinai,Egypt

Geological, petrological and geochemical studies indicated that there are two distinct types of granitoid rocks: older quartz diorites to granodiorite assemblage and younger granitoids, the latter occurring in two phases. The older granitoids have a meta-aluminous chemistry and a calc-alkaline character, with high MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, P2O5, Sr and low SiO2, K2O, and Rb. Their major and trace elements data, together with low 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.7029±0.0008) are indicative of I-type affinities. The second- and third-phase granitoids range from calc-alkaline to alkaline, respectively. The second-phase granitoids have a peraluminous chemistry and high Sr, Ba, CaO, MgO, Al2O3 and Ti2O and low SiO2, K2O, Nb, Y and Rb relative to the third-phase granitoids. The corundum normative nature and field observations suggested that it was formed by partial melting of the lower crust. The third-phase granitoids are alkaline in nature and characterized by higher SiO2, Rb, Y, Nb and lower MgO, Sr and Ba values than the younger granitoids (phase Ⅱ). They are A-type granitoids which were generated from below or within the existing continental crust.

A New Discovery of Deep-Water Benthic Organisms from the Southwestern Dongsha Area,South China Sea

Dongsha waters are poorly studied for gas hydrates. Previous multi-channel seismic reflection and Chirp sub- bottom profiles show that numerous submarine mounds stand up to 100 m high above the seafloor over the continental slope of the SW Dongsha Island in northern margin of the South China Sea （SCS）. These mounds are characterized by hardened seabed, seafloor gas venting and folded structures, which implies the existence of active mud volcanoes. This work aims to confirm this speculation by seafloor sample dredging and to explore the potential of gas hydrates.

3-D velocity structure of P wave in the upper mantle beneath southwestern China and its adjacent areas

3-D velocity structure of P wave in the upper mantle beneath southwestern China and its adjacent areas (10°N [similar to] 36°N, 70°E [similar to] 110°E) down to the depth of 400 km has been studied by using 80 974 P-wave first arrival times recorded at 165 stations from 7 053 events both within the studying areas, selected from the ISC bulletin and the Bulletin of China and NEIC fundamental seismic network. With a resolution of grid spacing of 2°×2°, the velocity heterogeneity on the horizontal profile is obvious though it attenuates with the depth increasing. On the vertical profiles of velocity along the latitude of 16°N and 24°N, the collision and extrusion of India plate to Eurasia plate is displayed, and a remarkable velocity difference between India plate and Eurasia plate is shown. In the vertical profile along the longitude of 90°E, the subducting of India plate northward beneath Eurasia plate (Tibet plateau) is also obvious. On the horizontal profile at the depth of 90 km, a slow velocity stripe from Myitkyina, Myanmar to Donghai, Vietnam seems to be related to Honghe fault belt. An illustration method of describing the resolution more directly and exactly has been proposed and utilized in this paper.

THE PERMIAN SYSTEM OF THE NUJIANG—LANCANGJIANG—JINSHAJIANG AREA, SOUTHWESTERN CHINA

Permian system is one of the best developed systems in Sanjiang area. In Yidun\|Zhongdian and in Zhiso\|Muli, The Lower Permian is clastics\|carbonates\|volcanics with interbeds of siliceous sediments, Whereas the Upper Permian is composed of lower part of basic volcanics and upper part of clastics\|carbonates with a total thickness of 1000～4000 meters .In Zhongzha (Batang)\|Jingping region, It is mainly carbonates of 217～1320 meters thick, But in Jingping proper, there occur about 5000 meters thick basalts of early late Permian . From Batang to Benzinan along the Jinshajiang river , the lower Permian is clastics\|volcanics\|carbonates formation with interbeds of siliceous sediments and spilite formation; Whereas the Upper Permian is clastics with volcanic interbeds; The total thickness being 3700 to 7100 meters. In Jiangda—Mangco (Mangkang), It is clastic\|carbonate\|volcanic formation of 1100 to 2400 meters . In Tuoba (Qamdo)—Haitong (Mankang)—Ximi (Mujiang ), It is mainly clastics\|carbonates formation , the Upper Permian being coal\|bearing clastics sequence and the total thickness being 700～2500 meters ,In Zhado—Zhasuosuo (Mangkang)—Deqing—Qinggu—Qinghong, It is clastic\|carbonate\|volcanic formation, locally with coal\|bearing clastics of Upper Permian and the total thickness of mainly carbonate formation and clastic formation with coal\|bearing clastic formation of Uppermian, is 800 to 2000 meters. In the whole area , the Permian strata were slightly metamorphosed, locally more intensively metamorphosed up to amphibolite facies. The fossils found belong to fusulinids, coral, brachiopods,ammonite,bivalve, gastropods, bryozoa,foraminifera, trilobite, algae ,porifera (sponge), and continental plant . Besides the Gondwana cold\|water type components of brachiopods found in Baoshan, the fossils belong mainly to Cathaysian biota, especially to South China type. In some places such as Mangkang, Guxue (Dewong), to South China type. In some places such as Mangkang, Guxue (Dewong), and Wachang (Muli), the resedimented Late Carboniferous fusulinid fossils can be found in the clastic limestone of Lower Permian, and the Early Permian or even Middle to Late Carboniferous fusulinid fossils found in Upper Permian classic limestone. All these suggest the resedimentation of biolimestone blocks or fragments related to fault\|volcanism .On the section of Tongba (Muli), the permian is continuous graded upwards into the Triassic, with a transitional zone of fossil.

The Geochemistry of Carbonate Rocks in Igwe Igarra, Southwestern Nigeria

Nigeria has an abundance of valuable solid minerals and rocks which can generate revenue for the government if they are fully exploited. Carbonate rock is one of such rocks that occur prominently in Igwe Igarra area of Edo State. Five (5) carbonate rock samples (Four marble and One Calcsilicate) were subjected to geochemical analyses. A petrographic study reveals that marble and calcsilicate contain calcite, quartz, microcline, plagioclase, biotite and opaque minerals. Geochemical data shows that carbonate rocks have variable geochemical characteristics: Igwe marble is highly Calcitic (96% - 98%) and very low in dolomite Mg(CO3). Calcsilicate rock is low in CaO (27.5%) and higher in marble. The Igwe marble is pure and contains fewer impurities compared to calcsilicate rock which makes it unideal for usage. Based on these characteristics the marble from Igwe is suitable as raw materials for the productions of glass, papers, beet sugar, aggregates, lubricants and fillers.

Geological Characteristics of Epithermal Ore Concentrated Areas and Epithermal Ore Deposits in China

The epithermal ore concentrated area is located in Southwestern China. We systematically study the regional geological characteristics such as the basement of Proterozoic, the capping bed, Moho, geothermal feature and tectonics, and discuss the relationship between distributed characteristics of the epithermal ore deposits and ore control factors in this paper. It is concluded that the conditions, under which the epithermal ore deposits form, are huge thick basement of Proterozoic, long time and wide scope developed capping bed and weak magmatic activity. The basement of Proterozoic that enriches volcanic matters and carbon and the carbonaceous bearing and paleo pool bearing capping bed provides main ore source. The large and deep faults and paleopool accordance with gravity anomaly gradient control the distribution of epithermal ore deposits. The lithologic assembles of microclastic rocks and carbonate rocks in the capping bed provide spaces of ore precipitation and create conditions of ore precipitation. The coincidence of many geological factors above forms the epithermal ore concentrated area.

黔西南雄武地区铀矿化与有机流体的成因联系

在黔西南地区,前人针对构造演化、油气流体、金矿床成矿流体和成矿模式等方面开展了大量的研究,但铀矿床研究方面还十分薄弱,尤其针对有机流体与铀成矿的关系还未开展研究。本次研究在野外地质调查基础上,对黔西南雄武地区大际山铀矿床及大梨树铀矿床中典型的矿石与蚀变围岩样品开展了显微岩相学、扫描电镜‒能谱分析、电子探针、流体包裹体、激光拉曼、稳定同位素等方面研究。宏观上,铀矿体的中心部位往往呈黑色,矿体两侧呈灰色、灰褐色,矿体中心向两侧颜色逐渐变浅。镜下研究发现,铀矿物、黄铁矿等金属矿物与黑色的有机质紧密共生。激光拉曼分析指示,这些有机质经历的最高温度为185~237℃,等效镜质体反射率指示有机质处于高成熟‒过成熟阶段,具有焦沥青的特征。铀矿体外围蚀变带中饱含显示强浅蓝色荧光的轻质油,指示富烃类有机流体与成矿物质可能为同一来源,均为含铀有机流体演化而成。铀矿石中黑色有机质的^(13)C值与其赋矿碳酸盐岩表现出明显的异源特征,且与当地古油藏的C同位素具有相似性,指示焦沥青可能来源于深部侵位的古油藏。铀矿物微区年代学与有机质Re-Os年代学的研究结果在误差范围内基本一致,均为喜山期,进一步指示铀矿物和有机质是同时代地质作用的产物。黔西南雄武地区铀的沉淀应该与油气裂解‒分异作用相关,其铀矿成矿作用既不是以往认为的沉积成岩型,也不是沉积成岩叠加淋积‒热液改造型,而应该是构造作用下、深部渗出含铀富有机质成矿流体形成的渗出碳酸盐岩型铀矿床。成矿过程中,铀钼等多金属可能以微纳米超显微结构的形式随有机流体共同迁移,在温压条件变化的情况下,含矿的富烃类有机流体发生裂解‒分异作用,致使铀、黄铁矿等金属物质与重质组分(沥青)残留于破碎带或构造裂隙中而发生铀矿化,而轻质组分(轻质油)发生逃逸,部分以包裹体或孔隙流体的形式捕获于构造带或上覆地层中。

Urban Gully Development in Southwestern Nigeria

This study examined the development of urban gullies in a part of Southwestern Nigeria. This was done with a view to determine the volume and amount of sediment loss from the 1st and 2nd order gullies in a cascade system. Twenty (20) towns were randomly selected from where thirty (30) gully systems comprising forty (40) 1st order and five (5) 2nd order gullies were measured with Tape and Total Station (TS). The gully dimensions measured include gully lengths, depths and cross sectional areas. The core samples were also taken from the study gullies for the determination of the soil bulk density. The results showed that the mean volume of soil loss from the 1st order and (2nd) order gullies in the study area are 1612.633 m3 and 1629.922 m3, respectively. The weight of the estimated sediment loss from the 1st order and 2nd order gullies are 2661.621 and 2657.318 tonnes, respectively. The result further showed that the total soil loss of 119661.442 tonnes was obtained from the study gullies and that the 1st order gullies accounted for 87% (106,375 tonnes) of the total soil loss. This was an indication of soil degradation in the area.

西南山地民族传统生态观的多维实践及当代价值——以基诺族为例

在推进中国式现代化生态文明建设进程中,充分挖掘西南少数民族生态实践中蕴藏的生态伦理与生态智慧具有十分重要的应用价值。以西南山地民族基诺族为典型个案,从自然互动、社会生活、社群互动三方面探讨当地民众具体的生态实践,在此基础上从生态农业、生态教育、生态经济三维视角阐释传统生态实践的当代价值,以期为西南民族地区推进生态振兴提供参考借鉴。

山坝结构与族际共生:历史时期西南边疆民族交往交流交融的文化生态学考察

历史上西南边疆地区不同的经济文化类型和民族分布格局,反映了山坝结构形态下多元民族互嵌共生的社会结构特点。在山坝结构的空间单位中,各民族既发展出适应各自生境的经济文化类型,又通过不同群体的交流互动形成既相互区别又相互联系的社会文化系统。以山坝结构为研究对象,不仅能够较为清晰地呈现“人地关系”下西南边疆各民族交往互动的空间特征,而且还可以从民族共生的整体逻辑来认识西南边疆民族社会历史发展的多样性以及边疆各民族交往交流交融历史演进的区域特性。在认识论层面,相关研究或许能够在传统认知基础上,为当下中华民族共同体形成路径等议题提供一种新的观察视角。

塔西南山前地区柯克亚周缘叶探1井油气勘探重大突破及意义

塔西南山前西昆仑冲断带柯东构造带叶探1井在二叠系普斯格组获得重大突破,标志着塔西南山前地区发现一个重要的勘探接替层系。结合区域地质资料,根据野外露头、钻井、地震等综合研究,对柯克亚周缘二叠系普斯格组的成藏条件进行再认识。研究认为,研究区内二叠系普斯格组发育陆相湖泊—三角洲沉积体系,上段发育半深湖—深湖相烃源岩,面积1.0×10^(4)km^(2),厚度最大达到800m,集中段有机质丰度为0.92%~1.16%,以菌藻类生源为主,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ型,有机质丰度高;普斯格组下段发育三角洲前缘、滨浅湖沙坝优质砂岩储层,砂体厚度为42.5~63m,砂地比为27%~47%,是一套分布较广的区域性储层,与普斯格组上段泥岩组成优质储盖组合;柯克亚周缘发育印支期、喜马拉雅期两期构造变形,古生界叠瓦冲断、强烈逆掩叠置,圈闭成排成带,喜马拉雅期进一步挤压抬升改造,局部复杂化,形成的叠瓦冲断带为勘探有利区。根据普斯格组天然气干燥系数分析,折算Ro为1.31%~1.42%,与下盘烃源岩成熟度相当,表明油气来自下盘逆掩叠置烃源岩,经历早油晚气的成藏过程,成藏具有“逆掩叠置下盘供烃、下生上储、断裂输导”的特点。综合分析认为该地区二叠系普斯格组圈闭成排成带分布,已发现圈闭9个,面积301km^(2),天然气资源量约为2930×10^(8)m^(3),凝析油资源量约为2×10^(8)t,具有较好的勘探前景。

基于改进高斯两步移动搜索法的西南山地乡村居民医疗设施可达性评价——以重庆市九龙坡区为例

近年来,乡村医疗资源的数量和质量都有显著提升,但不同地区乡村居民在获得医疗机会、就医成本等方面存在较大差异,医疗设施布局不合理问题仍存在。医疗设施可达性作为衡量医疗设施空间布局是否合理的关键指标,为解决医疗资源分配不合理和改善医疗资源分配不公等问题提供了重要依据。针对传统高斯两步移动搜索法(Gaussian-Based 2SFCA)对于山地乡村地区医疗资源可达性在供给与需求思考不足的问题,将其进行改进,从而更为科学客观地评价可达性。研究选取重庆市九龙坡区乡村地区为研究对象,借助Arcgis平台分析乡村医疗设施供需情况,引介改进高斯两步移动搜索法分析设施可达性,在此基础上,借助SPSS软件进行K聚类分析,揭示乡村医疗设施可达性影响因素。研究发现:第一,各类医疗设施的可达性数值综合层面上的高可达性区域主要是由于临近医疗资源高供给能力的县综合医院和乡镇卫生院所贡献的,而村级医疗设施对综合可达性空间差异影响较小;第二,山地乡村地区公共医疗设施配置存在医疗资源与人口分布的空间不匹配的情况,主要体现在村级医疗设施;第三,区域可达性水平与交通通达性高低没有必然联系,受人口需求(人口规模、人口密度)、医疗设施供给服务能力及分布的影响更大。最后针对不同可达性区域提出优化策略。本研究为西南山地乡村地区医疗设施可达性评价提供了一套具有实践操作性的方法体系。

延安解放区西南少数民族文学研究

延安解放区是中国共产党带领中华民族走向团结与解放的重要基石,它从政治建设、经济发展、文化教育、民族政策等方面构筑起了中华民族的共同家园。在团结御辱、共克时艰的民族解放激流中,少数民族作家纷纷投奔革命圣地延安,究其原因,既有民族解放的诉求,又有个人理想的探寻,也有成长环境的熏陶,他们的文学叙事丰富了延安解放区文学的同一性与多元化。延安解放区西南少数民族文学将时代共振与边地异动的主题相结合,呈现出了延安文艺与西南边陲艺术风格的交融,在语言形式上体现了集体诗学与个体审美的相互关联。通过探究延安解放区西南少数民族作家的文学创作,有利于加深西南边地与中原内陆地区的联结,彰显各民族在共同奋斗中铸就的深厚情感与文化记忆,为当下铸牢中华民族共同体意识增添丰厚的精神内涵。

国外案例对西南边陲山区乡村振兴战略的启示——以云南省B市为例

中央工作多次指出全方位执行乡村振兴战略的过程中,将妥善解决“三农”问题作为全党工作首要责任,聚集力量全面推进乡村振兴。但由于地理、历史、经济和社会等多方面原因,西南边陲山区在乡村振兴方面面临着诸多挑战,当前结合西南边陲山区实际的乡村振兴案例研究较少。该文充分结合日、韩、德、法等国家的乡村发展情况,着重分析国外乡村振兴的演变历程,借鉴其乡村建设和农业农村发展的丰富经验,通过对其乡村振兴的背景、政策视角、政策目标的研究和对比,深入分析云南省B市农业农村的发展现状和现存问题,提出乡村建设针对性的建议和措施,以期为我国边陲山区、民族融合地区全面推进乡村振兴战略的实施带来参考和启示。

新西兰森林火历史研究对我国西南林区火管理的启示

新西兰森林火历史展示了不同阶段的森林燃烧模式,主要包括人类到达前、毛利人时期、欧洲人时期以及近代的森林燃烧模式。在森林状况和林火管理政策等因素影响下,森林火灾模式表现出不同的规律。在林火历史阶段中,新西兰的植物分布特征与我国西南林区具有一定相似性,因此,借鉴新西兰成熟的林火管理经验有利于我国西南林区火历史研究,合理把握西南林区火动态规律,为我国西南林区未来调整和修订林火管理政策和森林防火方针等提供参考。

远源致密砂岩气成藏主控因素及成藏概率定量评价——以四川盆地西南部中侏罗统沙溪庙组气藏为例

四川盆地西南部(以下简称川西南部地区)中侏罗统沙溪庙组致密砂岩气藏属于远源次生气藏,不同构造天然气富集差异性大,成藏主控因素不清。为此,基于远源致密砂岩气成藏条件分析,对比了川西南部地区沙溪庙组7个含气构造的成藏差异性,明确了成藏主控因素,在综合考虑控制致密砂岩气成藏差异性的各类地质因素的基础上,建立了远源致密砂岩气成藏概率的定量评价方法,并预测了天府气田简阳区块沙溪庙组天然气储量丰度。研究结果表明:(1)川西南部地区沙溪庙组主要发育构造—岩性气藏,天然气均源自下伏上三叠统须家河组煤系烃源岩,不同含气构造在天然气组分、储层特征、输导保存条件等方面存在明显差异;(2)烃源岩排烃能力奠定了物质基础,断—盖配置决定了天然气富集层系,断—储耦合控制着天然气聚集效率,储层品质决定了天然气富集规模;(3)烃源岩排烃能力指数、源—储距离指数、储层物性指数、储层厚度指数、断—盖耦合类型指数及断—储配置类型指数可作为评价致密砂岩气成藏概率指标,提出的远源致密砂岩气成藏概率指数(HAI)可用于该地区远源致密砂岩气地质储量预测。结论认为,HAI与储量丰度具有很好的正相关关系,并预测了天府气田简阳区块的HAI值为0.53,沙溪庙组气藏的储量丰度为1.32×10^(8)m^(3)/km^(2),提出的天然气成藏定量评价方法准确度较高,为川西南部地区沙溪庙组天然气勘探开发指明了方向。

黔西南州烤烟烟叶化学成分与外观质量、感官质量的相关性研究

为明确贵州省黔西南州烤烟产区烟叶化学质量之间的关系,指导特色优质烟叶的开发,采用描述性统计和相关性分析方法,对2021年黔西南州4个烤烟产区(兴义市、安龙县、兴仁县、普安县)不同等级(B_(2)F与C_(3)F)烟叶样品化学质量之间的关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)烟叶的还原糖、总糖含量偏高,钾和氯含量略低,其他成分含量及其协调性适中,普安县整体化学成分含量优于其他3个产区。(2)总植物碱和总氮与总糖、还原糖、淀粉、氮碱比、糖碱比、钾氯比、烟叶的结构、香气质、杂气、刺激性和余味呈极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)负相关,与烟叶劲头呈显著正相关;还原糖和总糖与氮碱比、糖碱比、钾氯比、结构、香气质、刺激性和余味呈极显著或显著正相关,与劲头呈极显著负相关。(3)糖碱比和氮碱比与烟叶结构、香气质、杂气、刺激性和余味呈极显著或显著正相关,与劲头呈极显著负相关。综上所述,总植物碱、总氮和还原糖、总糖的含量及其协调性对烟叶的外观质量和感官质量有显著影响,是决定烟叶品质的关键因素。

西南喀斯特地区生物防火阻隔带建设初探——以贵州省毕节市为例

在现有森林防火建设基础上,毕节市紧紧结合国家政策导向、支持方向、资金投向,实施生物防火阻隔带建设,进一步提升和完善林火阻隔系统,补齐当前森林草原防火重要基础设施存在的突出短板,有效制止林火蔓延,减少森林火灾所造成的影响和损失,对西南喀斯特地区生物阻隔带建设,推进森林防火治理建设和发展具有重要作用。

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部寒武系风化壳天然气成藏特征

鄂尔多斯盆地早古生代中央古隆起及其周缘形成的寒武系风化壳一直都是该盆地油气勘探重点关注的目标,并取得了重要的油气勘探突破。为了进一步加快该领域天然气勘探的进程,在系统分析该盆地西南部寒武系风化壳源储配置及圈闭类型的基础上,评价了该盆地西南部寒武系风化壳天然气勘探的潜力以及有利的勘探区带。研究结果表明:①该盆地内上古生界煤系烃源岩是主要的气源岩,与寒武系储层形成“上生下储”型源储匹配关系;②寒武系风化壳储层的储集空间类型以白云岩晶间(溶)孔型及岩溶缝洞型为主,其发育分别受控于颗粒滩沉积微相和风化壳期岩溶作用;③寒武系风化壳圈闭类型主要为岩性—地层圈闭,形成于燕山期鄂尔多斯盆地东部抬升的构造背景,上倾方向存在着岩性及地层遮挡的地质条件,有利于天然气近距离运移与聚集成藏。结论认为,该盆地西南部中央古隆起东侧环县—正宁地区是寒武系风化壳气藏的有利勘探区带,中寒武统张夏组及上寒武统三山子组是该区油气勘探的有利层段。