The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of xylooligosaecharides （XOS） and probiotics （PR） on performance, milk compo- sition and diarrhea incidence of sows or their offspring. From da...The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of xylooligosaecharides （XOS） and probiotics （PR） on performance, milk compo- sition and diarrhea incidence of sows or their offspring. From day 90 of gestation until weaning, a total of 60 muhiparous sows were randomly assigned to three groups and given three different diets that included either the control diet （ sCON, n = 20 ）, the control diet containing 175 mg/kg XOS （ sXOS, n = 20 ） or 175 mg/kg XOS and 300 mg/kg probiotics （sXOS ＋ PR, n =20）. On day 21 of age, offspring were assigned within sow treatments to the piglet basal diet （pCON） or the piglet basal, diet supplemented with 175 mg/kg XOS （pXOS） for 28 d. Sow feed intake was recorded daily. Body weight and feed consumption of the pigs in each replicate were determined biweekly （on day 0, 14 and 28） to calculate the average daily gain （ADG） of body weight, average daily feed intake （ADFI） and the gain-to-feed ratio （ G： F）. The colostrum and milk samples were obtained on day 0 and 14 of lactation, respectively. Sow XOS or XOS ＋ PR dietary had no effect on the number of total piglets born and born alive and the piglet weight at birth. Milk composition in sow colostrum and milk were not affected by sow diet XOS or （ XOS ＋ PR） supplementation （ P 〉 0.05 ）. No maternal dietary effect was observed on the weaning weight and pre-weaning weight gains of piglets. However, there were interaction effects between sow and piglet dietary treatments on diarrhea rate and diarrhea index during day 35 -49 （P = 0.03 ） and day 21 -49 （P =0.02）. Although sow diet XOS and （XOS ＋ PR ） supplementation did not influence growth performance of weanling piglets, such as ADG and ADFI （ P 〉0.05 ）, piglets XOS supplementation significantly decreased ADFI during the whole experiment period and increased G： F during day 35 -49 and day 21 -49 （ P 〈0.05 ）. These results might suggest that combination of XOS and PR in sow diets had negative impact on the diarrhea incidence of offspring. XOS supplementation in weaned piglet diets decreased ADFI and feed conversion efficiency of weaning piglets.展开更多
An experiment was conducted to determine the concentration variation of epidermal growth factors(EGF), include insulin-like growth factor -Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ), transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-Ⅰ ), and basic fibroblast gr-...An experiment was conducted to determine the concentration variation of epidermal growth factors(EGF), include insulin-like growth factor -Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ), transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-Ⅰ ), and basic fibroblast gr-owth factor (bFGF) in colostrum and normal milk of sows within 35 days after parturition. The results showed that the concentration of EGF, IGF-Ⅰ, TGF-β, bFGF was significantly higher in colostrum than that in normal milk. The concentration of these growth factors in colostrum was significantly decreased with the stage lapse of lactation, and then they remained stable in normal milk. Parity had a slight effect on the concentration of these growth factors.展开更多
Milk is synthesized by mammary epithelial cells of lactating mammals. The synthetic capacity of the mammary gland depends largely on the number and efficiency of functional mammary epithelial cells. Structural develop...Milk is synthesized by mammary epithelial cells of lactating mammals. The synthetic capacity of the mammary gland depends largely on the number and efficiency of functional mammary epithelial cells. Structural development of the mammary gland occurs during fetal growth, prepubertal and post-pubertal periods, pregnancy, and lactation under the control of various hormones （particularly estrogen, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, progesterone, placental lactogen, and prolactin） in a species- and stage-dependent manner. Milk is essential for the growth, development, and health of neonates. Amino acids （AA）, present in both free and peptide-bound forms, are the most abundant organic nutrients in the milk of farm animals. Uptake of AA from the arterial blood of the lactating dam is the ultimate source of proteins （primarily 13-casein and a-lactalbumin） and bioactive nitrogenous metabolites in milk. Results of recent studies indicate extensive catabolism of branched-chain AA （leucine, isoleucine and valine） and arginine to synthesize glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, proline, and polyamines. The formation of polypeptides from AA is regulated not only by hormones （e.g., prolactin, insulin and glucocorticoids） and the rate of blood flow across the lactating mammary gland, but also by concentrations of AA, lipids, glucose, vitamins and minerals in the maternal plasma, as well as the activation of the mechanistic （mammalian） target rapamycin signaling by certain AA （e.g., arginine, branched-chain AA, and glutamine）. Knowledge of AA utilization （including metabolism） by mammary epithelial cells will enhance our fundamental understanding of lactation biology and has important implications for improving the efficiency of livestock production worldwide.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of dietary arginine （Arg） supplementation, just during lactation, on sow and litter per- formance, plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones, and milk yield and compositio...This study investigated the effects of dietary arginine （Arg） supplementation, just during lactation, on sow and litter per- formance, plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones, and milk yield and composition in multiparous sows. Thirty-one sows were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments supplemented with 0.0 （control, n=10）, 0.5% （n=10）, or 1.0% （n=11） L-Arg-HCI, respectively. Experimental diets were provided to the sows from d 3 to 21 of lactation. Plasma and milk samples were collected at d 14 and 21 of lactation. The average daily gain （ADG） of piglets from sows fed diets supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0% L-Arg-HCI at d 3 to 14 of lactation, were higher than that of controls （P〈0.05）. Maternal supplementation with 1.0% L-Arg-HCI also increased ADG of piglets between d 3 and 21 of lactation than that of the controls （P〈0.05）. There was no significant effect of supplementation on average daily feed intake （ADFI）, body weight loss, and backfat thickness loss of lactating sows. Supplementation with 0.5 or 1.0% L-Arg-HCI had a trend towards increasing milk yields and milk fat contents （0.05〈P〈0.10）; milk protein and lactose were unchanged. Supplementation with 1.0% L-Arg- HCI increased plasma concentrations of prolactin and insulin in sows at d 14 and 21 of lactation, and plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid （NEFA）, insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, and nitric oxide （NO） in sows at d 21 of lactation, when compared to the controls （P〈0.05）. Supplementation with 1.0% L-Arg-HCI increased IGF-1 and spermine in milk at d 14 of lactation, relative to the controls （P〈0.05）. Plasma Arg concentrations at d 14 and 21 of lactation, as well as plasma NO level and milk IGF-1 at d 21 of lactation, were increased, while plasma urea nitrogen （PUN） concentration at d 14 and 21 of lactation was decreased, by supplementation with 0.5 or 1.0% L-Arg-HCI when compared to the controls （P〈0.05）. Collectively, dietary supplementation of multiparous sows with Arg, just during lactation, is beneficial for enhancing litter weight gain but the complete mechanism remains to be determined and may involve in the maternal endocrine changes and milk polyamines contents.展开更多
Background: Milk protein is crucial for milk quality in sows and health of newborn piglets. Plasma amino acids(AA)in sows are important precursors for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland. In order to study the...Background: Milk protein is crucial for milk quality in sows and health of newborn piglets. Plasma amino acids(AA)in sows are important precursors for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland. In order to study the regulation of AA transported in sow mammary glands and possible underlying mechanisms, we measured the expression of genes coding for milk proteins, AA transporter expressions, and plasma AA concentrations in sows at three different physiological stages(D-17, D1 and D17 of lactation), and then further investigated the regulation of AA transport across the cell membrane by adaptive mechanisms using pig mammary epithelial cells(PMEC) as an in vitro model.PMEC were cultured in DMEM:F12 with 4 amino acid concentrations(0 × AA complex, 1 × AA complex, 5 × AA complex,and 25 × AA complex). Classes of AA complexes evaluated in this study included neutral AAs(L-Ala + L-Ser + L-Cys), acidic AAs(L-Asp, L-Glu) and neutral + basic AAs(L-Ala + L-Ser + L-Cys + L-Lys).Results: Our results indicated that m RNA expression of genes coding for milk protein(αs1-casein, αs2-casein,β-casein and κ-casein) increased significantly with the advance of physiological stage(P < 0.05), and plasma concentrations of most AAs including threonine, serine, glutamate, alanine, valine, cysteine, methionine, isoleucine and tyrosine were greater at D1 of lactation compared with D-17 and D17 of lactation(P < 0.05). Additionally, protein and gene expressions of AA transporters including excitatory AA transporter 3(EAAT3), alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter(ASCT1) and sodium-coupled neutral AA transporter 1(SNAT2) were greater in lactating sow mammary glands compared with sow mammary glands in late pregnancy(P < 0.05). The m RNA expressions of SLC38 A2, SLC1 A1,SLC6 A14 increased significantly in the cell mediums supplemented with 5 × and 25 × of AA complexes compared with those cells cultured in DMEM/F12 cell medium(P < 0.05). The m RNA expressions of SLC38 A, SLC1 A4, and SLC6 A14 also increased in EBSS cell medium compared to DMEM/F12. However, only m RNA expression of SLC38 A decreased when AA complex was added into EBSS(P < 0.05).Conclusion: AA transportation was positively regulated in sow mammary glands with the advance of physiological stage from late pregnancy to peak of lactation and AA transporters in PMECs were adaptively regulated by changed AA concentrations.展开更多
猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)现在已经影响到全世界的养猪产业,危害整个产业链的经济效益。一些miRNA在抵御病毒方面具有不错的效果,已成为目前病毒和分子领域的热点之一。猪乳外泌体中也存...猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)现在已经影响到全世界的养猪产业,危害整个产业链的经济效益。一些miRNA在抵御病毒方面具有不错的效果,已成为目前病毒和分子领域的热点之一。猪乳外泌体中也存在miRNA,且具有防御猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的作用,但目前该方向的研究尚无较大成果的突破,具有广阔的研究前景。文章论述了PRRSV的致病机制及防治研究进展,总结了外泌体中miRNA的作用机制及对PRRSV的作用,为后续猪乳外泌体分离检测以及筛选出相关miRNA、推进后续PRRS疫苗研发提供参考。展开更多
文摘The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of xylooligosaecharides （XOS） and probiotics （PR） on performance, milk compo- sition and diarrhea incidence of sows or their offspring. From day 90 of gestation until weaning, a total of 60 muhiparous sows were randomly assigned to three groups and given three different diets that included either the control diet （ sCON, n = 20 ）, the control diet containing 175 mg/kg XOS （ sXOS, n = 20 ） or 175 mg/kg XOS and 300 mg/kg probiotics （sXOS ＋ PR, n =20）. On day 21 of age, offspring were assigned within sow treatments to the piglet basal diet （pCON） or the piglet basal, diet supplemented with 175 mg/kg XOS （pXOS） for 28 d. Sow feed intake was recorded daily. Body weight and feed consumption of the pigs in each replicate were determined biweekly （on day 0, 14 and 28） to calculate the average daily gain （ADG） of body weight, average daily feed intake （ADFI） and the gain-to-feed ratio （ G： F）. The colostrum and milk samples were obtained on day 0 and 14 of lactation, respectively. Sow XOS or XOS ＋ PR dietary had no effect on the number of total piglets born and born alive and the piglet weight at birth. Milk composition in sow colostrum and milk were not affected by sow diet XOS or （ XOS ＋ PR） supplementation （ P 〉 0.05 ）. No maternal dietary effect was observed on the weaning weight and pre-weaning weight gains of piglets. However, there were interaction effects between sow and piglet dietary treatments on diarrhea rate and diarrhea index during day 35 -49 （P = 0.03 ） and day 21 -49 （P =0.02）. Although sow diet XOS and （XOS ＋ PR ） supplementation did not influence growth performance of weanling piglets, such as ADG and ADFI （ P 〉0.05 ）, piglets XOS supplementation significantly decreased ADFI during the whole experiment period and increased G： F during day 35 -49 and day 21 -49 （ P 〈0.05 ）. These results might suggest that combination of XOS and PR in sow diets had negative impact on the diarrhea incidence of offspring. XOS supplementation in weaned piglet diets decreased ADFI and feed conversion efficiency of weaning piglets.
文摘An experiment was conducted to determine the concentration variation of epidermal growth factors(EGF), include insulin-like growth factor -Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ), transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-Ⅰ ), and basic fibroblast gr-owth factor (bFGF) in colostrum and normal milk of sows within 35 days after parturition. The results showed that the concentration of EGF, IGF-Ⅰ, TGF-β, bFGF was significantly higher in colostrum than that in normal milk. The concentration of these growth factors in colostrum was significantly decreased with the stage lapse of lactation, and then they remained stable in normal milk. Parity had a slight effect on the concentration of these growth factors.
基金supported by Texas A&M Agri Life Research (H-8200)The Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant from the Animal Growth & Nutrient Utilization Program of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2014-67015-21770)+4 种基金National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB126305)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31572412 and 31272450)the 111 Project (B16044)Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2013CFA097 and 2013CFB325)Hubei Hundred Talent program
文摘Milk is synthesized by mammary epithelial cells of lactating mammals. The synthetic capacity of the mammary gland depends largely on the number and efficiency of functional mammary epithelial cells. Structural development of the mammary gland occurs during fetal growth, prepubertal and post-pubertal periods, pregnancy, and lactation under the control of various hormones （particularly estrogen, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, progesterone, placental lactogen, and prolactin） in a species- and stage-dependent manner. Milk is essential for the growth, development, and health of neonates. Amino acids （AA）, present in both free and peptide-bound forms, are the most abundant organic nutrients in the milk of farm animals. Uptake of AA from the arterial blood of the lactating dam is the ultimate source of proteins （primarily 13-casein and a-lactalbumin） and bioactive nitrogenous metabolites in milk. Results of recent studies indicate extensive catabolism of branched-chain AA （leucine, isoleucine and valine） and arginine to synthesize glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, proline, and polyamines. The formation of polypeptides from AA is regulated not only by hormones （e.g., prolactin, insulin and glucocorticoids） and the rate of blood flow across the lactating mammary gland, but also by concentrations of AA, lipids, glucose, vitamins and minerals in the maternal plasma, as well as the activation of the mechanistic （mammalian） target rapamycin signaling by certain AA （e.g., arginine, branched-chain AA, and glutamine）. Knowledge of AA utilization （including metabolism） by mammary epithelial cells will enhance our fundamental understanding of lactation biology and has important implications for improving the efficiency of livestock production worldwide.
基金the financial supports provided by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS36)the Hundred Outstanding Talents Training Program at Guangdong Province, China+2 种基金the Special Program for Guangdong Research Institutions’ Innovation and Construction, China (2012B060600005)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2015A030310332)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province, China (2013B050800016)
文摘This study investigated the effects of dietary arginine （Arg） supplementation, just during lactation, on sow and litter per- formance, plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones, and milk yield and composition in multiparous sows. Thirty-one sows were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments supplemented with 0.0 （control, n=10）, 0.5% （n=10）, or 1.0% （n=11） L-Arg-HCI, respectively. Experimental diets were provided to the sows from d 3 to 21 of lactation. Plasma and milk samples were collected at d 14 and 21 of lactation. The average daily gain （ADG） of piglets from sows fed diets supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0% L-Arg-HCI at d 3 to 14 of lactation, were higher than that of controls （P〈0.05）. Maternal supplementation with 1.0% L-Arg-HCI also increased ADG of piglets between d 3 and 21 of lactation than that of the controls （P〈0.05）. There was no significant effect of supplementation on average daily feed intake （ADFI）, body weight loss, and backfat thickness loss of lactating sows. Supplementation with 0.5 or 1.0% L-Arg-HCI had a trend towards increasing milk yields and milk fat contents （0.05〈P〈0.10）; milk protein and lactose were unchanged. Supplementation with 1.0% L-Arg- HCI increased plasma concentrations of prolactin and insulin in sows at d 14 and 21 of lactation, and plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid （NEFA）, insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, and nitric oxide （NO） in sows at d 21 of lactation, when compared to the controls （P〈0.05）. Supplementation with 1.0% L-Arg-HCI increased IGF-1 and spermine in milk at d 14 of lactation, relative to the controls （P〈0.05）. Plasma Arg concentrations at d 14 and 21 of lactation, as well as plasma NO level and milk IGF-1 at d 21 of lactation, were increased, while plasma urea nitrogen （PUN） concentration at d 14 and 21 of lactation was decreased, by supplementation with 0.5 or 1.0% L-Arg-HCI when compared to the controls （P〈0.05）. Collectively, dietary supplementation of multiparous sows with Arg, just during lactation, is beneficial for enhancing litter weight gain but the complete mechanism remains to be determined and may involve in the maternal endocrine changes and milk polyamines contents.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31402082)
文摘Background: Milk protein is crucial for milk quality in sows and health of newborn piglets. Plasma amino acids(AA)in sows are important precursors for milk protein synthesis in the mammary gland. In order to study the regulation of AA transported in sow mammary glands and possible underlying mechanisms, we measured the expression of genes coding for milk proteins, AA transporter expressions, and plasma AA concentrations in sows at three different physiological stages(D-17, D1 and D17 of lactation), and then further investigated the regulation of AA transport across the cell membrane by adaptive mechanisms using pig mammary epithelial cells(PMEC) as an in vitro model.PMEC were cultured in DMEM:F12 with 4 amino acid concentrations(0 × AA complex, 1 × AA complex, 5 × AA complex,and 25 × AA complex). Classes of AA complexes evaluated in this study included neutral AAs(L-Ala + L-Ser + L-Cys), acidic AAs(L-Asp, L-Glu) and neutral + basic AAs(L-Ala + L-Ser + L-Cys + L-Lys).Results: Our results indicated that m RNA expression of genes coding for milk protein(αs1-casein, αs2-casein,β-casein and κ-casein) increased significantly with the advance of physiological stage(P < 0.05), and plasma concentrations of most AAs including threonine, serine, glutamate, alanine, valine, cysteine, methionine, isoleucine and tyrosine were greater at D1 of lactation compared with D-17 and D17 of lactation(P < 0.05). Additionally, protein and gene expressions of AA transporters including excitatory AA transporter 3(EAAT3), alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter(ASCT1) and sodium-coupled neutral AA transporter 1(SNAT2) were greater in lactating sow mammary glands compared with sow mammary glands in late pregnancy(P < 0.05). The m RNA expressions of SLC38 A2, SLC1 A1,SLC6 A14 increased significantly in the cell mediums supplemented with 5 × and 25 × of AA complexes compared with those cells cultured in DMEM/F12 cell medium(P < 0.05). The m RNA expressions of SLC38 A, SLC1 A4, and SLC6 A14 also increased in EBSS cell medium compared to DMEM/F12. However, only m RNA expression of SLC38 A decreased when AA complex was added into EBSS(P < 0.05).Conclusion: AA transportation was positively regulated in sow mammary glands with the advance of physiological stage from late pregnancy to peak of lactation and AA transporters in PMECs were adaptively regulated by changed AA concentrations.
文摘猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)现在已经影响到全世界的养猪产业,危害整个产业链的经济效益。一些miRNA在抵御病毒方面具有不错的效果,已成为目前病毒和分子领域的热点之一。猪乳外泌体中也存在miRNA,且具有防御猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的作用,但目前该方向的研究尚无较大成果的突破,具有广阔的研究前景。文章论述了PRRSV的致病机制及防治研究进展,总结了外泌体中miRNA的作用机制及对PRRSV的作用,为后续猪乳外泌体分离检测以及筛选出相关miRNA、推进后续PRRS疫苗研发提供参考。
