Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L^(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

Discoursing on Soxhlet extraction of ginseng using association analysis and scanning electron microscopy

Soxhlet extraction is a common method of sample preparation. However, there has been no discussion about the efficiency of Soxhlet extraction from different batches and the factors that cause content fluctuation. In this study, Panax ginseng was selected as a model sample. Soxhlet extraction by means of a water bath, which has always been neglected, was identified as a novel key factor in the poor repeat- ability in different batches of Soxhlet extraction, as it can affect the siphon times and reflux time, which have been positively correlated with the ginsenoside contents. By substituting round bottom flasks in the same column, the relative standard deviation of the most fluctuated compound, ginsenoside Rbl, was decreased from 24.6% to 5.02%. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the breakdown of the surface of the ginseng powder in the Soxhlet extraction led to a better dissolution of ginsenosides, indicating that chloroform may promote the extraction of ginsenosides by disrupting the cell structure. Moreover, 70% methanol was regarded as the better solvent for extracting the ginsenosides. Overall, this work offers a practical and effective protocol for improving the accuracy and repeatability of Soxhlet extraction methodology for ginsenosides and other analytes.

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments Using Soxhlet,Ultrasonic and Accelerated Solvent Extraction Techniques

The application of soxhlet, ultrasonic and accelerated solvent extraction techniques to the analysis of six organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, o, p'-DDT, p, p'-DDT and p, p'-DDE) in Taihu Lake sediment samples is described. It was found that the limits of quantification ranged from 0.002 μg g-1 to 0.004 μg g-1, and the recoveries of organochlorine pesticides with the three extraction techniques were acceptable (＞ 80.7%). With a mass selective detector,better results were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction using hexane-acetone (1: 1) as compared with soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. It was shown that the accelerated solvent extraction was the optimum technique for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in sediments. The general features of the three extraction techniques are also presented.

Effect of Temperature on Extraction of Castor Oil from Castor Seeds Using Potential Green Solvents

Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet extraction method was employed to investigate the effect of temperature at atmospheric pressure. The focus of the study was to investigate a potential green solvent that can produce the high yields compared to the traditional solvent (hexane). The results show that at the average time of 3 hours and 30 minutes, the castor oil yield for green solvents were ranked as furfural (47.13%) > ethanol (45.37%) > p-cymene (39.15%) > d-limonene (39.13%) > α-pinene (38.11%). These castor oil yields were obtained at optimum temperatures for each green solvent. The castor oil yields were compared to the yield of hexane (31.36%) at same average time. The green solvents were recovered by using simple distillation, except furfural which was difficult to be recovered.

A feasible and effective solution-processed PCBM electron extraction layer enabling the high VOC and efficient Cu_(2)ZnSn(S, Se)_(4) devices

Photo-generated carrier recombination loss at the CZTSSe/Cd S front interface is a key issue to the opencircuit voltage(V_(OC)) deficit of Cu_(2)ZnSnS_(x)Se_(4-x)(CZTSSe) solar cells. Here, by the aid of an easy-handling spin-coating method, a thin PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) layer as an electron extraction layer has been introduced on the top of CdS buffer layer to modify CZTSSe/CdS/ZnO-ITO(In_(2)O_(3):Sn) interfacial properties. Based on Sn^(4+)/DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide) solution system, a totalarea efficiency of 12.87% with a VOC of 529 m V has been achieved. A comprehensive investigation on the influence of PCBM layer on carrier extraction, transportation and recombination processes has been carried out. It is found that the PCBM layer can smooth over the Cd S film roughness, thus beneficial for a dense and flat window layer. Furthermore, this CZTSSe/Cd S/PCBM heterostructure can accelerate carrier separation and extraction and block holes from the front interface as well, which is mainly ascribed to the downward band bending of the absorber and a widened space charge region. Our work provides a feasible way to improve the front interfacial property and the cell performance of CZTSSe solar cells by the aid of organic interfacial materials.

Phytochemicals Screening, Phenolic Estimation and Evaluation for Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Microbial Activities of Sequentially Soxhlet Extracted Coconut Testa

Background: In many coconut industries, the outer layer of thin brown skin of coconut kernel known as testa is peeled out as a byproduct. Despite the testa is rich in fat and plenty of polyphenolic compounds, it has been underutilized either as animal feed, serving as raw materials for bio-diesel production or discarded directly. Anticipating coconut testa (CT) as a natural source of multiple phyto-chemicals, its exploitation for the pharmacological activity or utilization as value added product is required which may reduce the disposal costs as well. Methods: Secondary metabolites from CT were extracted sequentially with different organic solvents based on polarity in the soxhlet apparatus followed by extraction with sterilized water. The crude dried extracts thus prepared were evaluated for qualitative screening of phytochemicals and quantitative estimation of total phenols, flavonoids and tannin content. Moreover, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities were also investigated. Results: Phytochemicals screening revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds in methanolic fraction including phenols (822.60 ± 16.36 mg/g), flavonoids (103.30 ± 9.78 mg/g) and tannin (663.50 ± 19.26 mg/g), whereas non-phenolic compounds were present in other fractions. While methanolic fraction showed invariably the highest anti-oxidant activity in multiple assay methods, non-phenolic compounds in aqueous and chloroform fractions exhibited high anti-inflammatory activity. Antimicrobial activity was observed by both phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The findings of the study reveal that CT is a rich source of various polyphenolic and non-phenolic natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. These findings are promising and form the basis to identify the number of active components and their characterization.

4种柑橘籽油脂肪酸组成及生物活性成分

以瓯柑籽、椪柑籽、香橙籽、胡柚籽为原材料,通过索氏提取法提取油脂,利用气相色谱和高效液相色谱分别对4种油脂样品的脂肪酸以及主要的柠檬苦素类化合物、类黄酮类化合物含量进行测定分析。结果表明,4种柑橘籽油的脂肪酸主要由油酸(19.7%~49.0%)、亚油酸(17.93%~45.93%)、棕榈酸(23.04%~27.73%)以及少量的亚麻酸(1.327%~5.103%)和硬脂酸(3.437%~4.797%)组成。生物活性成分柠檬苦素、诺米林、奥巴叩酮、橙皮苷、柚皮苷含量分别为24.79~753.75、266.57~915.62、61.95~496.08、15.61~17.57、27.84~30.01μg/g。柑橘籽油不仅脂肪酸比例合理,还含有较丰富的黄酮及柠檬苦素类化合物,作为植物油原料具有开发潜力。

不同分离方法分离烃源岩可溶有机质的对比实验

对加速溶剂萃取与索式提取两种烃源岩可溶有机质分离方法的分离总量、分离效率、可溶有机质的化学与分子组成进行了对比。结果表明:加速溶剂萃取分离出的可溶有机质总量略低于索式提取,但分离效率远高于索式提取;加速溶剂萃取所得的可溶有机质中饱和烃与芳香烃的相对百分含量高于索式提取,非烃与沥青质的相对百分含量低于索式提取;两种分离方法所得的可溶有机质中高碳数饱和烃与芳香烃化合物的分布形态、地球化学比值参数和绝对含量均具有很好的可比性,相反,二环倍半萜系列化合物显示较大差异,加速溶剂萃取所得可溶有机质的低碳数、低沸点的二环倍半萜化合物的相对百分含量高于索式提取。

ASE300与快速索氏抽提仪处理沉积岩样品的地化参数对比

本文对加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE300)和快速索氏抽提仪提取的氯仿沥青"A"及由其分离出的饱和烃、芳烃、胶质和沥青质组分做了详细对比。结果表明:多数情况下ASE300抽提出的氯仿沥青"A"的量比快速索氏抽提仪抽提出的量略多,主要是胶质和沥青质量的增加;不同抽提装置得到的饱和烃和芳烃组分的色谱-质谱谱图高度一致,定量结果的相对偏差在5%以内。各组分的稳定碳同位素分析精度±0.5‰。所有的地化参数表明ASE300完全可以替代快速索氏抽提仪,从而降低消耗、提高分析效率。

基于SE-UNet的冬小麦种植区域提取方法

传统的小麦面积提取方法主要依靠人工野外调查,存在工作量大、效率低、成本高等问题,而遥感技术具有准确、快速和动态等优点,已成为作物面积提取的有效手段。本文以石家庄市正定县各镇的Landsat-8卫星遥感影像为训练数据,藁城区增村镇影像为测试数据,并分别选取分辨率8 m的高分六号(GF-6)以及分辨率10 m的哨兵二号(Sentinel-2)作为对比验证数据,提出了一种改进U-Net网络的冬小麦种植区域提取方法。首先,对Landsat-8遥感影像进行预处理,标注小麦区域制作标签集,其次,在U-Net网络中添加Squeeze and excitation(SE)注意力机制模块融入特征通道间信息,并利用Batch normalization(BN)层抑制过拟合问题;最后,经过Softmax分类器得到分类结果。选择SegNet、Deeplabv3+、U-Net作为对比模型,分别利用GF-6、Sentinel-2和Landsat-83种数据构建预测模型。结果表明,SE-UNet网络在基于Landsat-8数据预测模型下测试数据集表现最优,MPA和MIoU分别达到89.88%和81.44%。本方法可为大范围冬小麦种植区提取提供参考。

索氏抽提法制备裂果枣红色素及其理化性质分析

以裂果枣粉为原料,采用索氏抽提法对裂果枣红色素进行提取,分别采用单因素试验和响应面试验进行提取条件的优化,并对裂果红枣色素进行理化性质研究(抗氧化活性及色素稳定性)。结果表明:索氏抽提法提取最佳条件为裂果枣粉添加量2.0 g/100 mL、乙醇体积分数69%、加热温度89℃、浸提时间26 min、抽提时间1.5 h,裂果枣红色素提取率4.540 mg/g,裂果枣红色素提取率较高。通过研究裂果枣红色素对DPPH自由基,·NO_(2)^(-)和ABTS+自由基的清除能力,结果显示裂果枣红色素浓度达到1.2 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基清除率可达67.8%,当裂果枣红色素浓度达到2.0 mg/mL时,NO_(2)^(-)清除率为69.4%,当裂果枣红色素浓度达到1.5 mg/mL时,ABTS^(+)自由基清除率达到63.5%。裂果枣红色素稳定性试验结果表明,索氏抽提法提取的裂果枣红色素具有良好的热稳定性,光照对其稳定性有一定的影响,pH值对裂果枣红色素稳定性的影响较大。

正交试验设计优化薏苡仁脂肪提取工艺

本文以薏苡仁为材料,以薏苡仁脂肪提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对提取时间(沸腾时间、淋洗时间、回收时间)、提取溶剂体积、提取温度3个因素进行考察,确定了使用自动索氏浸提系统提取薏苡仁脂肪的最佳工艺条件:沸腾时间35 min、淋洗时间50 min、回收时间10 min、提取溶剂体积70 mL、提取温度135℃。

基于改进PSPNet模型的高分辨率遥感影像林地提取方法研究

林地在全球生态系统中扮演着至关重要的角色。但传统监督学习方法在林地提取上存在特征选择不精确与未能充分利用像元间的上下文关系等缺陷,导致林地提取精度不理想。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于改进PSPNet(Pyramid Scene Parsing Network)模型的高分辨率遥感影像林地提取方法。首先,利用高分二号遥感影像与全国第三次土地调查数据,制作高分辨率林地数据集。其次,通过在原始PSPNet模型的基础上加入SE(Squeeze and Excitation)注意力模块,改进PSPNet模型。实验结果表明,本文所改进的PSPNet模型的各项精度指标均优于其他方法,具有较高的提取精度。

土壤石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))预处理两种提取方法的测定研究

本文综述了土壤总石油烃的来源,是目前环境中广泛存在的有机污染物之一。土壤中石油烃的预处理通过索氏提取和加压流体萃取两种方法提取、浓缩、净化,定容后再通过气相色谱法进行测定。同时,对两种预处理提取方法进行比较,取简单高效、试剂能耗小、绿色环保的预处理方法,为环境土壤检测提供技术参考。

罗汉果甜苷提纯工艺优化研究

罗汉果中所包含的甜苷既可以应用于食品添加剂,又可以应用于治疗高血糖等疾病,但是罗汉果中含有脂肪、蛋白质等杂质。在实验过程中采用单因素试验的方法,以吸光度为评价标准,以料液比、提取次数、浸泡时间、离子交换树脂作为影响因素,探究最佳的反应条件,使用索氏提取优化提取方法。实验结果表明:使用丙酮做提取剂,料液比为1:15,水煮温度为65℃,水煮3次,Ca(OH)_(2)作为澄清剂和蛋白质变性剂,强酸性离子交换树脂提纯,提取率为81.1%。

用脂肪测定仪萃取土壤中石油烃的研究

《土壤和沉积物石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))的测定气相色谱法》(HJ 1021-2019)索氏提取法提取溶剂体积为100 mL,提取时间为16~18 h。本文使用脂肪测定仪,探究在缩短提取时间和减少提取溶剂体积的情况下萃取石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))的可行性。结果表明,在提取时间为2 h、3 h、4 h,提取溶剂体积为50 mL、65 mL、80 mL的情况下,空白加标样回收率满足方法中70%~120%的要求,样品加标样的回收率满足方法中50%~140%的要求。标准样品的测定结果均在不确定度范围以内。本研究结果可为使用脂肪测定仪提取土壤中石油烃(C_(10)-C_(40))提供参考。

食品及饲料脂肪检测方法的优化开发

对食品、饲料、蛋及蛋制品中脂肪检测方法进行探讨,并提出一种改进后新的脂肪测定方法,以酸水解-索氏抽提法为基础,对实验条件进行改进后,新方法能够同时满足食品、饲料、蛋及蛋制品中脂肪的测定。通过数据比较,新方法的相对标准偏差为0.81%~3.76%。与不同产品脂肪检测国家标准方法相比,相对误差平均值在0.77%~1.75%。新方法的提出,为实验室及日常检验检测工作提供了一个实验更加便捷、准确度更好、污染更小、试剂回收率更好的检测方法。

不同条件下的索式抽提试验对玩具中特定元素迁移结果的影响分析

玩具样品特定元素的迁移是模拟样品在吞咽后与胃酸持续接触一段时间的条件下,从玩具样品中抽提出的特定元素。国家标准GB 6675.4—2014及欧盟标准BS EN71-3:2019+A1:2021规定了检测方法和限值,对于含油、油脂或蜡的玩具样品,在模拟测试前,国家标准中规定应将该样品包在滤纸中,使用正庚烷将上述成分去除;在欧盟标准中则规定,将该样品包在滤纸中,加入合适体积的异辛烷,保证回流时间不少于60 min,回流次数不少于10次,若上述操作完成,样品依然残留油、油脂或蜡,应继续抽提直至完全去除。本文研究了不同试剂、不同抽提时间、不同体积索式抽提装置的除油效果,在满足国家标准及欧盟标准中对特定元素迁移要求的同时,为玩具样品中的油、油脂或蜡的去除提供了一种快速有效的方法。

浅析核磁共振在油菜籽含油量测定中的应用

本文比较了索氏抽提法与核磁共振法测定油菜籽含油量的准确度和精密度。结果表明,核磁共振法在油菜籽含油量测定中具有较好的准确度和精密度,与索氏抽提法差别较小,可以作为油菜籽含油量的快速测定法。

响应面优化九月黄籽油索氏提取工艺

为充分开发利用九月黄籽油这一种新型油脂资源,采用索氏提取法提取九月黄籽油,利用单因素试验和响应面法优化提取工艺,选择以沸程为30~60℃的石油醚为浸提溶剂,以九月黄籽油得率为指标,分别考察提取时间、提取温度和料液比对九月黄籽油得率的影响,最终确定不同因素水平下的提取工艺。建立回归模型,整理分析数据得出在九月黄籽油提取的过程中,3因素对九月黄籽油得率的影响依次是提取温度>提取时间>料液比。九月黄籽油提取的较优工艺为:提取时间3.7 h,提取温度81℃,料液比2∶61(g∶mL),此时九月黄籽油得率达13.6%。