Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha-1 with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha-1 and total C production of 3835 kg C ha-1. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.

Effects of Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the Mount Cameroon Region

This study evaluates the effects of green manure, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations on the growth and yield of soybeans in the Mount Cameroon Region. The experiment involved 10 treatments which include, 5 Mg/ha green manure, 180 Kg P/ha triple superphosphate fertilizer (P), 180 Kg/ha NPK (20:10:10), 2 Mg/ha green manure + 90 kg P/ha, 3 Mg/ha green manure + 90 kg P/ha, 5 Mg/ha green manure + 90 Kg P, 2 Mg/ha green manure + 90 kg NPK/ha, 3 Mg/ha green manure + 90 kg NPK/ha, 5 Mg/ha green manure + 90 kg NPK and a control. Plant growth characters were assessed every 14 days for a period of 70 days for the late (August) and early (March) planting seasons. The results indicated that plants supplied with 5 Mg/ha green manure had the highest plant heights of 60.7 cm, and this was significantly different from the control which had the least height (52.76 cm). Stem collar diameter was significantly (p 0.001) increased with treatments in both seasons. Plants supplied with 5 Mg/ha green manure recorded the highest stover yield (10.59 Mg/ha), and this was significantly different from the control which had the least (6.64 Mg/ha). Plants supplied with 5 Mg/ha green manure had the highest days to flowering (38 days), while plants supplied with 5 Mg/ha green manure + 90 Kg NPK had the least (33 days) which was significantly different (p 0.01). The highest number of pods per plant was observed in plants supplied with 5 Mg/ha green manure (57 pods per plants), which was significantly different from the control (39 pods per plant). Plants supplied with 5 Mg/ha green manure + 90 Kg NPK recorded the highest grain yield (4.97 Mg ha-1), while the lowest grain yield was observed in the control (2.22 Mg ha-1). Results from this study can be used by soybeans farmers in the Mount Cameroon region to enhance productivity of this crop and thereby improving their living standards and food security in Cameroon.

减施氮肥及玉米间作绿肥对混合饲草产量及品质的影响

为探究山西省黄土高原地区青贮玉米(Zea mays)与豆科(Leguminosae)绿肥间作体系下减施氮肥对混合饲草产量及青贮品质的影响,设置4个青贮玉米与豆科绿肥间作处理(A1:玉米单作;A2:玉米+牧绿9号;A3:玉米+牧绿2号;A4:玉米+拉巴豆),4个氮肥梯度(B1:施用100%N;B2:90%N;B3:80%N;B4:70%N),其中第一年氮肥正常施用,第二年开始减施氮肥。在青贮玉米收获期测定混合饲草的鲜草产量和青贮草料营养成分等指标。结果表明,在同一施氮水平,间作绿肥会提高混合饲草产量,提高青贮草料粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、淀粉等含量;减施氮肥会降低混合饲草产量和品质,降低青贮草料粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、淀粉等含量。间作绿肥可以替代10%氮肥施用量,且以间作拉巴豆并施用90%氮肥的处理效果最佳。

绿肥还田对春大豆和春玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

为了充分发挥绿肥的养分效能,本试验采用完全随机区组设计,设置前茬为冬闲田块、绿肥毛叶苕子、绿肥毛叶苕子+冬油菜3个处理,研究不同绿肥还田处理对下茬作物玉米和大豆农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明,毛叶苕子+冬油菜绿肥处理对大豆主茎节数的影响差异显著,对玉米百粒重的影响差异显著。相同年份不同绿肥还田处理对大豆产量的影响差异不显著,不同年份相同绿肥还田处理对大豆产量的影响差异显著。相同年份不同绿肥还田处理及不同年份相同绿肥还田处理对玉米产量的影响差异显著。

Mothbean: A Potential Summer Crop for the Southern Great Plains

Low nutritive value of available warm-season grasses during July through September limits the production of yearling stocker cattle in the southern Great Plains (SGP). There has been a continual exploration of species with the capacity to provide high quality forage during summer. Mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia [Jacq.] Marechal), a short-duration, drought tolerant crop is a promising choice for the SGP. This preliminary study evaluated the potential of mothbean as a summer crop for forage, grain or green manure. Results of this study with 10 mothbean lines from a range of geographic locations suggested that crop could be harvested 100 days after planting with dry biomass yield range of 7.3 - 18.1 Mg·ha-1. Mothbean forage contained 10.8% - 14.6% crude protein (CP), 32.0% - 41.7% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 20.7% - 29.6% acid detergent fiber (ADF), and 73% - 84% in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) at maturity. Grain yield of the 10 mothbean lines varied from 91 to 1040 kg·ha-1. The 10 tested lines generated a high amount of nitrogen (N) rich biomass at maturity with total accumulated N of 163 - 316 kg·ha-1 and a C:N ratio of 16:1 to 22:1. Overall, performance indicators suggested that mothbean has considerable potential as an alternative crop for production of forage, grain, or green manure when grown as summer crop in rotation with winter wheat. Future research should focus on evaluating mothbean within different crop settings to define its capacity as green manure or summer forage to support production of stocker cattle in the SGP.

间作绿肥饲草与减施氮肥对河西绿洲灌区玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过3年定位试验,在河西绿洲灌区,研究不同比例减少化学氮肥用量的情况下,间作针叶豌豆和毛叶苕子2种豆科绿肥饲草对玉米产量、经济效益和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,间作针叶豌豆时,施用农民习惯化学施氮量90%的效果最好,虽然该模式下玉米籽粒产量下降了0.63%,但是差异不显著,而且可以多收针叶豌豆籽粒1 987.34 kg·hm-2、针叶豌豆干草1 374.35 kg·hm-2,同时经济效益最高,为36 364元·hm-2,高于农民习惯施肥18.05%。间作毛叶苕子时,虽然所有化学氮肥减施处理的玉米籽粒产量均低于农民习惯施肥,但是在施用农民习惯化学施氮量90%的情况下减产幅度最低,只有2.76%,达到了14 263 kg·hm-2,与农民习惯施肥处理之间的差异不显著,而且可以多收毛叶苕子干草3 175.47 kg·hm-2,同时经济效益最高,为32 136元·hm-2,高于农民习惯施肥4.33%。而且这2种种植体系下的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量与农民习惯施肥处理之间的差异不显著。可见,在河西绿洲灌区进行玉米种植时,间作收获籽粒为主的针叶豌豆和间作以收获豆科饲草为主的毛叶苕子,均能减少10%的化学氮肥用量,其中间作针叶豌豆的经济效益高于间作毛叶苕子。

旱地不同绿肥品种及种植密度的肥饲效应研究

【目的】研究不同绿肥品种及其种植密度对绿肥鲜产量、饲用价值和土壤水分、养分含量的影响,为黄土高原旱地绿肥作物的高效种植及利用提供科学依据。【方法】采用裂区设计,以5种绿肥(长武怀豆、绿豆、大豆、毛叶苕子和油菜)为主处理,4种绿肥种植密度(用播量控制,分别为当地推荐播量的75%,100%,125%和150%)为副处理进行试验,于绿肥盛花期收获、计产,采集部分植物样品测定相关养分含量,然后翻压还田。绿肥翻压前采集土壤样品测定水分含量及速效养分含量。【结果】夏季种植绿豆、长武怀豆、毛叶苕子,推荐播量150%的处理绿肥生物量最高,大豆推荐播量125%处理的生物量也高于100%处理,油菜在推荐播量的75%时生物量最高。绿豆处理的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物产量较高,粗纤维含量较低;油菜和长武怀豆的饲用价值也较高。绿豆、长武怀豆和油菜生物量较高,翻压时还田的养分量也较高。种植油菜和长武怀豆的处理翻压前土壤贮水量较低,种植毛叶苕子的土壤水分含量与休闲处理相当。种植长武怀豆、绿豆、大豆和毛叶苕子等豆科绿肥显著增加了土壤的硝态氮含量,而种植油菜显著降低了土壤硝态氮含量。与休闲处理相比,不同绿肥品种均显著增加了土壤速效磷含量,其中油菜处理增幅最大,而长武怀豆处理增幅最小。种植长武怀豆、大豆、毛叶苕子和油菜显著降低了土壤速效钾含量。绿肥种植密度对土壤水分、硝态氮、有效磷含量均没有显著影响。【结论】可以通过适当提高豆科绿肥播量、适当降低油菜播量来提高夏季绿肥生物量;不论用作饲料还是翻压还田,绿豆是最佳的夏绿肥品种,油菜和长武怀豆也有较好的效果。

闽南饲用(印度)豇豆的选育与应用

针对我国南方红壤丘陵区缺乏优质豆科牧草品种、生态退化等问题,对印度豇豆(Vigna uniguiculata)种质资源进行收集整理并开展了品比试验、区域试验、生产试验和综合利用系列研究。结果表明:闽南饲用(印度)豇豆(V.uniguiculata‘Minnan')具有生长覆盖速度快、产草量高、耐瘠、耐旱、耐酸等特点,对红壤山地有较强的适应性及生态保护效果,该品种区域试验平均鲜草产量34445 kg·hm^(-2),干草产量6120 kg·hm^(-2),种子产量1207kg·hm^(-2),生产试验平均鲜草产量51213 kg·hm^(-2),干草产量8023 kg·hm^(-2),种子产量1190 kg·hm^(-2),适宜在热带、亚热带新垦红壤地作先锋作物,用以改良土壤及水土保持,也可做绿肥和饲料利用。

覆盖大豆绿肥腐解规律及其对土壤养分的影响

田间条件下采用覆盖尼龙袋的方法,研究了大豆绿肥的腐解规律及其对土壤养分的影响。结果表明,覆盖大豆绿肥随时间的延长逐渐腐解,在整个腐解过程中,前4周腐解得较快,以后腐解减慢,并且在种植玉米条件下比不种植玉米条件下腐解得快,但差异不显著。覆盖大豆绿肥经过玉米整个生长季(8周)的腐解,在种植玉米、不种植玉米的条件下的腐解率分别为54.2%和52.4%,其中前4周的腐解量分别占8周总腐解量的79.5%(种植玉米的条件下)和77.1%(不种植玉米的条件下)。覆盖大豆绿肥能明显提高土壤养分含量。

牧草绿肥兼用型大豆新品种汾豆牧绿2号的选育

大豆牧草绿肥品种汾豆牧绿2号是山西省农科院经济作物研究所利用高度抗旱大豆品种晋豆21和干旱的自然生态环境中收集到的汾半野2号,采用有性杂交方法,通过系谱选择法选育出的半野生型的牧草绿肥专用新品种。该品种鲜草产量高,营养成分含量高,最佳刈割期为鼓粒期。

几种新型有机肥对菜用毛豆产量、品质及化肥氮利用率的影响

通过田间试验研究4种有机废弃物中的KEON(KCl可提取态氮)和PEON(磷酸缓冲液可提取态氮)2种形态的有机氮对菜用毛豆生长及化肥氮利用率的影响.结果表明:施用鸡粪和豆粕混合肥与单施化肥相比,地上部分干物质重分别提高20·4%和33·2%,籽粒中的蛋白质含量分别提高17·8%和16·2%,达到显著差异水平;与单施化肥相比,毛豆产量分别提高38·0%和32·5%.有机肥中的KEON和PEON与化学氮肥利用率呈正相关,其相关系数分别达到0·88和0·87(P<0·05).与单施化肥相比,施用鸡粪和豆粕混合肥的当季化学氮肥利用率可分别提高94·9%和67·4%.

不同温度下豆蚜在闽南饲用(印度)豇豆上的发育及试验种群生命表

为评估牧草、绿肥兼用草种闽南饲用(印度)豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)作为载体植物扩繁豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)的适合性,开展了不同温度下闽南饲用(印度)豇豆对豆蚜存活率、发育历期、繁殖力影响的研究,并构建了种群生命表。结果表明:在17~33℃,豆蚜的世代发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;21℃时豆蚜的产蚜量最高,为103.90只;净增殖率随温度升高而降低,33℃时最低(1.378),17℃最高(54.649);在17~33℃,内禀增长率在25℃时最大(0.338),33℃时最小(0.041);周限增长率在25℃时最高(1.403),33℃时最低(1.042);种群加倍时间在25℃时最低,为2.049 d。闽南饲用(印度)豇豆具备载体植物的潜力,对建立以闽南饲用(印度)豇豆为纽带的载体植物系统有一定的启发。

橡胶园覆盖绿肥综合开发利用价值研究

为有效筛选综合开发利用价值高的胶园覆盖绿肥,研究了13种绿肥的养分特性及饲用营养价值;采用模糊数学综合评价法,结合绿肥覆盖效果、产量,综合评价了绿肥的开发利用价值。研究结果表明,13种胶园覆盖绿肥具有粗蛋白含量和钙含量高,氮、钾养分充足以及微量元素丰富等特点;粗蛋白含量平均16.53%,变幅为12.30%～23.78%;Ca含量平均9.61 g/kg,范围为6.96～14.98 g/kg。草本和藤本绿肥的营养、饲用价值、综合开发利用价值高于灌木、亚灌木绿肥,灌木、亚灌木绿肥的经济产量高于草本和藤本绿肥。绿肥筛选可考虑灌木、亚灌木与草本、藤本相结合,以提高覆盖效果和经济效益。综合评价了13种绿肥的开发利用价值,兼顾产量、覆盖效果,初步得出距瓣豆、卵叶山蚂蝗2种绿肥具有较高的开发利用价值和良好的地面覆盖效果。

绿肥牧草对矸石山生态环境的改善

煤矸石风化物上复垦试验结果表明：种植绿肥牧草，有助于提高煤矸石中氮、磷、钾等养分含量，降低表层含盐量，增加微生物类群数量，改善矸石山的水、气、热状况，加速煤矸石的风化，从而促使矸石山生态环境得到进一步改善，并获得较高的生物产量。

牧草绿肥兼用型大豆新品种汾豆牧绿9号的选育及栽培技术

汾豆牧绿9号为山西农业大学经济作物研究所通过有性杂交、系统选育而成的牧草绿肥兼用型大豆,是以汾0612为母本,晋豆21为父本,杂交选育而成。2018年参加山西省牧草绿肥大豆区域试验,平均鲜草产量为53.980t·hm^(-2),较对照增产5.54%。2019年参加山西省牧草绿肥大豆生产试验,平均鲜草产量为44.834 t·hm^(-2),较对照增产5.55%。2020年通过山西省农作物品种委员会审定。汾豆牧绿9号植株半蔓生,出苗120 d左右可达最佳收获期,春播全生育期145 d以上。该品种鲜草产量大,生育期长,可适应于各种果园、草原、耕地轮休、矿山恢复等土地作绿肥使用和畜牧优质牧草生产种植。

种草在复垦种植系统工程中的效益

本文根据1987—1989年在阳泉铝矾土矿区固体废弃物复垦种草试验资料论述了种植多年生豆科绿肥牧草有利于迅速绿化美化矿区,加速生土熟化,改善生态环境,是整治国土的一项有效措施。

绿肥牧草对滨海盐渍土的改良作用研究进展

种植绿肥来改良土壤和培肥地力是我国农业生产上传统的养地措施之一。绿肥作为一种完全型肥料,在增加土壤有机质和矿质养分、促进土壤微生物的均衡发展和增强土壤酶活性方面具有显著效果。综述了具有一定耐盐性的绿肥牧草对滨海盐渍土壤盐分、p H、孔隙度、有机质、养分含量、根际微生物和酶活性等生理生化指标的影响,并提出了进一步研究方向。

豆科绿肥干草资源的开发与利用

箭舌豌豆、光叶紫花苕等在广大农村仅仅用作肥料,为了促进农业的良性循环,我们应该提倡绿肥作物先喂家畜、再将家畜的粪尿作肥料。调制豆科绿肥干草的方法很多,在南方利用产烟区烤烟烘房调制干草是简单易行的办法。在烘烤过程应十分注意掌握烘房温度和水分的排出。

大豆绿肥腐解规律及其对玉米产量的影响

以大豆(沧豆6号)为绿肥材料,采用在田间埋入尼龙袋子的绿肥施用方法,研究了在是否种植玉米和是否施用化肥条件下大豆绿肥的腐解规律及其对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:随着埋入时间的延长,绿肥的干物质量逐渐减少且腐解速率逐渐降低,其腐解过程表现为前期腐解快、后期腐解逐渐减慢的特点,不同时期的绿肥干物质量存在显著差异;绿肥在种植玉米条件下比不种植玉米条件下腐解得快,在施用化肥条件下比不施化肥条件下腐解得快,但差异均不显著;绿肥不论是单施还是与化肥配施均能够大幅度提高玉米产量,单施绿肥的增产效果优于单施化肥,以绿肥与化肥配施玉米产量最高,且产量差异均达到了极显著水平。在种植玉米且施用化肥条件下,大豆绿肥腐解得最快,玉米产量最高为8 293.5 kg/hm2,分别较不施绿肥和化肥(CK)、单施化肥、单施绿肥增产19.91%、12.38%和3.97%;单施绿肥较单施化肥增产8.09%。在玉米生产上,提倡绿肥与化肥配合施用。

半野生大豆应用于绿肥牧草的前景分析

半野生大豆生物产量高于常规牧草绿肥,生长发育迅速、营养丰富、比野生大豆具有更高的饲草生产潜力,完全可以成为饲草、青饲、绿肥牧草新种类。且半野生大豆种子繁殖速度迅速,生产成本低,籽粒繁殖简易、易于推广种植,将是绿肥牧草发展的新趋势。应以野生大豆与栽培大豆为材料,选育小粒型、抗旱、高生物产量的遗传稳定类型半野生大豆,应用于现代农业中。