QTL Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Soybean

[Objective]The aim was to analyze QTL of agronomic traits in soybean and provide reference for a discussion on soybean genetic mechanism and genetic breeding. [Method]The composite interval mapping method was used for QTL location and genetic effects analysis on 5 quantitative traits including protein content,fat content,yield,100-grain weight and growth period. [Result]The control of these traits 4,4,1,2,5,a total of 16 QTL loci was detected. The genetic contribution rate was in 7.4%-33.7%,among which,a large main-effect QTL of the genetic contribution rate were located in linkage group I Satt562-Sat_219,Sat_219-Satt496,Sat_219-Satt496 interval of the three control protein content QTL sites,their genetic contribution rates were 29.15%,33.7 % and 31.67% respectively,all from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene; still in O linkage group Satt477-Satt331,Satt331-Satt153 interval of two control growing period QTL loci,their genetic contribution rates were up to 24.69% and 24.96%,also from the female parent Hefeng 25 plus minor gene. In addition,six QTL sites from M linkage group Satt175 （protein）,A1 linkage group Satt684 （oil）,F linkage group Satt348 （oil）,J linkage group Sat_412 （oil）,C1 linkage group Sat_416 （100-grain weight） and C1 linkage group Sat_416 （growth period） marks only 0.01 cm were detected. [Conclusion]QTL sites which had effects on the 5 important agronomic traits in soybean were located.

Gene Mapping of Brachytic Stem and Its Effect on Main Agronomic Traits in Soybean

Brachytic stem is a major trait in plant type .of soybean and its yield potential may be higher under high population when compared with normal stem. In the present investigation, 152 recombinant inbred line （RIL） families derived from the cross of Bogao （normal stem） and Nannong 94-156 （brachytic stem） were used to map genes and QTLs of three plant type traits and to identify the effects of brachytic stem on agronomic traits such as yield. The primary results indicated that brachytic stem （sb） and determinate growth habit （drl） were mapped on linkage groups B2 and L, three major QTLs related to plant height were detected and mapped on linkage group L near drl, another minor QTL was mapped near sb on linkage group B2-1. Lines with brachytic stem had shorter plant height, lower biomass, yield, harvest index and pods per plant, and essentially no differences in days to maturity and 100-seed weight when compared with normal stem lines. It was obvious that the effect of brachytic stem on yield was due to the decreased height, biomass and harvest index.

Mapping of quantitative trait loci using the skew-normal distribution

In standard interval mapping (IM) of quantitative trait loci (QTL), the QTL effect is described by a normal mixture model. When this assumption of normality is violated, the most commonly adopted strategy is to use the previous model after data transformation. However, an appropriate transformation may not exist or may be difficult to find. Also this approach can raise interpretation issues. An interesting alternative is to consider a skew-normal mixture model in standard IM, and the resulting method is here denoted as skew-normal IM. This flexible model that includes the usual symmetric normal distribution as a special case is important, allowing continuous variation from normality to non-normality. In this paper we briefly introduce the main peculiarities of the skew-normal distribution. The maximum likelihood estimates of parameters of the skew-normal distribution are obtained by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. The proposed model is illustrated with real data from an intercross experiment that shows a significant departure from the normality assumption. The performance of the skew-normal IM is assessed via stochastic simulation. The results indicate that the skew-normal IM has higher power for QTL detection and better precision of QTL location as compared to standard IM and nonparametric IM.

QTL analysis for some quantitative traits in bread wheat

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted in bread wheat for 14 important traits utilizing data from four different mapping populations involving different approaches of QTL analysis. Analysis for grain protein content (GPC) sug- gested that the major part of genetic variation for this trait is due to environmental interactions. In contrast, pre-harvest sprouting tolerance (PHST) was controlled mainly by main effect QTL (M-QTL) with very little genetic variation due to environmental interactions; a major QTL for PHST was detected on chromosome arm 3AL. For grain weight, one QTL each was detected on chromosome arms 1AS, 2BS and 7AS. QTL for 4 growth related traits taken together detected by different methods ranged from 37 to 40; nine QTL that were detected by single-locus as well as two-locus analyses were all M-QTL. Similarly, single-locus and two-locus QTL analyses for seven yield and yield contributing traits in two populations respectively allowed detection of 25 and 50 QTL by composite interval mapping (CIM), 16 and 25 QTL by multiple-trait composite interval mapping (MCIM) and 38 and 37 QTL by two-locus analyses. These studies should prove useful in QTL cloning and wheat improvement through marker aided selection.

Identification of QTLs Associated with Total Soyasaponin Content in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Soyasaponins are valuable compounds in certain drugs, industry, food additives and surfactants. Selecting cultivars with higher-soyasaponin content along with agronomic traits is a main goal for many soybean breeders. The aim of the present study was to identify the quantitative trait loci （QTLs） associated with total soyasaponin content through a F2 population, which was derived from a cross between Ha 91016 （higher soyasaponin content cultivar, 16.8 mg gl） and N98-9445A （lower soyasaponin content, only 5.7 mg g-l）. A genetic linkage map including a total of 162 simple sequence repeat markers was constructed, which covered the total length 2 735.5 cM, and the average distance between markers was 16.96 cM. Two QTLs associated with total soyasaponin content were identified. One, qSAP1 （located in sat_044-satt102 of linkage group （LG） K）, could explain 12.6% of phenotypic variance. The other, qSAP_2, was located between satt368 and sat413 of LG Dla, which could explain 15.8% of phenotypic variance. It was concluded that the two QTLs would have some potential value for marker-assisted selection for high-soyasaponin content breeding in soybeans.

Study on Marker-assisted Breeding of Soybean Vitamin E

Hefeng 25 variety with low vitamin E content in Heilongjiang Province and Bayfield variety with high vitamin E content in Canada were crossed.A total of 144 F_(2:7) recombinant inbred lines(RILs)were used as materials.The genetic linkage mapping of soybean vitamin E was constructed.Soybean varieties were marker-assisted selected in the interval of refined quantitative trait locus(QTLs).QTLs were identified in α-,γ-,δ-and the total tocopherol contents of soybean seeds.Fine QTLs of soybean vitamin E content were identified in the interval between Sat_239 and Satt022 on N linkage group.It was valuable to narrow the interval by marker-assisted selection(MAS).There were seven major QTLs of vitamin E content in soybean.MAS related to vitamin E content in soybean was carried out in the intervals between Sat_239 and Satt022.Considering all the kinds of agronomic traits,six strains with high yield and good quality of vitamin E were chosen,numbered 4,54,104,114,122 and 135.

Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci by molecular markers in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Using an F2 as the mapping population derived from indica Zhaiyeqing 8 and japonica Jingxi 17 of rice, a linkage map was constructed, which consisted of 54 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. By using the interval mapping procedure based on 2 flanking markers, 11 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were mapped for 4 traits: days to heading (Dth1), tiller angle (Ta1), spikelet number per panicle (Sn1, Sn2, Sn3) and spikelet density (Sdn1-Sdn6). An example was taken for QTL mapping of rice, and the interval mapping was shown to be able to detect the QTL located between 2 flanking markers. For a specific trait, more than one QTL could be found on one chromosome. Genetically related traits could be controlled by the same group of QTLs or polygenic system.

Fine mapping of qHUS6.1,a quantitative trait locus for silicon content in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Silicon is essential for optimal growth of rice(Oryza sativa L.).This study was conducted to fine map qHUS6.1,a quantitative trait locus(QTL) for rice hull silicon content previously located in the interval RM510-RM19417 on the short arm of chromosome 6,and to analyze the effect of this QTL on the silicon content in different organs of rice.Selfed progenies of a residual heterozygous line of rice were detected using 13 microsatellite markers in the vicinity of qHUS6.1.Three plants with overlapping heterozygous segments were selected.Three sets of near isogenic lines(NILs) were developed from the selfed progenies of the 3 plants.They were grown in a paddy field and the silicon contents of the hull,flag leaf,and stem were measured at maturity.Based on analyses of the phenotypic distribution and variance among different genotypic groups in the same NIL set,a significant genotypic effect was shown in the NIL set that was heterogenous in the interval RM19410-RM5815,whereas a significant effect was not found in the remaining 2 NIL sets that were heterogenous in either of the intervals RM4923-RM19410 or RM19417-RM204.On comparison among the physical positions of the 3 heterogenous segments,qHUS6.1 was delimited to a 64.2-kb region flanked by RM19410 and RM19417 that contains nine annotated genes according to the genome sequence of Nipponbare.This QTL showed strong effects on all of the three traits tested,and the enhancing alleles were always derived from the paternal line Milyang 46.The present study will facilitate the cloning of qHUS6.1 and the exploration of new genetic resources for QTL fine mapping.

QTLs Mapping for Salinity Tolerance at Seedling Stage or Rice(Oryza sativa L.) Using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines

In this study, a population of chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） derived from the cross between 9311 （indica） and Nipponbare （japonica） was employed to map the quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for salt tolerance under the salt stress simulated with 0.5% NaCI, using survival rate as the index. The data were analyzed by QTL IciMapping v3.1, and the results showed that one QTL （QSsr3） related to salt tolerance was located in the vicinity of the marker RM1350 on chromosome 3, into a genetic interval of 113.2-132.8 cM, with a contribution rate of 17.75%. The additive effect was 10.9, indicating that the QTL derived from the parent Nipponbare improved the salt tolerance of rice at seedling stage. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the selection of salt tolerant rice germplasm.

Mapping QTLs Associated with Sheath Blight Resistance Using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

In this study, a population of 119 chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） derived from backcross between indica 9311 and japonica Nipponbare was employed to map quantitative trait loci （QTL） associated with sheath blight resis-tance in rice with toothpick inoculation method. A total of three sheath blight resis-tance-associated QTLs （qsb8-1, qsb8-2 and qsb8-3） were identified, which were lo-cated on adjacent molecular markers RM3262, RM5485 and RM3496 of chromo-some 8; the genetic interval was 81.7cM-91.7cM, 91.7cM-108.1cM and 108.1cM-119.6cM, respectively. The additive effect of qsb8-2 was negative, indicating that sheath blight resistance of susceptible parent harboring qsb8-2 fragment was en-hanced; additive effects of qsb8-1 and qsb8-3 were positive, indicating that sheath blight resistance of susceptible parent harboring qsb8-1 and qsb8-3 fragments was reduced.

Molecular and Physical Mapping of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes and QTLs in Wheat: A Review

Wheat powdery mildew （Pro） is a major disease of wheat worldwide. During the past years, numerous studies have been published on molecular mapping of Pm resistance gene（s） in wheat. We summarized the relevant findings of 89 major re- sistance gene mapping studies and 25 quantitative trait loci （QTL） mapping studies. Major Pm resistance genes and QTLs were found on all wheat chromosomes, but the Pm resistance genes/QTLs were not randomly distributed on each chromosome of wheat. The summarized data showed that the A or B genome has more major Pm resistance genes than the D genome and chromosomes 1A, 2A, 2B, 5B, 5D, 6B, 7A and 7B harbor more major Pm resistance genes than the other chromosomes. For adult plant resistance （APR） genes/QTLs, B genome of wheat harbors more APR genes than A and D genomes, and chromo- somes 2A, 4A, 5A, 1B, 2B, 3B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 2D, 5D and 7D harbor more Pm resistance QTLs than the other chromosomes, suggesting that A genome except 1A, 3A and 6A, B genome except 4B, D genome except 1D, 3D, 4D, and 6D play an impor- tant role in wheat combating against powdery mildew. Furthermore, Pm resistance genes are derived from wheat and its rela- tives, which suggested that the resistance sources are diverse and Pm resistance genes are diverse and useful in combating against the powdery mildew isolates. In this review, four APR genes, Pm38/Lr34/Yr18/Sr57, Pm46/Lr67/Yr46/Sr55, Pm？/Lr27/Yr30/ SY2 and Pm39/Lr46/Yr29, are not only resistant to powdery mildew but also effective for rust diseases in the field, indicating that such genes are stable and useful in wheat breeding programmes. The summarized data also provide chromosome locations or linked markers for Pm resistance genes/QTLs. Markers linked to these genes can also be utilized to pyramid diverse Pm resis- tance genes/QTLs more efficiently by marker-assisted selection.

大豆遗传图谱构建及粗脂肪含量QTL定位

大豆是我国重要的粮油作物,提高其粗脂肪含量是我国大豆育种的重要目标.以长江春2号与渝蜀鲜2号杂交的F 2代186株单株为定位群体,在实验室前期构建的遗传图谱基础上进行标记加密,利用Joinmap 4.0软件进行遗传连锁分析,构建了包含480个标记的大豆遗传图谱,总长度为2469.3 cM,标记间平均距离为5.14 cM.结合大豆在2021年重庆、2022年重庆、2022年云南和2023年重庆4个环境下的粗脂肪含量表型数据,通过区间作图(Interval Mapping,IM)检测相应性状的数量性状位点(Quantitative Trait Locus,QTL).在4个环境中共检测到21个与粗脂肪含量相关的QTLs,分布在16个连锁群上,其中,有3个QTLs(qOIL01.1,qOIL04.1和qOIL14.2)在两个环境中均能检测到.

Construction of high-density genetic linkage map of Pyropia yezoensis(Bangiales,Rhodophyta)and identifi cation of red color trait QTLs in the thalli

Pyropia yezoensis is an important macroalga because of its extensive global distribution and economic importance.Color is an important trait in the thalli of P.yezoensis,it is also an effective marker to identify the hybridization in genetic breeding.In this study,a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed based on high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers,and used for analyzing the quantitative trait loci(QTLs)of red color trait in the thalli of P.yezoensis.The conchospore undergoes meiosis to develop into an ordered tetrad,and each cell has a haploid phenotype and can grow into a single individual.Based on this theory,F1 haploid population was used as the mapping population.The map included 531 SNP markers,394.57 cM long on average distance of 0.74 cM.Collinear analysis of the genetic linkage map and the physical map indicated that the coverage between the two maps was 79.42%.Furthermore,QTL mapping identified six QTLs for the chromosomal regions associated with the red color trait of the thalli.The value of phenotypic variance explained(PVE)by an individual QTL ranged from 4.71%-63.11%.And QTL qRed-1-1,with a PVE of 63.11%,was considered the major QTL.Thus,these data may provide a platform for gene and QTL fine mapping,and marker-assisted breeding in P.yezoensis in the future.

高粱×苏丹草后代群体农艺及产量性状QTL初步定位

为进一步探究高粱籽粒和茎秆产量的遗传规律,运用粒用高粱忻粱52和苏丹草TS 185作为亲本进行杂交并得到F_(2)及F_(2)∶3群体,利用115对多态性引物对430份F_(2)群体使用区间作图法构建遗传连锁图谱,以LOD值等于3作为阈值。结果表明,分蘖数、叶片数、茎粗、穗长、株高、茎秆鲜质量、整株鲜质量、着壳率、穗质量、千粒质量、单穗粒质量、单穗粒数12个农艺性状共检测到86个QTL。在1号染色体sam17164—sam15397区间定位到茎秆鲜质量的QTL;在2号染色体Xcup64—Xcup26区间定位到分蘖数的QTL,Xtxp019—sam01138区间定位到叶片的QTL,Xcup26—Xtxp080区间定位到茎秆鲜质量的QTL;在3号染色体sam44791—sam33751区间定位到穗长的QTL;在7号染色体sam39622—sam43980区间定位到着壳率的QTL;在8号染色体sam10491—sam17740区间定位到整株鲜质量的QTL;在10号染色体sam710901b—sam59778区间定位到分蘖数的QTL,以上这些都是新检测到的位点。

Construction of Genetic Linkage Map of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using an Intervarietal Cross and QTL Map for Spike Related Traits

Most often a genetic linkage map is prepared using populations obtained from two highly diverse genotypes. However, the markers from such a map may not be useful in a breeding program as these markers may not

大豆重要农艺性状的QTL分析

应用栽培大豆科丰 1号 (♀ )和南农 1 1 38- 2 (♂ )杂交得到的F9代重组自交系 (RILs)群体 ( 2 0 1个家系 ) ,构建了含 30 2遗传标记、覆盖 2 363 8cM、由 2 2个连锁群组成的遗传连锁图谱。采用区间作图法 ,对该群体的主要农艺性状的调查数据进行QTL分析 ,表明与开花期、成熟期、株高、主茎节数、每节荚数、倒伏性、种子重、产量、蛋白质和含油量等 1 0个重要农艺性状连锁的QTL位点 34个 ,每个数量性状的遗传变异是由多个QTL位点决定的。

大豆耐旱种质鉴定和相关根系性状的遗传与QTL定位

从301份黄淮海和长江中下游地区代表性大豆地方品种和育成品种(系)中按根系类型选取59份,在苗期干旱胁迫和非胁迫条件下对地上部和地下部性状进行2年重复鉴定,发现材料间性状隶属函数值具有丰富遗传变异,以株高、叶龄、根干重和茎叶干重隶属函数的算术平均数为抗旱综合指标从中筛选出汉中八月黄、晋豆14,科丰1号,圆黑豆等强耐旱型(1级)和临河大粉青、宁海晚黄豆等干旱敏感型(5级)材料。比根干重、比总根长、比根体积与耐旱隶属函数平均值均呈极显著正相关,可作为耐旱性的根系性状指标。利用“科丰1号×南农1138 2”(1级×4级)衍生的RIL群体为材料,对耐旱相关根系性状采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法进行遗传分析并进行QTL定位。结果表明,该两亲本间比根干重、比总根长、比根体积的遗传均为两对主基因加多基因模型,后两者主基因间有连锁(重组率分别为4.30%和1.93%);主基因遗传率为62.26%～91.81%,多基因遗传率为2.99%～24.75%;耐旱相关根系性状各主要由1对主基因控制,另1对效应较小。QTL分析检测到5、3、5个QTLs分别控制比根重、比根总长、比根体积,位于N6 C2、N8 D1b+W、N11 E、N18 K连锁群上。3性状各有1个贡献率大的QTL(Dw1,Rl1,Rv1),而且均位在N6 C2的STAS8_3T STAS8_6T相同距离的区段上,其他QTLs效应均较小。分离分析与QTL定位的结果相对一致。

小麦幼苗根系性状的QTL分析

以小麦DH群体(旱选10号×鲁麦14)为材料,在水分胁迫及非胁迫两种条件下考察水培幼苗的单株根数、最大根长、根鲜重、根干重、根茎鲜重比及根茎干重比等根系性状。应用基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法分析幼苗根系性状的QTL,以及基因与环境的互作。共检测到11个加性效应QTL和15对上位性互作QTL,分布在除5A、4B、2D、6D和7D以外的所有染色体上。其中3个加性效应QTL和2对上位性效应QTL控制根数;3个加性效应QTL和3对上位性效应QTL控制最大根长;2个加性效应QTL和2对上位性效应QTL控制根鲜重;2个加性效应QTL和3对上位性效应QTL影响根干重;2对上位性效应QTL控制根茎鲜重比;1个加性效应QTL和3对上位性效应QTL与根茎干重比有关。同时还分别检测到1个加性效应QTL、3对上位性效应QTL与水分环境的互作效应。对应用分子标记辅助选择幼苗抗旱优良根系性状的可能性进行了讨论。

大豆产量有关性状QTL的检测

【目的】研究大豆产量和生物量、叶面积指数、冠层以及产量构成因素间的相关性,定位控制这些性状的QTL。【方法】以地理和遗传来源均有较大差异的北方亲本科丰1号和南方亲本南农1138-2所衍生的184个重组自交家系2年有重复的田间试验结果进行产量有关性状的QTL分析。【结果】(1)产量与地上部生物量、叶面积指数、根重、冠层宽和高等均有极显著正相关,相关系数0.5～0.7。(2)地上部生物量检测到7个QTL,贡献率6.2%～21.1%,其中2年重复检出1个(qSBO-1);根重8个QTL,贡献率5.2%～20.1%,重复检出1个(qRTB1-1)。(3)开花期叶面积指数5个QTL,贡献率6.4%～17.2%;结荚期叶面积指数5个QTL,贡献率7.3%～26.2%,重复检出1个(qLAIR3A2);冠层宽4个QTL,贡献率6.3%～13.1%,重复检出1个(qCWD1b-2);冠层高11个QTL,贡献率5.2%～9.2%,重复检出4个(qCHH-1、qCHO-1、qCHO-2和qCHO-3)。(4)百粒重6个,荚粒数2个,荚数1个QTL,贡献率6.9%～15.7%;分枝荚数5个,主茎荚数3个QTL,贡献率6.3%～11.1%;主茎节数8个QTL,有效分枝数3个QTL,贡献率4.7%～15.2%。(5)根重和地上部生物量各有1个,R1(始花期)和R3(始荚期)叶面积指数各有2个,冠层宽和高各有2个,产量与荚数各有1个,百粒重和分枝荚数各有1个,荚粒数和主茎节数各有1个,分枝荚数与有效分枝数各有1个共享的QTL。【结论】大豆产量有关的13个性状共检测到68个QTL;年份间有重复检出的,但不多,其表达较大程度上与环境有关;尽管性状间普遍有相关、有共享的QTL,但不多,各有其遗传体系;产量有关性状中很少有贡献率大的主效QTL,产量育种要考虑多数基因聚合的技术。

水稻纹枯病抗性QTL分析

对籼稻窄叶青 8号 (ZYQ8)和粳稻京系 17(JX17)以及由它们构建的加倍单倍体 (DH)群体 ,分别在杭州和海南岛 ,采用注射器接种法进行纹枯病抗性鉴定 ,并使用该群体的分子连锁图谱进行数量性状座位 (QTL)分析。共检测到 4个抗纹枯病的QTL(qSBR 2、qSBR 3、qSBR 7和qSBR 11) ,分别位于第 2、第 3、第 7和第 11染色体。其中qSBR 2、qSBR 3、qSBR 7的抗性基因由抗病亲本ZYQ8贡献 ,而qSBR 11的抗性基因来自感病亲本JX17。qSBR 2、qSBR 3和qSBR 7在杭州和海南岛都能检测到 ,而qSBR 11只在杭州检测到。在杭州的实验中 ,纹枯病病级与秆长和抽穗期呈显著负相关 ;在控制秆长和抽穗期的QTL中 ,控制秆长的qCL 3与qSBR 3位于同一染色体区域 ,其余QTL与抗纹枯病的QTL之间无连锁关系。