Identification of the Wave-Particles Interaction in Space Plasma Using Higher-Order Statistics

The interaction of wave-particles and wave-wave in the space plasmas are essentially non-linear or non-Gaussian processes. Using the higher-order statistical analyses methods (higher-order moments and bi-tri correlation or bi-tri spectrum), its physical properties can be described. The question addressed in this paper is that of the usefulness of higher-order statistical analysis for identification of the wave-particles interaction in space plasmas. The signals handled are from the ARCAD-3 ISOPROBE experiment on ELF frequency range, then strong electrostatic turbulence and electron density irregularities. Second and third order statistical analyses are applied: first, on time series associated with each type of measurement, then, on the two types. All results are presented for one typical case. Correlation functions estimated over the corresponding time intervals point out the existence of a, non-linear interaction between these fluctuations and electrostatic filed.

Higher-Order Statistics and Nonlinear Processes in Space Plasmas

Statistics of order 2 (variance, auto and cross-correlation functions, auto and cross-power spectra) and 3 (skewness, auto and cross-bicorrelation functions, auto and cross-bispectra) are used to analyze the wave-particle interaction in space plasmas. The signals considered here are medium scale electron density irregularities and ELF/ULF electrostatic turbulence. Nonlinearities are mainly observed in the ELF range. They are independently pointed out in time series associated with fluctuations in electronic density and in time series associated with the measurement of one electric field component. Peaks in cross-bicorrelation function and in mutual information clearly show that, in well delimited frequency bands, the wave-particle interactions are nonlinear above a certain level of fluctuations. The way the energy is transferred within the frequencies of density fluctuations is indicated by a bi-spectra analysis.

Dispersion and damping rate of Langmuir wave in space plasma with regularized Kappa distributed electrons

The dispersion of Langmuir wave(LW)in an unmagnetized collisionless plasma with regularized Kappa distributed electrons is investigated from the kinetic theory.The frequency and damping rate of LW are analyzed for the parameters relating to the source region of a typeⅢsolar radio burst.It is found that the linear behavior of LW is greatly modified by the suprathermal indexκand the exponential cutoff parameterα.In the regionκ<1.5,the damping rate of LW will be much larger than the one with Maxwellian distributed electrons.Hence,the nonlinear process of LW in lowκregion may exhibit different properties in comparison with the one in largeκregion.

Physical properties of relativistic electron beam during long-range propagation in space plasma environment

It is known that ion channel can effectively limit the radial expansion of an artificial electron beam during its longrange propagation in the space plasma environment.Most prior studies discussed the focusing characteristics of the beam in the ion channel,but the establishment process and transient properties of the ion channel itself,which also plays a crucial role during the propagation of the relativistic electron beam in the plasma environment,were commonly neglected.In this study,a series of two-dimensional(2D)particle-in-cell simulations is performed and an analytical model of ion channel oscillation is constructed according to the single-particle motion.The results showed that when the beam density is higher than the density of plasma environment,ion channel can be established and always continues to oscillate periodically over the entire propagation.Multiple factors,including the beam electron density,initial beam radius,and the plasma density can affect the oscillation properties of ion channel.Axial velocity of the beam oscillates synchronously with the ion channel and this phenomenon will finally develop into a two-stream instability which can seriously affect the effective transport for relativistic electron beam.Choosing appropriate beam parameters based on various plasma environments may contribute to the improvement of the stability of ion channel.Additionally,radial expansion of the beam can be limited by ion channel and a stable long-range propagation in terrestrial atmosphere may be achieved.

New method for rekindling the explosive waves in Maxwellian space plasmas

Our interest is to study the nonlinear wave phenomena in complex plasma constituents with Maxwellian electrons and ions. The main aim is to use a new method known as the(G′/G)method to exhibit the effects of dust charge fluctuations on the evolution of nonlinear waves. The coherent features of the shock and solitary waves along with the generation of high-energy waves have been amplified through the solution of the Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation,and the different natures of the waves were found successfully. Results are discussed graphically with the thoughtful choice of typical plasma parameters from different space plasma environments, exactly those found in cosmic dusty plasmas laden in ionospheric auroral region,radial spokes of Saturn's rings, planetary nebulae and solar F-corona region. All conclusions are in good accordance with the actual occurrences and could be of interest to further investigations of space. Moreover, the applicability of the present method is hoped to be a great enhancement by its use as ingenious mechanism used to evaluate the soliton dynamics and Burgers shock waves.

Readout electronics of a prototype time-of-flight ion composition analyzer for space plasma

Readout electronics is developed for a prototype time-of-flight(TOF) ion composition spectrometer for in situ measurement of the mass/charge distributions of major ion species from 200 to 100 ke V/e in space plasma.By utilizing a constant fraction discriminator(CFD) and time-to-digital converter(TDC), challenging dynamic range measurements were performed with high time resolution and event rates. CFD was employed to discriminate the TOF signals from the micro-channel plate and channel electron multipliers. TDC based on the combination of counter and OR-gate delay chain was designed in a highreliability flash field programmable gate array. Owing to the non-uniformity of the delay chain, a correction algorithm based on integral nonlinearity compensation was implemented to reduce the time uncertainty. The test results showed that the electronics achieved a low timingerror of < 200 ps in the input range from 35 to 500 m V for the CFD, and a time resolution of ～550 ps with time uncertainty < 180 ps after correction and a time range of6.4 ls for the TDC. The TOF spectrum from an electron beam experiment of the impacting N_2 gas further indicated the good performance of this readout electronic.

Study of the Characteristics of Dust Acoustic Solitary Waves and Dust Acoustic Shock Waves in Electron Free Dusty Space Plasma

A theoretical investigation has been done for the study of dust acoustic solitary waves and dust acoustic shock waves propagating in an unmagnetized, collisionless Lorentzian dusty plasma considering adiabatic and non-adiabatic dust charge variation. Plasma under consideration is composed of inertialess Lorentzian positive and negative ions along with inertial positively charged dust grains. Such dust grains are charged by the flow of positive ion and negative ion current over the grain surface. Adiabatic grain charge variation shows the existence of compressive soliton whose amplitude decreases and width increases with increasing number of suprathermal particles. Non-adiabatic dust charge variation is concerned with the propagation of monotonic dust acoustic shock waves which do not loose monotonicity even when a number of suprathermal particles are very large.

A Space-Flight Ship Travelling by a Plasma Rocket Engine from the Earth Ground to the Moon

Since a thrust of an ion rocket engine is much weaker than the one of a chemical fuel engine, nowadays, ion engines are used mainly in spaces where gravities are very weak. Here, as a powerful plasma rocket to make a heavy ship get out from the gravity-sphere of the earth without relying on an atomic power rocket, an ion-velocity booster is investigated. It is a main challenge how to protect the engine wall from the melting due to collisions of ions which grow into high-energy particles.

Extraterrestrial Life in the Thermosphere: Plasmas, UAP, Pre-Life, Fourth State of Matter

“Plasmas” up to a kilometer in size and behaving similarly to multicellular organisms have been filmed on 10 separate NASA space shuttle missions, over 200 miles above Earth within the thermosphere. These self-illuminated “plasmas” are attracted to and may “feed on” electromagnetic radiation. They have different morphologies: 1) cone, 2) cloud, 3) donut, 4) spherical-cylindrical;and have been filmed flying towards and descending from the thermosphere into thunderstorms;congregating by the hundreds and interacting with satellites generating electromagnetic activity;approaching the Space Shuttles. Computerized analysis of flight path trajectories documents these plasmas travel at different velocities from different directions and change their angle of trajectory making 45°, 90°, and 180° shifts and follow each other. They’ve been filmed accelerating, slowing down, stopping, congregating, engaging in “hunter-predatory” behavior and intersecting plasmas leaving a plasma dust trail in their wake. Similar life-like behaviors have been demonstrated by plasmas created experimentally. “Plasmas” may have been photographed in the 1940s by WWII pilots (identified as “Foo fighters”);repeatedly observed and filmed by astronauts and military pilots and classified as Unidentified Aerial—Anomalous Phenomenon. Plasmas are not biological but may represent a form of pre-life that via the incorporation of elements common in space, could result in the synthesis of RNA. Plasmas constitute a fourth state of matter, are attracted to electromagnetic activity, and when observed in the lower atmosphere likely account for many of the UFO-UAP sightings over the centuries.

Test-Particle Simulation of Space Plasmas

Test-particle simulations provide a useful complement to the kinetic simulations of many-body systems and their approximate treatment with multiple moments.In a kinetic approach,systems are described at a microscopic level in terms of a large number of degrees of freedom.Fluid or multiple moment approaches,however,provide a description at the macroscopic level,in terms of relatively few physical parameters involving averages or moments of particle distribution functions.Ideally,fully kinetic descriptions should be done whenever possible.Due to their complexity,the use of these approaches is often not practical in many cases of interest.In comparison,the fluid approximation is much simpler to implement and solve.It can be used to describe complex phenomena in multi-dimensional geometry with realistic boundary conditions.Its main drawback is its inability to account for many phenomena taking place on fine space or time scales,or phenomena involving nonlocal transport.Macroscopic approaches are also not adapted to describe large deviations from local equilibrium,such as the occurrence of particle beams or otherwise strong anisotropy.With the test-particle method,particle trajectories are calculated using approximated fields obtained from a low level approach,such as multiple moments.Approximate fields can also be obtained from experiments or observations.Assuming that these fields are representative of actual systems,various kinetic and statistical properties of the system can then be calculated,such as particle distribution functions and moments thereof.In this paper,the test-particle method is discussed in the context of classical statistical physics of many-body interacting point particles.Four different formulations of the method are presented,which correspond to four broad categories of the application encountered in the field of plasma physics and astronomy.

The technology of space plasma in-situ measurement on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

The China Seismo-Electromagnetic satellite(CSES) was designed to study the ionospheric disturbances associated with earthquakes. Satellite payload includes nine instruments. Among them, we recall instruments for plasma analysis, electric,magnetic fields and high energy particle detectors. Langmuir probe(LP) and plasma analyzer package(PAP) are the in-situ payloads to measure space plasma. Its scientific objective is to research space plasma physics phenomena and the ionosphere changes caused by seismic. It is the first application of in-situ measurement technology in the field of space exploration in China.The Langmuir probe and Plasma Analyzer Package have been tested and calibrated to verify the performance in INAF-IAPS.Currently, on-orbit testing is being performed with satellites.

Surface Charging Controlling of the Chinese Space Station with Hollow Cathode Plasma Contactor

A highly charged manned spacecraft threatens the life of an astronaut and extravehicular activity, which can be effectively reduced by controlling the spacecraft surface charging. In this article, the controlling of surface charging on Chinese Space Station （CSS） is investigated, and a method to reduce the negative potential to the CSS is the emission electron with a hollow cathode plasma eontactor. The analysis is obtained that the high voltage （HV） solar array of the CSS collecting electron current can reach 4.5 A, which can be eliminated by emitting an adequate electron current on the CSS. The theoretical analysis and experimental results are addressed, when the minimum xenon flow rate of the hollow cathode is 4.0 sccm, the emission electron current can neutralize the collected electron current, which ensures that the potential of the CSS can be controlled in a range of less than 21 V, satisfied with safety voltage. The results can provide a significant reference value to define a flow rate to the potential controlling programme for CSS.

Effect of normalized plasma frequency on electron phase-space orbits in a free-electron laser

Irregular phase-space orbits of the electrons are harmful to the electron-beam transport quality and hence deteriorate the performance of a free-electron laser （FEL）. In previous literature, it was demonstrated that the irregularity of the electron phase-space orbits could be caused in several ways, such as varying the wiggler amplitude and inducing sidebands. Based on a Hamiltonian model with a set of self-consistent differential equations, it is shown in this paper that the electron- beam normalized plasma frequency functions not only couple the electron motion with the FEL wave, which results in the evolution of the FEL wave field and a possible power saturation at a large beam current, but also cause the irregularity of the electron phase-space orbits when the normalized plasma frequency has a sufficiently large value, even if the initial energy of the electron is equal to the synchronous energy or the FEL wave does not reach power saturation.

Kinetic Electron-Ion Two Streams Instability in Space Dusty Plasma with Temperature Gradient

The excitation, growing and damping of current instability is an important and vital subject for a lot of studies through its importance in communication for instance and in understanding the nature of space and the interpretation of many phenomena in space and astrophysics. Recent analytical and numerical works are presented to describe and investigate the excitation and growing of kinetic electron-ion two streams instability in anisotropic inhomogeneous dusty space plasmas. We elucidated the thermal effects of plasma species on the characteristics of such instability. It is found that the gradient of space plasma temperature, , is a cause of interesting physical phenomena. Besides, different parameters, such as electron to ion temperature ratio , magnetized plasma and dust grains, are also found to play a crucial role in the growth and depression of such instability.

Plasmas Created in the Interaction of Antiprotons with Atomic and Ionized Hydrogen Isotopes. Suggested Fuels for Space Engines

The main objective of the present work is to investigate the properties of plasmas created by injecting a thermalized beam of antiprotons in two types of media. The first is hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium atoms localized in palladium crystals. The second medium is composed of protons, deuterons, or tritons localized in a magnetic cavity. Particularly, it is demonstrated that huge amounts of energy are released in both cases which could be used as fuels for space shuttle engines. A novel mathematical scheme is employed to calculate the energy yields in real space at different incident energies of the antiprotons.

Plasma Wall Potentials with Secondary Electron Emissions up to the Stable Space-Charge-Limited Condition

Numerical solutions to floating plasma potentials for walls emitting secondary elec- trons are obtained for various surface materials. The calculations are made with plasma moment equations and the secondary electron emission coefficients, which were determined from recent laboratory experiments. The results estimate the wall potentials up to the physical conditions that allow stable plasma sheaths under the space-charge-limited condition. The materials often used in the laboratory, such as aluminum, silicon, boron, molybdenum, silicon dioxide, and alumina, are considered. The minimum wall potential before the onset of space-charge-limited emission is determined by the electron temperatures at which the effective secondary electron emission coefficient integrated over the velocity distributions is about 0.62. The corresponding potential is given by -eφ0 ,- 1.87kBT. The condition for space-charge-limited emission is newly found by numerically searching for all the stable sheaths. The new condition is -eφ0 - 0.95kBT, and this predicts a wall potential that is less negative than the previously found one. Calculation of the power dissipated to the wall for hydrogen plasmas shows that there is a large difference in terms of power dissipation among the considered materials in the temperature range 20-50 eV.

空间等离子体云精细化仿真及传播特性研究

在电离层中释放钐(Sm)等活泼金属气体,通过光致电离或化学电离,能够人工生成空间等离子体云,以其作为散射体,可开展超短波超视距通信和探测研究。本文开展了电离层Sm释放的精细化效应仿真研究,考虑了热层风场、地磁场、Sm释放速度和流量、运载器飞行速度等参量对Sm在电离层中扩散过程的影响。同时,采用射线追踪方法,研究了空间等离子体云的电波传播特性。结果表明释放参数和环境参数对等离子体云的形态和演化过程具有重要影响,等离子云在不同剖面形态各异,沿地磁场方向及风场方向出现明显拉伸,进一步对等离子体云的传播效应产生影响,导致电波在等离子体云不同剖面传播特性出现差异。

微波谐振腔放电击穿特性与发射光谱分析

针对航天器通信系统中微波部件放电过程中的检测问题,开展对微波部件放电击穿的实验研究,以特殊设计的微波谐振腔为对象,研究从微放电到低气压放电的过渡过程中击穿特性的变化,考虑三种背景气体类型,采用全局检测和光学局部检测相结合的方式进行测试。结果发现,在100~1000 Pa的压强范围内,放电的击穿阈值均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,背景气体为氮气和空气,击穿阈值在400~500 Pa时达到最低水平,放电发生时产生的发射光谱较为相似,较为明显的发射谱线强度出现在氮气的第二正带系337.1 nm处。此外,由于背景环境中含少量的水蒸气,在314 nm处的OH自由基强度也较为明显。分析得出气体压强可改变粒子生成与消耗路径并对等离子体中各粒子的浓度大小产生影响。而氧气环境下的最低击穿阈值在600~700 Pa,同时整体发射光谱强度较低,仅能观测到704.2 nm和777.5 nm处氧原子的跃迁,进一步分析OH对氧气放电过程的影响,经过水浴处理后再次进行氧气的测试过程,结果并没有出现显著变化,表明在一定的压强范围内,水分子的存在对氧气的电离过程产生影响较小。

无碰撞磁场重联地面实验平台的研制与建设

中国科学技术大学无碰撞磁场重联实验平台(KRX)是以揭示无碰撞磁场重联的触发机制、对无碰撞磁场重联电子扩散区的结构及相关等离子体波动进行深入细致研究为目标而建设的大型等离子体装置,是开展空间环境基本物理过程地面实验模拟的综合性平台.装置主体为直线位形,真空室直径3 m,由多段拼接而成,整体呈胶囊型,内部采用2 m×1 m全球最大氧化物阴极源产生均匀的背景等离子体.装置外部环绕10组导向场磁线圈,内部由上下两块平行电流板通同向脉冲电流构建重联磁场位形,脉冲电源采用“H”桥结构实现了可控的变速率重联驱动.在装置四周共开设200多个真空窗口,能够通过探针阵列及太赫兹偏振干涉仪、激光诱导荧光等先进光学诊断系统对磁场重联过程开展全域、主动、高精度的测量.该平台是最新一代磁场重联实验平台,其重联区域尺寸达到10倍离子惯性长度,伦德奎斯特数S有望达到105,为开展无碰撞磁场重联实验创造了良好条件,能够对磁场重联过程开展多尺度、全面细致的研究,是卫星观测和数值模拟研究重要补充.目前,实验平台已完成基础建设以及诊断等关键组件的研制,并在小型装置预研结果的基础上完善了针对多尺度、多磁岛合并、三维磁场重联等热点问题的研究方案.

低温射频等离子技术对咽部间隙肿瘤切除患者疼痛及肿瘤复发的影响

目的:探究低温射频等离子技术对咽部间隙肿瘤切除患者疼痛及肿瘤复发的影响.方法:选取2016年2月至2021年3月期间因咽部间隙肿瘤在我院行手术治疗的患者62例作为研究对象.随机将患者分为对照组和观察组,各31例.对照组采用传统冷刀或热刀切除.观察组采用低温射频等离子技术切除.分析对比两组的围手术期相关指标、术前及术后3 d的疼痛程度和应激反应、术后1 m并发症及1 y内肿瘤复发情况.结果:观察组手术时长、住院时长、手术失血量和黏膜恢复评分均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).两组术前视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分和皮质醇(cortisol,Cor)、前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)、P物质(substance p,SP)等血清学指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后第3 d,观察组的VAS评分及各项血清学指标均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).观察组的并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05).两组的复发率、无进展生存率和总生存率均无显著差异(P>0.05).结论:低温射频等离子技术能改善围术期指标,降低疼痛刺激,具有较高的安全性,且不增加瘤的复发率.