High Performance of Imaging Extraction for Infrared Satellite Cloud Image

The isotherm is an important feature of infrared satellite cloud images (ISCI), which can directly reveal substantial information of cloud systems. The isotherm extraction of ISCI can remove the redundant information and therefore helps to compress the information of ISCI. In this paper, an isotherm extraction method is presented. The main aggregate of clouds can be segmented based on mathematical morphology. T algorithm and IP algorithm are then applied to extract the isotherms from the main aggregate of clouds. A concrete example for the extraction of isotherm based on IBM SP2 is described. The result shows that this is a high efficient algorithm. It can be used in feature extractions of infrared images for weather forecasts.

Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Precursor to the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan,China,and its Analysis on Geo-dynamics

Based on an interpretation and study of the satellite remote-sensing images of FY-2C thermal infrared 1st wave band （10.3-11.3 μm） designed in China, the authors found that there existed obvious and isolated satellite thermal infrared anomalies before the 5.12 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. These anomalies had the following characteristics： （1） The precursor appeared rather early： on March 18, 2008, i.e., 55 days before the earthquake, thermal infrared anomalies began to occur; （2） The anomalies experienced quite many and complex evolutionary stages： the satellite thermal infrared anomalies might be divided into five stages, whose manifestations were somewhat different from each other. The existence of so many anomaly stages was probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared research on earthquakes; （3） Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days; （4） An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmen seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake research. This discovery is therefore of great guiding and instructive significance in the study of the earthquake occurrence itself and the trend of the postearthquake phenomena.

Improving the Analyses and Forecasts of a Tropical Squall Line Using Upper Tropospheric Infrared Satellite Observations

The advent of modern geostationary satellite infrared radiance observations has noticeably improved numerical weather forecasts and analyses.However,compared to midlatitude weather systems and tropical cyclones,research into using infrared radiance observations for numerically predicting and analyzing tropical mesoscale convective systems remain mostly fallow.Since tropical mesoscale convective systems play a crucial role in regional and global weather,this deficit should be addressed.This study is the first of its kind to examine the potential impacts of assimilating all-sky upper tropospheric infrared radiance observations on the prediction of a tropical squall line.Even though these all-sky infrared radiance observations are not directly affected by lower-tropospheric winds,the high-frequency assimilation of these all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses of the tropical squall line’s outflow position.Aside from that,the assimilation of all-sky infrared radiance observations improved the analyses and prediction of the squall line’s cloud field.Finally,reducing the frequency of assimilating these all-sky infrared radiance observations weakened these improvements to the analyzed outflow position,as well as the analyses and predictions of cloud fields.

The Study of In-Orbit Calibration Accuracy of NOAA Satellite Infrared Sounder and Its Effect on Temperature Profile Retrievals

The calibration accuracy of High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder Mod. 2 (HIRS / 2) on NOAA-10 satellite is analyzed in this paper. The non-linear effect in the linear calibration curve induces a deviation of 1.5 degrees (k) of brightness temperature in the tenth channel (8.3 um, water vapor absorption) of the HIRS/2 and the non-linear effect affects the other channels to a different extent. Based on analyzing non- linearity in two-point calibration curve, a tri-point calibration equation is given. A numerical test of effects of the linear and non-linear calibration models on the accuracy of atmospheric temperature retrievals is carried out.

New Progress in the Application of Satellite Thermal Infrared Imagery to Earthquake Prediction

The concept of stochastic resonance (SR) has been introduced into the analysis of satellite thermal infrared images. Six kinds of anomalous phenomena related to crustal movement were recognized in satellite thermal infrared images. Six diagnostic indicators for the prediction of global earthquakes with magnitude ≥6.0 and their quantitative evaluation standards have been established. The microscopic behavior of global crustal movement is successfully controlled by using satellite thermal infrared imagery, and the occurrence time and magnitude of over 80% of global strong earthquakes occurred since the foundation of the observation station have been successfully predicted. It is believed that the combination of satellite thermal infrared information with macroscopic anomalous phenomena will play an important role in earthquake hazard reduction.

Development of long-wavelength infrared detector and its space-based application requirements

Infrared detection technology has greatly expanded the ability of mankind to study the earth and the universe. In recent years, the demand for long-wavelength infrared detectors is increasing for their advantages in exploring the earth and the universe. A variety of long-wavelength infrared detectors have been made based on thermal resistive effect, photoelectric effect, etc., in the past few decades. Remarkable achievements have been made in infrared materials, device fabrication,readout circuit, and device package. However, high performance long-wavelength infrared detectors, especially those for large format long-wavelength infrared detector focus plane array, are still unsatisfactory. Low noise, high detectivity, and large format long-wavelength infrared detector is necessary to satisfy space-based application requirements.

An experimental study on temperature increasing mechanism of satellitic thermo-infrared

Mixed gases (CO 2 and CH 4 etc .) in different ratio under the action of transient electric field may cause temperature to increase about 6℃, while under that of solar irradiation may lead temperature to rise around 3℃. The temperature increasing mechanism of satellitic thermo infrared of lower air is explained here based on an experimental study: thermo infrared temperature increasing of lower atmosphere may be caused by paroxysmal releasing of crustal gas and sudden changing of lower atmosphere electrostatic field. Therefore, appearance of the anomaly of thermo infrared temperature increasing prior to a moderate strong earthquake requires the concurrence of gas paroxysmal releasing and electrostatic field sudden changing at the same time.

Simulations of Aerosol Optical Properties to Top of Atmospheric Reflected Sunlight in the Near Infrared CO_2 Weak Absorption Band

Over the Asian continent,high aerosol loading is critical to ensure the high accuracy of CO_2 retrieval in the near infrared absorption band.Simulations were performed to explore the effect of light path modification by aerosol son the atmospheric CO_2 near infrared band(6140-6270 cm^(-1)).The Vector LInearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer(VLIDORT) model and the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model(LBLRTM) were used for forward calculations.The U.S.standard atmosphere was used for atmospheric profiles.The results indicate that the aerosols caused similar effects to increases in CO_2 in the planetary boundary layer and became more significant with aerosol layer rising while aerosol optical depth was 0.1.This effect will cause an over estimation of the CO_2 mixing ratio in the retrieval process and an under estimation in the aerosol layer.The results also indicate that the effect of urban and industrial aerosols is smaller than that of non-absorbing and dust aerosols because of the nearly constant absorption properties in the near infrared band.

Progress on CASEarth Satellite Development

CASEarth satellite is the first space Earth science satellite produced by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.The satellite has three payloads:high-definition Thermal Infrared Spectrometer(TIS),highdefinition Glimmer Imager for Urbanization(GIU),and high-definition Multispectral Imager for Inshore(MII).These payloads are used to explore the urbanization level and residential layout,the coastal ecosystem,and new methods and approaches of environmental detection during night-time and even under conditions of polar aurora and provide scientific evidence for the refined depiction of human traces.The CASEarth satellite can provide space observation data for A Project on Big Earth Data Science Engineering as well as scientific and application studies inside and outside China.

Analysis of the Ability of Infrared Water Vapor Channel for Moisture Remote Sensing in the Lower Atmosphere

The ability of HIRS/2 and GOES I/M infrared water wapor channels for moisture remote sensing in the lower atmosphere has been analyzed. It is found that the HIRS/2 channel 10 seems not to be an optimal channel for water vapor remote sensing in the lower part of the atmosphere, we can find other channels that are more sensitive to moisture variation in the lower atmosphere and might be more useful for low level atmospheric moisture remote sensing.

Infrared Radiance Simulation and Application under Cloudy Sky Conditions Based on HIRTM

An algorithm based on hyperspectral infrared cloudy radiative transfer model (HIRTM) is introduced and a simulation method for infrared image of the generation geostationary meteorological satellite is proposed. Based on the parameters from weather research and forecast (WRF), such as the water content, atmospheric temperature, and humidity profile, the simulation data for the advanced Himawari imager (AHI) infrared radiative (IR) channels of Himawari-8 are obtained. Simulated results based on HIRTM agree well with the observed data. Further, the movement, development, and change of the cloud are well predicated. And the simulation of IR cloud image for the weather forecast has been obtained. This paper provides an improved method for evaluation and improvement of regional numerical model for weather forecast.

Chinese Surveying and Control Network for Earth-Orbit Satellites and Deep Space Detection

The relationship between the surveying and contro l network(CSN) for earth-orbit satellite and spatial geodesy, and the relationshi p between the CSN for deep space celestial bodies and detectors, and deep space detection are briefly summarized, and so are the basic technical needs of the de ep space surveying and control network(DSN). Then, the techniques, the constitue nts and the distributing of Chinese satellite CSN (CSCSN) and other radio observ ing establishments in China are introduced. Lastly, with the primary CSCSN and o ther observing establishments, some projects for China to rebuild a more perfect CSCSN, and to establish a DSN are analyzed and stated.

Analysis of Thermal Infrared Anomalies for the April16,2013M_W7.8of Khash, Iran Earthquake

After using the "Time-Frequency Relative Power Spectrum"( T-F RPS) method based on the China Geostationary Meteorological Satellite( FY-2 C/FY-2 E) infrared remote sensing brightness temperature data processing,we rapidly and accurately extracted and identified pre-earthquake thermal infrared anomalies for the April 16,2013 MW7. 8 of Khash,Iran Earthquake. Spatial evolution of anomalies showed the distribution and process. The anomalies were mainly distributed in the east of Khash,Iran. The characteristics of process and distribution presented X-Type model of NE and near NS strip which relates to the geological structure of this region. The epicenter was located near the intersection region of the X-Type abnormal migration process. Besides,the results of time series of anomalies showed that,the duration was more than 40 days and the maximum amplitude was about18 times. The earthquake occurred 20 days after the abnormal maximum amplitude which appeared on March 26,2013.

On-orbit geometric calibration of satellite laser altimeters using infrared detectors and corner-cube retroreflectors

After being launched into orbit,the geometric calibration of a satellite laser altimeter will reduce errors in laser pointing and ranging caused by satellite vibrations during launch,environmental changes,and thermal effects during long-term operation,which guarantees the accuracy of measurement data.In this study,a satellite laser geometric calibration method combining infrared detectors and corner-cube retroreflectors(CCRs)is proposed.First,a CCR-based laser ranging error calibration method was established,and then a laser pointing error calibration model was derived based on a single infrared detector array.Taking GaoFen-7(GF-7)satellite laser beam 2 as the experimental object,laser geometric calibration was realized using an infrared detector and CCR-measured data.Then,the accuracy of the proposed method was compared with that of other calibration methods,the CMLID and the CMSPR.The results show that the accuracy of the proposed calibration method is equivalent to that of the CMLID and higher than that of the CMSPR.Among them,the accuracy of the laser pointing after calibration using the proposed method is better than 0.8 arcsec,and the elevation accuracy of the laser on flat,sloping,and mountainous terrains is better than 0.11 m,0.30 m,and 1.80 m,respectively.

卫星在轨红外辐射特性地面模拟测量试验研究

准确、多谱段、多角度的卫星目标红外辐射特性数据对于识别卫星类型、功能、关键单机(如太阳翼、天线等)等特征以及监测卫星在轨工作状态具有重要意义。目前,受限于测量手段和标校水平,实测获得的红外特性数据一般只包含少数像元,缺乏卫星在轨高分辨率红外成像数据。利用卫星研制阶段开展真空热试验的机会,可以开展卫星在轨红外辐射特性数据地面模拟高质量测量。传统方式是将热像仪置于环境模拟容器外,经由安装于容器上的光学窗口测量容器内目标的红外特性。此时容器上的光学窗口会将容器外自然环境的红外背景和热像仪工作期间自身的红外辐射反射回热像仪,即光学窗口上会出现明显的环境背景及热像仪的“鬼影”。通过对红外热像仪进行真空低温环境适应性设计,将红外热像仪放置在环境模拟容器内进行测量,消除传统方式由于在环模容器外测量而在光学窗口表面引入的“鬼影”误差影响,大幅提高红外辐射特性数据的准确度。标定试验中,热像仪在真空低温环境下的温度测量误差小于±3℃,模拟测量试验表明,设计的卫星在轨红外辐射特性地面模拟测量试验方法可以获得清晰准确的星表红外特性数据,用于区分不同功能区域。

一种三星探测数据融合的弹道估计算法

针对天基红外系统(Space Based Infrared System,SBIRS)三星探测弹道估计问题,提出GEO卫星与HEO卫星探测数据融合的估计算法。根据星座构成和探测体制,利用STK分析SBIRS对某一区域的覆盖能力,约43%的时间可以实现三星以上完全覆盖;建立三星探测数据融合算法模型,对导弹目标的运动状态进行实时估计,导弹运动建模采用当前统计模型,数据融合采用集中式结构,滤波算法采用无迹卡尔曼滤波。试验表明,与双星探测弹道估计误差相比,三星探测弹道估计误差显著减小。

无人机巡检技术在某地浸铀矿山的研究与应用

研究了无人机巡检技术在某地浸铀矿山的应用方法。采用无人机、红外热成像和激光扫描等先进技术,实现对矿山运行情况的无人机巡检和监测,由无人机巡检取代了传统的人工巡检。结果显示,采用红外热成像技术对孔口、架空线路等情况进行动态监测,能实时发现异常情况;利用负载镜头实现激光扫描技术,能够对矿山地表物理特征结构进行精准扫描。无人机巡检提高了矿山的巡检水平和效率,降低了矿山巡检和监管的人力和物力成本,研究结果可为相关领域提供参考。

Progress and challenges in blocked impurity band infrared detectors for space-based astronomy

Astronomical detection at infrared wavelengths is crucial in astrophysics due to the critical information in this wavelength range.Blocked impurity band(BIB) infrared detectors are desirable for space-based astronomical observation due to their broad response range, low dark currents, high quantum efficiencies, and excellent radiation resistance. In this review, typical BIB device structures and device physics development are first introduced. Subsequently, we discuss progress in Si-based BIB detectors with different doping types and emphasize their applications in space-based infrared detection. Additionally, we discuss recent efforts on pixel performance optimization, response extension, and higher operating temperature devices. Finally,we conclude by proposing the challenges and perspectives of BIB detectors with improved detection performances.

Wenchuan earthquake:Brightness temperature changes from satellite infrared information

By using an alternative processing method for satellite infrared remote sensing data and adopting the China Geostationary Meteorological Satellite(FY-2C) infrared remote sensing brightness temperature data,we studied the great 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake.Results indicate the obvious characteristic period and amplitude,and distribution of thermal infrared anomalies before the Wenchuan earthquake.And we discussed the mechanism of the observed pre-earthquake thermal anomalies.The characteristics of observed thermal infrared anomalies are easy to be recognized and applied,and could provide a criterion for thermal anomalies of earthquakes.