Airport automatic detection in large space-borne SAR imagery

A method to detect airports in large space-borne synthetic aperture radar（SAR） imagery is studied.First,the large SAR imagery is segmented according to amplitude characteristics using maximum a posteriori（MAP） estimator based on the heavytailed Rayleigh model.The attention is then paid on the object of interest（OOI） extracted from the large images.The minimumarea enclosing rectangle（MER） of OOI is created via a rotating calipers algorithm.The projection histogram（PH） of MER for OOI is then computed and the scale and rotation invariant feature for OOI are extracted from the statistical characteristics of PH.A support vector machine（SVM） classifier is trained using those feature parameters and the airport is detected by the SVM classifier and Hough transform.The application in space-borne SAR images demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Novel method for extraction of ship target with overlaps in SAR image via EM algorithm

The quality of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)image degrades in the case of multiple imaging projection planes(IPPs)and multiple overlapping ship targets,and then the performance of target classification and recognition can be influenced.For addressing this issue,a method for extracting ship targets with overlaps via the expectation maximization(EM)algorithm is pro-posed.First,the scatterers of ship targets are obtained via the target detection technique.Then,the EM algorithm is applied to extract the scatterers of a single ship target with a single IPP.Afterwards,a novel image amplitude estimation approach is pro-posed,with which the radar image of a single target with a sin-gle IPP can be generated.The proposed method can accom-plish IPP selection and targets separation in the image domain,which can improve the image quality and reserve the target information most possibly.Results of simulated and real mea-sured data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

PAN-DeSpeck:A Lightweight Pyramid and Attention-Based Network for SAR Image Despeckling

SAR images commonly suffer fromspeckle noise,posing a significant challenge in their analysis and interpretation.Existing convolutional neural network(CNN)based despeckling methods have shown great performance in removing speckle noise.However,these CNN-basedmethods have a fewlimitations.They do not decouple complex background information in amulti-resolutionmanner.Moreover,they have deep network structures thatmay result in many parameters,limiting their applicability tomobile devices.Furthermore,extracting key speckle information in the presence of complex background is also a major problem with SAR.The proposed study addresses these limitations by introducing a lightweight pyramid and attention-based despeckling(PAN-Despeck)network.The primary objective is to enhance image quality and enable improved information interpretation,particularly on mobile devices and scenarios involving complex backgrounds.The PAN-Despeck network leverages domainspecific knowledge and integrates Gaussian Laplacian image pyramid decomposition for multi-resolution image analysis.By utilizing this approach,complex background information can be effectively decoupled,leading to enhanced despeckling performance.Furthermore,the attention mechanism selectively focuses on key speckle features and facilitates complex background removal.The network incorporates recursive and residual blocks to ensure computational efficiency and accelerate training speed,making it lightweight while maintaining high performance.Through comprehensive evaluations,it is demonstrated that PAN-Despeck outperforms existing image restoration methods.With an impressive average peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)of 28.355114 and a remarkable structural similarity index(SSIM)of 0.905467,it demonstrates exceptional performance in effectively reducing speckle noise in SAR images.The source code for the PAN-DeSpeck network is available on GitHub.

Influences of Atmospheric Turbulence on Image Resolution of Airborne and Space-Borne Optical Remote Sensing System

A new way is proposed to evaluate the influence of atmospheric turbulence on image resolution of airborne and space-borne optical remote sensing system, which is called as arrival angle-method. Applying this method, some engineering examples are selected to analyze the turbulence influences on image resolution based on three different atmospheric turbulence models quantificationally, for the airborne remote sensing system, the resolution errors caused by the atmospheric turbulence are less than 1 cm, and for the space-borne remote sensing system, the errors are around 1 cm. The results are similar to that obtained by the previous Friedmethod. Compared with the Fried-method, the arrival angle-method is rather simple and can be easily used in engineering fields.

SAR IMAGE RECOGNITION BASED ON MULTI-ASPECT OF SHADOW INFORMATION

The traditional synthetic aperture radar（SAR） image recognition techniques focus on the electro magnetic （EM） scattering centers, ignoring the important role of the shadow information on the SAR image recognition. It is difficult to classify targets by the shadow information independently, because the shadow shape is dependent on the radar aspect angle, the depression angle and the resolution. Moreover, the shadow shapes of different targets are similar. When the multiple SAR images of one target from different aspects are available, the performance of the target recognition can be improved. Aimed at the problem, a multi-aspect SAR image recognition technique based on the shadow information is developed. It extracts shadow profiles from SAR images, and takes chain codes as the feature vectors of targets. Then, feature vectors on multiple aspects of the same target are combined with feature sequences, and the hidden Markov model （HMM） is applied to the feature sequences for the target recognition. The simulation result shows the effectiveness of the method.

基于CxImage库的SAR图像Speckle噪声抑制

合成孔径雷达图像的相干斑噪声抑制是SAR信息处理中的一个重要环节。经典的Speckle噪声抑制通常作为一个处理模块集成在软件中,但现有软件代码封装无法二次开发。针对文中提出了一种基于开源图像库CxImage的空间域自适应Speckle噪声抑制算法的应用与集成。将CxImage图像库链接入MFC应用程序框架中,利用其图像管理、维护、处理功能对SAR图像进行维护管理,集成多种经典的空间域自适应滤波方法,并以ERS-2卫星的PRISAR数据为例,进行Speckle噪声滤波处理,选取适当的滤波效果评价参数,对滤波结果进行比较,最终得出各滤波算法应用于SAR图像滤波的优劣。

微波视觉与SAR图像智能解译

高分辨率雷达成像技术和人工智能、大数据技术的快速发展,有力促进了雷达图像智能解译技术的进步。由于雷达传感器本身的特殊性和电磁散射成像物理的复杂性,雷达图像的解译缺乏光学图像的直观性,准确迅速识别分类的需求对雷达图像解译提出了迫切的挑战。在借鉴人脑光视觉感知机理和计算机视觉图像处理相关技术基础上,进一步融合电磁散射物理规律及其雷达成像机理,我们提出发展微波域雷达图像解译的“微波视觉”的新交叉领域研究。该文介绍微波视觉的概念与内涵,提出微波视觉认知模型,阐述其基础理论问题与技术路线,最后介绍了作者团队在相关问题上的初步研究进展。

Suppression of Speckle in SAR Images Using Wavelet-Based HMM

In order to suppress the speckle appearing in synthesis aperture radar (SAR) images, a novel speckle reduction method based on wavelet domain hidden Markov tree (HMT) was proposed. First, the image was logarithmic transformed to change the statistical property of the speckles. Then an HMT was constructed in the correspondent wavelet domain. Based on this model, the image signal was restored by maximum likelihood estimation and speckle noise was suppressed. Simulating SAR images had shown that the performance of the filter is satisfactory for both speckle smoothing and edges presentation, and for generating visually natural images as well.

基于逆Radon变换的圆迹SAR三维成像算法

随着合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)的应用需求不断提高,出现了圆迹SAR的成像模式,解决传统直线轨迹SAR只能获取二维斜距图像的问题,在地形测绘、建筑物提取、灾害评估等领域具有较高应用潜力。现有的圆迹SAR三维成像算法还存在计算量大、实现复杂等问题,通过对圆迹SAR模型的斜距几何分析,结合回波信号模型设计波数域补偿函数,将距离压缩曲线矫正为基线为零的正弦曲线;结合逆Radon变换,实现对目标的正弦曲线的二维聚焦;通过逐高度平面二维成像结果的堆叠,实现目标的三维成像。通过仿真分析了所提算法的成像质量,验证了所提算法三维成像的有效性。

多域特征引导的无监督SAR图像舰船检测方法

如何在合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像标注样本有限的条件下,提升舰船检测性能一直是SAR图像处理中的热点问题。本文提出一种多域特征引导的无监督域适应方法,将知识从有标注的源域(光学图像)转移到未标注的目标域(SAR图像),降低对标记SAR图像数据依赖。同时,设计了频域转换模块、注意力区域增强模块和自适应权重模块来缩小光学、SAR图像域之间的域差距,提高源域与目标域特征对齐效率,增强网络在挑战性样本下的特征迁移能力。在公开发布的数据集上进行了大量实验。结果表明:所提的模块较基础模型AP50提升10%,总体性能优于其他先进的方法。

基于演化多目标聚类的SAR图像变化检测

基于合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的变化检测是遥感领域中一项具有挑战性的任务,如何在噪声鲁棒性和有效保留细节之间取得平衡是一个迫切需要解决的问题。然而,大多数SAR图像变化检测方法为了更好地抑制斑点噪声,不可避免地会在一定程度上丢失图像细节。为了解决这一问题,提出了一种基于演化多目标聚类的SAR图像变化检测多目标聚类算法,将变化检测问题转化为一个多目标优化问题。该方法同时构建了两个相互冲突的目标,即分别基于原始差异图与噪声滤波后差异图的聚类能量函数,并用基于分解的演化多目标优化算法MOEA/D对以上目标函数进行优化,实现对差异图不变区域与变化区域的聚类。利用该技术可得到一组变化检测图,用户可以根据自己的需求选择合适的结果。最后,在两个SAR图像数据集上进行了充分的实验,结果表明了该方法的有效性。

改进FCOS的SAR图像舰船检测算法

针对SAR图像中舰船检测的目标尺度变化大及背景复杂等影响因素,提出一种基于FCOS的一阶段舰船目标检测算法。采用基于拆分注意力和分组卷积的ResNeSt网络作为主干网络进行提取特征,同时在特征金字塔基础上增加聚合路径和注意力机制,提升特征融合能力,实现对网络结构的优化。结果表明,改进方法相对于基线网络平均精度提升了2.15%,精准率提升了2.4%,召回率提升了3.59%。该研究在处理SAR图像中舰船检测任务时具有较好的性能。

考虑速度聚束效应的SAR海浪成像仿真方法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)海浪成像仿真技术对于速度聚束效应的考虑不充分,仿真数据无法准确反映实际SAR数据的问题,建立一种充分考虑速度聚束效应的SAR海浪成像仿真方法并进行了实验验证。计算了SAR图像强度的概率密度分布的仿真结果与理论结果之间的均方误差(MSE),在风速分别为5、10和15 m/s时,考虑速度聚束效应前、后比对结果的MSE分别为0.1012、0.1576、0.0556与0.0179、0.0314、0.0088。仿真结果表明,所提SAR海浪成像仿真方法有效提高了仿真数据的准确性,对SAR海浪成像的应用具有一定实用价值。

基于编解码网络的SAR影像建筑物提取

针对合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)遥感图像中出现的散斑噪声和几何畸变对建筑物提取过程造成干扰的问题,提出了一种多尺度特征注意力融合(multi-scale feature attention fusion,MSFAF)网络。首先,结合深度神经网络和SAR图像的优势,在深层处设计了一个空间注意力融合(spatial attention fusion,SAF)模块,来整合不同层次的特征以及关注重要的空间信息。然后,利用不同尺度的卷积核以及对通道信息的转换,提出了一个多尺度细节提取(multi-scale detail extraction,MSDE)模块用于提取不同尺度的特征信息和重新分配通道信息,有利于缓解散斑噪声的干扰问题。实验证明了所提方法在SAR图像建筑物提取中取得了比其他现存方法更加优秀的性能。

基于向量法近似的圆弧SAR成像方法

Arc SAR是一种能够在短时间内可重复扫描360°的雷达成像技术,具有重访周期短,观测范围广等优点,在边坡检测、山体滑坡等场景中有着广泛的应用前景。在Arc SAR模式下雷达随着机械臂进行圆周运动来形成合成孔径,因其运动轨迹不是直线,所以不能直接运用传统直线导轨的成像方法,需为Arc SAR设计新的成像算法,然而现有的成像方法不能很好地平衡精度和复杂度。在距离多普勒算法中,由于采用泰勒展开来近似斜距,导致成像质量不佳,或是需采取分割策略进行成像。因此,提出了一种新的距离多普勒算法,利用目标与雷达的向量关系进行近似,求得了近似斜距表达式,继而得到了距离多普勒域的信号表达式。基于这一表达式,提出了相应的相位误差补偿方法,完成了图像聚焦。最后通过点目标仿真验证了该算法的有效性。

基于跨域小样本学习的SAR图像目标识别方法

由于SAR图像获取难度大,可供研究的样本数量较少,解决有限样本条件下SAR图像目标识别问题成为业界公认的挑战。随着深度学习在计算机视觉领域的发展,衍生出了多种小样本图像分类方法,因此考虑采用跨域小样本学习范式解决小样本SAR图像目标识别问题。具体地,先在多个源域中训练得到不同域的特征提取器,而后通过知识蒸馏的方法获取一个通用的特征提取器,这里采用中心核对齐的方法,将提取的特征映射到一个更高维的空间,从而更好地区分原特征之间的非线性相似性;通过上一阶段获得的通用特征提取器提取目标域图像特征,最后采用原型网络的方法预测样本的类别。实验证明,该方法在缩减模型参数的同时,获得了88.61%的准确率,为解决小样本SAR图像目标识别问题提供了新的思路。

Airborne sparse flight array SAR 3D imaging based on compressed sensing in frequency domain

In airborne array synthetic aperture radar(SAR), the three-dimensional(3D) imaging performance and cross-track resolution depends on the length of the equivalent array. In this paper, Barker sequence criterion is used for sparse flight sampling of airborne array SAR, in order to obtain high cross-track resolution in as few times of flights as possible. Under each flight, the imaging algorithm of back projection(BP) and the data extraction method based on modified uniformly redundant arrays(MURAs) are utilized to obtain complex 3D image pairs. To solve the side-lobe noise in images, the interferometry between each image pair is implemented, and compressed sensing(CS) reconstruction is adopted in the frequency domain. Furthermore, to restore the geometrical relationship between each flight, the phase information corresponding to negative MURA is compensated on each single-pass image reconstructed by CS. Finally,by coherent accumulation of each complex image, the high resolution in cross-track direction is obtained. Simulations and experiments in X-band verify the availability.

基于改进YOLOv5-ResNet的海上舰船SAR图像快速检测

在恶劣天气和海浪等自然因素的影响下,基于可见光数据进行舰船目标监测等手段往往难以有效开展,需要借助主动式微波成像卫星合成孔径雷达(SAR)进行图像解译。为了解决深度学习在处理数据集较小图像上无法准确提取特征及数据相似度较高的问题,基于YOLOv5-ResNet提出了一种跨尺度融合机制,重新定义损失函数。研究表明,识别SAR舰船目标的准确率有一定的提升:识别单目标舰船检测最高准确度达到93%,同比YOLOv5提升4%,比YOLOv5-ResNet50提升20%;在近岸舰船目标检测上,有效降低了由于数据集质量不佳、模型训练方法不当等造成误差率的非必要上升。

PCA-based sea-ice image fusion of optical data by HIS transform and SAR data by wavelet transform

Sea ice as a disaster has recently attracted a great deal of attention in China. Its monitoring has become a routine task for the maritime sector. Remote sensing, which depends mainly on SAR and optical sensors, has become the primary means for sea-ice research. Optical images contain abundant sea-ice multi-spectral in-formation, whereas SAR images contain rich sea-ice texture information. If the characteristic advantages of SAR and optical images could be combined for sea-ice study, the ability of sea-ice monitoring would be im-proved. In this study, in accordance with the characteristics of sea-ice SAR and optical images, the transfor-mation and fusion methods for these images were chosen. Also, a fusion method of optical and SAR images was proposed in order to improve sea-ice identification. Texture information can play an important role in sea-ice classification. Haar wavelet transformation was found to be suitable for the sea-ice SAR images, and the texture information of the sea-ice SAR image from Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar （ASAR） loaded on ENVISAT was documented. The results of our studies showed that, the optical images in the hue-intensi-ty-saturation （HIS） space could reflect the spectral characteristics of the sea-ice types more efficiently than in the red-green-blue （RGB） space, and the optical image from the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite （CBERS-02B） was transferred from the RGB space to the HIS space. The principal component analysis （PCA） method could potentially contain the maximum information of the sea-ice images by fusing the HIS and texture images. The fusion image was obtained by a PCA method, which included the advantages of both the sea-ice SAR image and the optical image. To validate the fusion method, three methods were used to evaluate the fused image, i.e., objective, subjective, and comprehensive evaluations. It was concluded that the fusion method proposed could improve the ability of image interpretation and sea-ice identification.

基于多层显著性模型的SAR图像舰船目标检测

针对合成孔径雷达图像舰船目标检测问题,提出了一种结合选择机制与轮廓信息的多层显著性目标检测方法。首先,利用非下采样剪切波和频谱残差法进行全局显著性区域提取。其次,提出了一种基于动态恒虚警率的活动轮廓显著性模型,逐步滤除候选区域的虚警,提取目标轮廓,从而实现目标的精确检测。所提方法能够由粗到细地快速捕获目标区域,从而实现高效、高分辨率合成孔径雷达图像舰船检测。最后,在真实SAR数据集进行了测试,与其他经典的舰船检测方法相比,所提算法不仅有效地抑制了海杂波的影响,而且在检测精度上有较大提高。