Space-to-space Radio Interferometry System from Medium Earth Orbits

This paper presents a new concept to perform space-to-space Very Long Baseline Interferometry which enables the imaging of cosmic sources at high-resolution and high-sensitivity with small antennas.Several individual apertures are embarked on separate identical satellites staggered in height into Polar or Equatorial Circular Medium Earth Orbits(PECMEO orbits).These orbits are stable and allow GNSS-based on-the-fly centimeter-level relative positioning.Coherent operation is possible by exchanging local oscillator components and measured signals through Inter-Satellite Links(ISL).On-board cross correlation is performed at each satellite over a delay window compatible with the accuracy of the on-the-fly relative positioning and the result sent to the ground.Image reconstruction is completed on the ground thanks to sub-millimeter baseline retrieval from accurate GNSS orbits,ISL ranging and spacecraft attitude information.The application of this concept to image the Super Massive Black Hole Sgr A*is hinted.

Nonlinear time-reversal interferometry with arbitrary quadratic collective-spin interaction

Atomic nonlinear interferometry has wide applications in quantum metrology and quantum information science.Here we propose a nonlinear time-reversal interferometry scheme with high robustness and metrological gain based on the spin squeezing generated by arbitrary quadratic collective-spin interaction,which could be described by the Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick(LMG)model.We optimize the squeezing process,encoding process,and anti-squeezing process,finding that the two particular cases of the LMG model,one-axis twisting and two-axis twisting outperform in robustness and precision,respectively.Moreover,we propose a Floquet driving method to realize equivalent time reverse in the atomic system,which leads to high performance in precision,robustness,and operability.Our study sets a benchmark for achieving high precision and high robustness in atomic nonlinear interferometry.

Study on the application of optical interferometry in the measurement of the coating thickness of color-coated plates

The principle and application of optical interferometry to measure the coating thickness of color-coated plates were introduced in this paper.Additionally,several factors affecting the test results,including coating refractive index,wavelength range,and film thickness range setting,were analyzed.Among these,the refractive index of the color coating,which cannot be measured directly,was identified as the key factor.A solution to this problem was proposed.Finally,the optical interference method and the current detection methods,including the micrometer method and the magnetic eddy current method,were analyzed and compared.The results show that optical interferometry has better repeatability and reproducibility than the current methods and show no significant difference from the current methods through statistical tests.Therefore,the method can be applied to the detection of the coating thickness of color-coated plates.

Achieving 1.2 fm/Hz^(1/2)Displacement Sensitivity with Laser Interferometry in Two-Dimensional Nanomechanical Resonators:Pathways towards Quantum-Noise-Limited Measurement at Room Temperature

Laser interferometry is an important technique for ultrasensitive detection of motion and displacement.We push the limit of laser interferometry through noise optimization and device engineering.The contribution of noises other than shot noise is reduced from 92.6%to 62.4%,demonstrating the possibility towards shotnoise-limited measurement.Using noise thermometry,we quantify the laser heating effect and determine the range of laser power values for room-temperature measurements.With detailed analysis and optimization of signal transduction,we achieve 1.2 fm/Hz^(1/2)displacement measurement sensitivity at room temperature in twodimensional(2D)Ca Nb_(2)O_(6)nanomechanical resonators,the best value reported to date among all resonators based on 2D materials.Our work demonstrates a possible pathway towards quantum-noise-limited measurement at room temperature.

Wide-spectrum optical synthetic aperture imaging via spatial intensity interferometry

High resolution imaging is achieved using increasingly larger apertures and successively shorter wavelengths.Optical aperture synthesis is an important high-resolution imaging technology used in astronomy.Conventional long baseline amplitude interferometry is susceptible to uncontrollable phase fluctuations,and the technical difficulty increases rapidly as the wavelength decreases.The intensity interferometry inspired by HBT experiment is essentially insensitive to phase fluctuations,but suffers from a narrow spectral bandwidth which results in a lack of effective photons.In this study,we propose optical synthetic aperture imaging based on spatial intensity interferometry.This not only realizes diffraction-limited optical aperture synthesis in a single shot,but also enables imaging with a wide spectral bandwidth,which greatly improves the optical energy efficiency of intensity interferometry.And this method is insensitive to the optical path difference between the sub-apertures.Simulations and experiments present optical aperture synthesis diffraction-limited imaging through spatial intensity interferometry in a 100 nm spectral width of visible light,whose maximum optical path difference between the sub-apertures reaches 69λ.This technique is expected to provide a solution for optical aperture synthesis over kilometer-long baselines at optical wavelengths.

Intensity-Dependent Dipole Phase in High-Order Harmonic Interferometry

High-order harmonics are ideal probes to resolve the attosecond dynamics of strong-field recollision processes.An easy-to-implement phase mask is utilized to covert the Gaussian beam to TEM01 transverse electromagnetic mode,allowing the realization of two-source interferometry of high-order harmonics.We experimentally measure the intensity dependence of dipole phase directly with high-order harmonic interferometry,in which the driving laser intensity can be precisely adjusted.The classical electron excursion simulations reproduce the experimental findings quite well,demonstrating that Coulomb potential plays subtle roles on movement of electrons for harmonics near the ionization threshold.This work is of great importance for precision measurements of ultrafast dynamics in strong-field physics.

Measurement of Shear Stress Acting on Flat Plate Using Oil Film Interferometry

Measurements of frictional resistance play an important role in engineering practice. There are several types of air resistance acting on an aircraft, for example. One of them, frictional resistance, accounts for half of the air resistance. Oil film interferometry is one of methods for measuring the frictional resistance. Oil dropped on an object is thinly stretched by the frictional resistance. The bright and dark fringe pattern is generated when monochromatic light is applied to the oil film. The gradient of the oil thickness decreases with the lapse of time, and thus the spacing between neighboring the dark lines increases. The rate at which the spacing increases is proportional to the frictional resistance. In this study, the frictional resistance acting on a small area on a plate was measured and compared with the theoretical value. As a result, these results qualitatively agree well with each other.

利用InSAR形变反演滑坡滑面运动特征——以汶川县布瓦村滑坡为例

当前滑坡滑面运动特征获取多采用接触式手段,费时费力、成本高昂,且仅能获取稀疏点位滑面运动状态。因此,本文提出一种非接触式滑坡滑面运动特征获取方法,其基本思路是:基于位错理论建立滑坡表面形变与滑面运动间的关系模型,同时引入滑面运动平滑约束条件,最终以InSAR等技术获取的地表形变为约束,反演获得滑面运动特征。本文选择四川省汶川县布瓦村滑坡作为研究对象,以时序InSAR技术获取的滑坡坡面升降轨形变数据为约束,基于发展的理论方法反演获得布瓦村滑坡滑面几何与运动学参数,并结合野外勘查、Lidar观测以及模型残差较好地验证了反演结果的可靠性,其中反演升降轨模型残差仅3.1 mm·a^(-1)和3.4 mm·a^(-1)。反演结果显示,布瓦村滑坡滑面位于坡表以下平均~15.0 m深度处,滑面整体以沿坡向运动为主,最大运动量级达~80 mm·a^(-1),同时在坡体西侧中下部发现微量的垂直坡向运动。本文提出方法可方便、快速的获取空间连续的滑坡滑面运动特征,为滑坡灾害预警和失稳风险评估提供更为直接可靠的科学参考。

面向干涉包裹相位的多等级噪声抑制网络

包裹相位是激光干涉测量获取相位信息的前提,为了减小测量过程中噪声对包裹相位条纹的干扰,提高重构图像的质量,提出了一种非对称融合非局部边缘提取神经网络(Asymmetric Fusion Non-Local and Verge Extraction Neural Network,AFNVENet)。该网络在FFDNet基础上,设计了非对称融合非局部块和边缘提取模块,通过融合不同级别噪声特征及反向引导去噪过程,在有效抑制多等级噪声的同时,保留了更多的图像细节信息。选择带有乘性散斑与加性随机噪声的包裹相位数据集用于训练,通过消融实验和对比实验结果表明,AFNVENet算法对不同等级的噪声都具有更好的噪声滤除效果,当噪声标准差在[0,2.0]范围内变化时,去噪后的PSNR、SSIM和SSI均值分别达到24.88 dB,0.97和0.95。此外,通过进一步解包裹结果表明,AFNVENet去噪后的解包裹相位均方根误差均值比SCAF,NLM,KSVD和DnCNN分别减小了87%,73%,79%和36%,验证了该方法的可行性。AFNVENet方法在抑制噪声时具有较好的鲁棒性,可适用于不同干涉测量环境下多等级噪声的包裹相位信息恢复。

宽频段振动干扰不敏感的白光干涉测量

传统白光干涉测量方法对振动干扰非常敏感,振动干扰会引起扫描步长误差,进而降低白光干涉的测量精度。为抑制振动干扰的影响,提出一种三点反正弦的白光干涉测量算法。三点反正弦法将干涉图序列中每相邻三幅分为一组,利用扫描过程中干涉条纹连续移动的特点,从每组干涉图的有效条纹区域计算出相移偏差,进而得到每幅干涉图的实际扫描步长。基于计算的实际扫描步长,构建了非等步长的调制度与相位最小二乘计算方法,并重构表面高度。由于计算步长仅利用三幅干涉图,三点反正弦法频段响应宽,能够探测快变、大幅的扫描步长误差。仿真和实验证实,在振动干扰下三点反正弦法能获得高达0.5%的测量准确性(台阶高度为10μm),并适合多种类构型表面形貌的测量。理论分析和实验表明,三点反正弦法能够抑制多种形式扫描步长误差的影响,适用于宽频段振动干扰下的白光干涉测量。

大视场白光干涉测量系统及性能研究

基于国产化的2倍迈克尔逊型干涉物镜组,优选配置0.5倍适配镜,对白光LED照明光源进行带通滤波参数的仿真估算和实验性能比较,构建了整套大视场白光干涉精密测量装置系统并进行了实验测试,通过白光干涉轴向响应实验曲线确定了中心波长。实验结果表明:通过光谱滤波获得了较为理想的白光干涉轴向响应曲线;系统的水平最大视场达到了14 mm;高度为2.04μm和20.43μm的标准台阶样品的测量结果分别为2.05μm和20.47μm,10次测量重复精度(标准差)分别为12 nm和16 nm。对粗糙度样板、微机电系统传感结构和半导体晶圆膜层进行了实测,表明所研制的系统装置在三维光学无损精密检测领域的应用具有可行性。

联合SAR影像相位和幅度信息的多形变量级滑坡监测——以金沙江白格滑坡为例

近年来,雷达遥感被广泛用于提取滑坡表面的高精度形变信息,所用技术包括基于相位的干涉测量和基于幅度的像素偏移量追踪;然而,大型复杂滑坡的形变量在时间演化以及空间分布上都存在较大差异,单一雷达遥感手段难以实现滑坡形变的全面监测。该文在雷达遥感形变探测能力分析的基础上,提出联合SAR(synthetic aperture Radar)影像的相位和幅度信息进行滑坡的全过程监测。以2018年发生的金沙江白格滑坡为例,基于2014—2021年Sentinel-1数据和2014—2018年ALOS-2数据,联合时序InSAR(interferometric SAR)分析和时序像素偏移量追踪(pixel offset tracking,POT),获取滑坡灾前灾后时序形变。结果显示白格滑坡灾前后缘的年平均速率在20 mm/a,主滑坡区2014年12月—2018年7月形变量可达45 m左右;灾后滑坡逐渐向后缘扩张,年平均形变速率可达200 mm/a,已经威胁到部分民房。2种方法的联合可以实现大型复杂滑坡的时空维多形变量级提取。

基于地基测量数据的月球DRO轨道定轨精度分析

针对地月空间DRO探测,基于中国深空探测任务的现有测量条件,仿真分析月球DRO轨道探测器定轨预报精度。采用批处理定轨方法,选择以地球为中心天体进行轨道积分,并增加了月球非球形引力摄动。计算分析表明,在目前的测量条件下,2天短弧测距单独定轨精度为km量级,速度精度优于3cm/s,预报7天三维位置最大差异为数10km量级,速度差异小于6 cm/s;测距联合VLBI定轨精度为百米量级,速度精度优于0.4 cm/s,预报7天三维位置最大差异为千米量级,速度差异小于2cm/s,VLBI数据的加入能显著提高DRO短弧定轨预报精度。5天长弧测距单独定轨精度优于1km,速度精度优于1cm/s,预报7天三维位置最大差异小于2km,三维速度最大差异小于1cm/s,增加定轨弧长对测距数据单独定轨预报精度有显著提高。

高洁净度超光滑非球面的自动化干涉检测方法

为了实现应用于高能激光等领域对表面洁净度有着极高要求的超光滑非球面检测,排除检测人员带来的洁净度与空气扰动的影响,研究了高洁净度超光滑非球面的自动化干涉检测方法。通过建立补偿干涉法非球面失调量与波前像差之间的灵敏度矩阵,实现利用波前像差求解被测非球面失调量。以理想干涉系统的离焦、彗差与像散为优化目标,进行反馈控制,实现被测非球面的自动化调整,进而实现高洁净度超光滑非球面的自动化干涉检测。实验结果表明,在干涉图可测范围内,利用灵敏度矩阵通过几步迭代即可实现非球面失调量的收敛。结合Stewart六自由度调整台,分别实现2μm精度的平移误差调整、2"精度的光轴自动化对准,最终完成被测非球面的精密调整,实现高洁净度超光滑非球面的自动化干涉检测。采用灵敏度矩阵与六自由度调整的非球面自动化干涉检测方法可实现被测非球面失调量的快速求解与自动调整,降低人员和环境带来的扰动影响,提高了非球面的检测速度,并实现了高洁净度超光滑非球面的自动化干涉检测。

激光回馈精密测量技术及应用

介绍了激光回馈干涉的理论模型,阐述了激光回馈测量灵敏度高、装置结构简单、可自准直、能够对非合作目标进行精密测量的技术特点。分析了激光回馈测量相较传统干涉测量的优势,探讨了激光回馈测量技术在工业和科研领域中的应用方向,包括位移、角度、振动、绝对距离测量等,指出利用频率复用、偏振复用、(准)共路等技术可提高回馈测量的实际应用性能。最后展望了激光回馈技术的发展前景,为推动回馈技术的广泛应用提供借鉴。

基于主成分分析和VU分解法的两步随机相移算法

为了平衡相位计算的精度和速度,大量的两步随机相移算法发展起来。提出了一种基于主成分分析和VU分解法的快速、高精度两步随机相移算法。首先,采用两步主成分分析法对经过滤波的两幅相移干涉图进行计算求出迭代初始相位;然后,利用没有滤波的两幅相移干涉图进行VU分解、迭代求出最终相位。通过模拟和实验结果对比表明:与四种性能良好的两步随机相移算法相比,对于不同的条纹类型、噪声、相移值及条纹数量,提出的算法综合性能最好,其精度最高,有效相移范围和有效条纹数量范围最大,当干涉图像素数为401 pixel×401 pixel时,提出的算法仅比格兰-施密特正交化法和两步主成分分析法多花费0.035 s。在理想情况下,提出的算法可以得到完全正确的结果。如果需要得到较高精度,最好能够提前抑制噪声,同时设置相移值远离0和π,条纹数量大于2。主成分分析和VU分解法无需滤波,花费近似非迭代算法的时间获得迭代算法的精度,其打破了迭代算法花费时间较多的限制,适合高精度光学在线检测,有广泛的发展前景。

高分辨星载海洋微波辐射测量技术发展综述

星载微波辐射计作为海洋观测的一种重要技术手段,能够全天时、全天候对海洋环境参数进行长期连续的观测,具有宽幅、高精度等特点,能够为数值预报、台风监测、防灾减灾等应用提供重要保障。随着海洋应用需求不断提升,星载海洋微波辐射探测技术也向着更高分辨率、更高精度的方向发展。文章对高分辨率海洋微波辐射测量新技术的概念、系统组成以及发展情况进行了介绍,包括基于密集馈源阵列的多波束推扫辐射计、集中式综合孔径辐射计以及分布式综合孔径辐射计。文章结合三种高分辨率微波辐射测量技术的特点和当前技术水平对未来星载海洋微波辐射测量技术的发展思路进行了讨论,对其中的重要的关键技术进行了梳理,并针对不同应用需求给出了发展建议。

基于声学-光学体制的水-空跨介质通信算法

为实现水-空跨介质上行无线通信,文中在激光干涉检测水下声信号的基础上,通过仿真计算获得了不同水深下到水平面的声信号衰减曲线,以及不同水声功率频率信号引起的水面微振动曲线;建立了水下声源特征与水表面扰动之间的定量关系;设计了跨介质通信的码元,并对多种解调方式进行了比较,分析了各个参数变化对传输过程误码率的影响,实现了声学-激光通信的调制与解调仿真。

基于最优PS点获取方法的矿山工业广场沉降监测

为保障矿山地面和井下工作人员、工业广场周边居民以及运煤系统运行安全,实时监测地表变形情况,提出永久散射体(PS)点的优化获取方法,以提升PS-合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术在沉降监测中的适用性。首先,选择淮北市郊煤矿工业广场煤柱Ⅱ513工作面开采沉陷期间2020年10月31日—2022年8月22日共26景SAR卫星影像,运用PS-InSAR技术确定最优的PS点目标选取方法;然后,基于该方法获取该工作面回采过程中的开采损害保护区地面沉降速率、累计沉降量;最后,基于地面水准点实测数据验证PS-InSAR监测精度并分析研究区地表及建(构)筑物动态沉降情况。结果表明:相干系数和振幅离差指数双阈值法较适应于研究区沉降监测;研究区内可探测到的最大下沉速率为-26.5 mm/a,最大累计下沉值为-53.7 mm;同时,探测到研究区西北部存在岩溶塌陷地质灾害因素;利用水准数据验证精度,均方根误差(RMSE)仅为3.8 mm,决定系数达到0.91。

基于四波前横向剪切干涉的波前传感技术与应用(特邀)

高科技的发展对精密干涉成像提出了更高的要求。在现代光学和生物医学领域,无标记成像技术不依赖于传统的染料或荧光标记,进行3D活细胞原位观察和分析,促进定量相位显微术的发展。在光学检测技术领域,对于干涉系统的现场化、实时化的应用具有迫切需求,如激光波前的瞬态检测分析、高速流场检测、自适应光学的检测和控制、高精度光学系统像差分析等都迫切需要一个紧凑型、抗环境干扰、瞬态成像的干涉系统。为此,针对针对这些需求,全面介绍了四波前横向剪切干涉相位成像技术的原理、发展历程、波前重构方法以及其广泛的应用。四波前横向剪切干涉仪能够通过在一个单一的干涉图中获取两个正交剪切方向的四个剪切波前来实现瞬态相位成像,由随机编码光栅和相位棋盘组成新颖的四波干涉传感器(Four-wave Interferometric Sensor,FIS4)。FIS4干涉传感器凭借其独特的优势,如紧凑性、鲁棒性、高时间分辨率以及与现有显微系统的兼容性,在生物医学、光学测量、材料表征等众多领域展现出广阔的应用前景。这一技术的发展不仅为相关领域提供了新的研究工具,也为跨学科的创新和发现开辟了新的可能性。