Planning Evaluation on Spatial Layout of Livestock and Poultry Farms

The problems of spatial layout in livestock and poultry farms were discussed, and the development status of the planning evaluation on the spatial layout in recent years was systematically reviewed. The research progress in planning evaluation systems and methods was mainly intro- duced. And some opinions were proposed to solve these problems.

Spatial Layout of Environmental Landscapes in Elderly Community

As China enters the aging society, the old-age care problems have grown increasingly serious. Influenced by the only-child policy, traditional old-age support system fails to adapt to new social situation, the institutions have become major subjects in the future old-age support system. Researches on the elderly-fi t architectural design have achieved many fruits, but those on the landscape design of the elderly community has been less reported. This paper studied landscape design of the old-age support institutions from the perspective of both theory and practice, and tried to explore the spatial layout of environmental landscapes in the elderly community. On the basis of sorting out specifi c psychological needs of the elderly group in China and their needs for the layout of landscape spaces, this paper proposed some effective solutions in view of successful elderly communities in overseas countries, then analyzed the development of elderly communities in China, so as to fi gure out landscape design approaches capable of promoting physical and mental health of the elderly group in the old-age support institutions.

Humanized Spatial Layout Design of Cultural Plaza

From the perspective of humanized design concepts, humanized space design and behavioral psychological needs of users were re-interpreted and analyzed, basic elements and design principles of cultural plaza spatial layout were proposed. Particularly, application and role of humanized design in the spatial layout of cultural plaza was analyzed, on the basis of which humanized design objective and orientation for the sustainable development of cultural plaza was defined.

Spatial Layout and Morphological Characteristics of the Waterfront Settlements in Northern Jiangxi

The structure types of the waterfront settlements in the north of Jiangxi Province were analyzed. According to the relationship between location and water, the waterfront settlements in northern Jiangxi were classified into three categories. The structural commonalities of the three kinds of waterfront settlements were clearly interpreted. On this basis and combined with the field research data and relevant data, the characteristics of the waterfront settlements in northern Jiangxi were summarized: treating water as the main skeleton, choosing location by the distance from water, magnetic effect and organic texture. The characteristic space of waterfront settlements found in the investigation process was classified and elaborated, which has certain reference significance for the space study of waterfront settlements.

Coupling Relationship Between Summer Microclimate and Spatial Layout of Street Canyons in the White Stupa Temple Area of Beijing

With the rapid urbanization, many high-rise buildings and new districts have been built continuously. However, the old town of cities has gradually been forgotten by people and its environment is becoming increasingly harsh. The old town usually has diversified space and function. As an important part of the old town, the street canyon that is closely related to human settlements is a public space where people communicate and do activities. Therefore, research on microclimate-based improvement of the street canyon in the old town is of great significance. Six typical street canyons in the White Stupa Temple area of Beijing were selected for research to explore spatial characteristics of the street canyon. Microclimate factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation were measured on the spot in summer. These factors were combined with two microclimate assessment indexes of physiological equivalent temperature(PET) and wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT) to evaluate the microclimate of the street canyon. In the analysis of the measured data, the mean value comparison method was used to analyze the average values of the microclimate factors in different time periods. Spatial layout of microclimate included the orientation of the canyon, the ratio of the canyon height to canyon width, and green coverage of the canyon, and an in-depth study was made on the coupling relationship between the spatial layout and the microclimate of the canyon. Research results can provide an optimization strategy for the transformation design of the street canyon in White Stupa Temple area, and provide a scientific reference for the research on spatial layout and microclimate improvement in the old town, so as to improve the living quality of residents in the old town.

Suitability evaluation of population and settlements spatial layout after Wenchuan Earthquake

The suitability evaluation of population and settlements spatial layout in the mountainous areas is an important basis on which the scale of population and settlement after Wenchuan Earthquake is determined. Based on the statistical data of field research, this paper chooses 1264 towns in 51 counties as the scope of evaluation, selects eight indices in the evaluation index system which includes post-disaster population scale, population density, urbanization rate, the percentage of migrant workers, death rate by earthquake, the percentage of minorities, elevation-slope integrated terrain and comprehensive geological condition. Besides, this paper uses AHP supported by entropy technique and fuzzy membership function model to calculate the suitability evaluation index and then divides the disaster areas into five types： highly suitable area （area accounted for 11.03%）, relatively highly suitable area （15.29%）, moderately suitable area （29%）, less suitable area （30.08%） and unsuitable area （14.6%）. According to the result of suitability evaluation, this paper puts forward several suggestions for the reconstruction as follows： the urban system and the building of new countryside should be guided by the suitability evaluation subareas; post-earthquake reconstruction avoids zones near Longmenshan fracture and high-mountain gorge areas as far as possible; the scale of population and settlement should not exceed the capacity of resources and environment; population should be resettled as close as possible by considering adequately the heterogenicity and homogeneity of regional nationality culture characteristics; densely resettle the people at plains and hilly areas; encourage the migrant workers settle in the working place with their families voluntarily; and urban system reconstruction such as industry layout and important projects of lifeline should be guided by the spatial layout suitability evaluation.

综合公园空间布局优化的模型构建及实证分析

综合公园作为重要且稀缺的城市公共资源,其合理布局对城市存量更新背景下优化公园体系、增进民生福祉具有重要意义。布局优化模型常用于解决公共服务设施布局问题,新重力P中值模型是一种综合多目标导向、设施供需匹配关系和复杂约束条件的布局优化方法。在辨析新重力P中值模型的基础上,综合考虑供给主体差异和模型求解难度,构建出面向城市综合公园布局优化的改进新重力P中值模型,主要修正内容如下:(1)通过细化供给主体,改良规模分配规则,改进新重力P中值模型未考虑现有公园和新建公园服务供给差异性的局限;(2)引入遗传算法寻优,解决非线性、多约束的复杂设施布局问题,实现模型求解以促进模型在公园实际规划中的推广应用。以苏州市中心城区为例,以多源数据为支撑,将研究尺度下沉至居住区尺度,实证结果表明模型优化后居民至邻近综合公园最大出行成本、平均出行成本和可达性基尼系数等指标均有改善,综合公园空间布局更为合理。研究结果可为综合公园布局规划提供有效决策工具,为公园绿地的精准化布局提供参考。

LID设施布局对城市径流与污染负荷影响评估

关于低影响开发(LID)空间布局对水量水质控制效果影响的研究较为缺乏。针对上述问题,以郑州市中原区为对象,基于SWMM模型原理构建布设LID设施的研究区城市水量水质模型。所提模型依据城市综合径流系数的经验值以及研究区实际情况,将中原区划分为城市建筑高、中、低密集区,并在研究区高、中、低密集子汇水区布设不同比例的LID设施(S1~S5),计算不同雨量级别下不同空间格局下的LID设施对水量水质的控制效果。结果表明:随着雨量级别的增大,LID方案的径流总量削减率、峰值流量削减率和TSS负荷削减率不断减小。在降雨级别为暴雨、大雨和中雨时,在高、中、低密集子汇水区布设占比分别为35%、35%和30%的LID方案(S5),其径流总量削减率超过80%,峰值流量削减率超过70%,且TSS负荷削减率超过50%。从各事件下水量与水质综合指标评估来看,该方案表现最佳。

我国畜牧业空间集聚特征及演化趋势分析

畜牧业区域优化合理布局是农业供给侧改革以及高质量发展的必然要求,该文利用全国各省畜产品产量面板数据,采用空间自相关方法分析畜牧业地理集聚特征,并对其形成原因进行剖析。研究发现:中国畜牧业呈现明显的集聚特征,各省份畜牧业发展受邻近省份发展的影响较为显著;产业空间集聚呈现非均衡特征,东、中部以“高-高”集聚为主,西部以“低-低”集聚特征为主;畜牧业布局相对稳定,未来一段时间内将继续保持现状。基于此,该文提出推动适度规模经营,发展专业化、市场化、一体化产业链,完善畜牧业配套体系等政策建议。

我国城市幼儿园空间布局适配性的现状、成因与优化建议

供需适配的幼儿园空间布局是促进学前教育资源均衡配置的关键举措,能有效推动学前教育高质量发展。本研究以我国中部地区某省会城市主城区759所幼儿园为例,运用地理信息分析工具中的核密度估计、最近邻指数等方法,分别从“有园上”“入园近”“上好园”“园幼共生”四个维度对幼儿园空间布局是否存在错配的核心议题进行深入剖析。研究发现:该市部分幼儿园空间分布存在欠适配现象,且形成了空间与结构错配的问题,其主要原因是资源投入层面的财政失衡、需求提出层面的逐优心理和城市规划层面的建设滞后。本文建议通过构建数字化管理平台、优化供需对接机制、加强配套园治理、加大治薄扶弱补缺的力度等措施,推动幼儿园空间布局从错配到适配的转换,从而促进区域学前教育公共服务一体化和高质量发展。

城市洪涝应急响应能力评价及优化研究

在气候变化和全球化的背景下,极端降水事件及其导致的洪涝灾害频发。为准确评估暴雨内涝影响下的城市应急服务水平,基于InfoWorks ICM构建了城区内涝模型,利用ArcGIS中的最快路径法评估了医疗、公安、消防的空间可达性,利用基尼系数评估了公共应急服务相对幼儿园分布的合理性,采用最大覆盖算法对医疗、公安、消防的分布进行了优化,并基于研究区的情况进行了分析。结果显示:研究区的医疗、公安、消防相对幼儿园的基尼系数随着降雨重现期的增加而增大;对研究区的医疗、公安、消防分布优化前,这些部门的分布不尽合理,其15 min内的应急服务可达性不能满足应急救援要求,研究区应急响应资源相对幼儿园缺失严重,相对来说,医疗应急响应缺失最为严重;对研究区的医疗、公安、消防分布优化后,这些部门相对于幼儿园的基尼系数普遍在0.400以下,医疗和公安的应急服务即使在百年一遇洪涝加晚高峰情景下仍可以在15 min内覆盖40%的研究区面积,消防可覆盖70%的研究区面积,医疗、公安、消防的分布相对合理。本研究为中国城市洪涝灾害应急响应能力评价提供参考。

Analysis on Typical Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Open-cast Mining and Its Countermeasures

In order to deal with the special spatio-temporal environmental changes encountered in the process of open-cast mining,taking Huolinhe No.1 Open-cast Mine as the research object,this paper studied its typical problems in river reconstruction and cultural relics protection.The study focused on eight key core aspects,including the design optimization of the spatial layout of the mining area,the accurate estimation of the mineral resources reserves,the scientific theoretical demonstration of the mining scale,the fine analysis and calculation of the stripping ratio,the comprehensive consideration of the transport distance and efficiency,the accurate judgment of the best time for the implementation of the transformation,the analysis and evaluation of the slope stability,and the overall planning of the production system.The results show that the extracted problem-solving strategies and scheme system for special mining conditions can not only provide specific and practical guidance for Huolinhe No.1 Open-cast Mine,but also serve as a valuable reference and practical reference for other open-cast mine enterprises facing similar challenges.

迈向中国式现代化的高质量国土空间体系:内容构成、动力机制与构建思路

构建优势互补、高质量发展的国土空间体系是事关国家发展全局的重要举措,对于推动实现中国式现代化具有重要意义。在迈向中国式现代化的新征程上,应把握好高质量国土空间体系的构成内容,将新型城镇化、区域创新和区域可持续开发作为构建高质量国土空间体系的强大动力。其构建思路如下:以数字化赋能区域经济布局优化,通过区域规划和政策引导促进要素资源合理分配,培育空间增长极驱动高质量发展,落实主体功能区战略保障各类型地区协调发展,推进以新质生产力为核心的新型工业化,优化重大生产力布局。

基于布局化-语义联合表征遥感图文检索方法

遥感图文检索可以从类别繁多、内容复杂的遥感数据中检索到有价值的信息,对环境评估、城市规划以及灾害预测具有重要意义。但是,遥感图文跨模态检索存在一个关键问题,即遥感图像的空间布局信息被忽略。其主要体现在2个方面:①遥感目标的远距离建模困难;②遥感相邻次要目标被淹没。基于以上问题,提出了一种基于布局化-语义联合表征的跨模态遥感图像文本检索(SL-SJR),主要包括主导语义监督的布局化视觉特征提取(DSSL)模块、布局化视觉-全局语义交叉指导(LV-GSCG)模块和多视角匹配(MVM)模块。DSSL模块实现主导语义类别特征监督下图像的布局化建模。LV-GSCG模块计算布局化视觉特征与文本中提取的全局语义特征的相似度来实现不同模态特征的交互。MVM模块建立跨模态特征指导的多视角度量匹配机制以消除跨模态数据之间的语义鸿沟。在4个基线遥感图像文本数据集上的实验验证,结果表明所提方法在大多数跨模态遥感图像文本检索任务中可以达到最先进的性能。

多尺度行政区平衡视角下耕地空间布局优化

优化耕地空间布局对提升耕地生产能力、促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究以广东封开县为例,基于“现状耕地调出-可恢复地类调入”的微观调整逻辑,综合运用空间叠加、综合评价及蚁群优化算法,构建了耕地空间布局调整模型,以调入调出数量平衡为约束条件实现了不同行政区尺度下的耕地布局优化。结果表明:(1)研究区共调出耕地1689.89 hm^(2),占耕地总面积的7.62%,整体上呈现出“全局零散、局部聚集”的分布特征。(2)研究区可恢复地类农业生产适宜性均值为67.04,具有开展作物种植的良好禀赋条件。(3)不同行政区尺度平衡情景下,调入结果在研究区北部空间差异显著,与镇内平衡情景相比,县内平衡情景下,调入耕地的农业生产适宜性均值提高了2.08,综合生态系统服务均值下降了0.67。(4)两种情景下,耕地的连片性、质量及稳定性均得到提升,因不受调入规模和行政单元空间范围限制,县内平衡情景下的提升效果更加明显,适当扩大可恢复地类筛选范围有利于提升整体耕地质量并降低重要生态用地筛选概率。该研究构建的耕地空间布局调整模型具有良好的适用性,可为制定农用地布局优化与整治提升方案提供参考依据。

供需线上化影响下的小型商业设施空间特征与布局——以北京市餐饮设施为例

消费线上化趋势下,商业服务供给方式改变,城市小型商业设施配置机制也发生了变化。基于2020年北京市域大众点评餐饮店铺数据,对比四类餐饮设施的分布和供需匹配方式,分析影响餐饮空间布局的关键因素与区域差异化配置机制。研究发现,线上化程度越高的近供给端餐饮越倾向于中心化集聚;线上化对供需端侧重点的改变促成了差异化的关键布局因素和布局机制;城市小型商业设施的选址竞争呈现由市中心向近郊人群主要分布区地理扩散的特征。未来城市配置小型商业设施时,宜根据商业的供需匹配特征,考虑功能更细分的差异化空间布局。

基于多目标进化算法和SWMM的LID设施空间布局优化研究

针对传统算法无法满足低影响开发(LID)设施空间布局优化模型求解的性能要求的问题,以重庆秀山海绵城市建设区为研究区,基于MATLAB软件的platEMO4.0平台,对比分析了NSGA-Ⅱ、NSGA-Ⅲ、MOEAD、PICEA-g、MOEAPSL、CCMO与CAMOEA7种多目标进化算法对LID设施空间布局优化问题的求解结果与性能评价指标,并提出最佳方案。结果表明:新算法大部分性能指标优于传统算法,其中CCMO算法的多样性与收敛性最佳,而MOEAPSL算法的求解速度最快,搜索能力最强,且最优解数量最多;采用CCMO和MOEAPSL算法可获得研究区不同降雨重现期下的Pareto近似前沿,即LID设施空间布局的最优解集;以径流削减为控制目标的最佳方案在降雨重现期为5~100 a时径流总量控制率为67.23%~76.70%,洪峰流量削减率为66.42%~77.86%,LID单位面积建设成本为203.90~245.23元/m 2。

空气污染的农村生态循环农业发展模式及效益研究

为提升经济效益,提出考虑空气污染的农村生态循环农业发展模式。选取缺水程度、地形特点等指标,运用最大树法划分农业发展区域。建立符合“资源→产品→再生资源”能量循环模式的种养循环一体化技术,通过种植物回收、废弃物回收等环节推动农业生态循环。考虑收入、成本、环境依赖度、生态损害,建立基于灰色局势决策的模型,得到种养区域内部空间布局。结合发酵子系统和辅助系统,形成农村生态循环农业发展模式。结果表明:新构建的发展模式应用后,农业示范园区的年经济收入达到了1803万元,取得较好的经济效益。

沪杭铁路通道空间布局方法研究

随着我国区域路网特别是高速铁路路网的快速发展,长三角城市群、粤港澳大湾区等区域内重要城市间高速铁路通道内存在多通路格局。为探究研究年度沪杭铁路通道形成的多通路格局,采用多维度综合分析,从沪杭铁路通道现状及存在问题入手,结合区域路网规划、国土空间格局及区域发展战略,与沪宁、广深等类似通道规划布局进行对比分析,充分考虑通道运输需求及能力适应性,提出沪杭铁路通道空间布局设想。初步构想沪杭铁路通道空间布局分为北(沪湖)发展廊道布局沪苏湖—湖杭铁路,中(沪杭)发展廊道布局沪杭高速铁路、沪昆铁路及沪杭城际铁路,南(沿湾)发展廊道布局沪乍杭铁路及沪乍杭货线,并对沪杭铁路通道内各线相互关系、合理分工及建设时机提出初步设想。

解构主义设计手法在博物馆空间中的应用分析

以博物馆设计为大致方向,归纳其与解构主义创作手法的交融设计。通过分析解构主义来源、发展现状、风格特点、创作手法以及在空间中的应用案例分析、博物馆空间设计的目的及设计原则。在文章的最后提出解构主义在博物馆空间的空间重构、界面连续型设计、色彩光影3个方面进行具体解构手法的阐述,最后总结解构主义设计手法与传统室内设计的区别。为完善解构主义手法在室内空间设计中的应用提供了更广泛的创作思路,并为博物馆的空间设计创新带来了更多的可能。