Spatial patterns of the main trees in a plant micro-reserve constructed in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics mountainous competition zone

Several plant micro-reserves were established to preserve the vegetation in local mountain areas during the construction of the Yanqing competition zone of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics.The spatial patterns of the main species in one of the micro-reserves and the factors affecting these patterns were characterized in this study.The distribution of arbor species was found to be mostly aggregated,especially at fine scales(<5 m).Minor species were found to be more aggregated than the major species in each forest layer.The spatial patterns were found to be affected by habitat heterogeneity,intraspecific relationships,interspecific competition,and seed dispersal limitation.Habitat heterogeneity was found to affect large-scale spatial patterns,and its effects were observed throughout population development.Interspecific competition is another factor affecting the distribution of the species,and its effects were stronger during the later stages of population development.Habitat heterogeneity was found to affect competition among species and is key for species coexistence.Both these processes are affected by the seed dispersal limitation,and intraspecific relationships are a legacy of seed dispersal.The point patterns can be used as a tool for the initial assessment of the status of communities within micro-reserves.The consideration of these relationships in the development,management,and formulation of policies for micro-reserves in mountainous areas will facilitate the achievement of conservation goals.The careful consideration of habitat conditions when selecting sites for micro-reserves establishment can promote species conservation.

Spatial patterns of Picea crassifolia driven by environmental heterogeneity and intraspecifi c interactions

Research on the spatial patterns of tree populations is critical for understanding the structure and dynamic processes of forests.However,little is known about how the underlying drivers shape these patterns and species interactions in forest systems.In this study,spatial point pattern analysis investigated the combined eff ects of intraspecifi c interactions and environmental heterogeneity on the spatial structure and internal maintenance mechanisms of Picea crassifolia in the Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve,China.Data were obtained from a 10.2-ha dynamic monitoring plot(DMP)and sixteen 0.04-ha elevation gradient plots(EGPs).Under complete spatial randomness,both mature trees and saplings in the DMP demonstratedlarge-scale aggregation with negative correlations.In EGPs,saplings were clustered in small mesoscales,mature trees were randomly distributed,and the interactions of saplingstrees at all elevations were not correlated.By eliminating the interference of environmental heterogeneity through the inhomogeneous Poisson process,saplings in the DMP and EGPs were clustered in small scales and trees randomly distributed.Intraspecifi c associations were negatively correlated,in the DMP and at low elevations,and no correlations in high elevations of EGPs.In the vertical scale,saplings showed a small-scale aggregation pattern with increase in elevation,and the aggregation degree fi rst decreased and then increased.The interactions of saplings-trees and saplings–saplings showed inhibitions at small scales,with the degree of inhibition gradually decreasing.Spatial patterns and associations of adults–adults did not change signifi-cantly.The results revealed that intraspecifi c interactions and environmental heterogeneity regulated the spatial patterns of P.crassifolia at small and large scales,respectively.Environmental heterogeneity might be the most decisive factor aff ecting the spatial patterns of saplings,while trees were more aff ected by intraspecifi c interactions.Moreover,competition between trees in this area could be more common than facilitation for the growth and development of individuals.

Spatial patterns of ecosystem vulnerability changes during 2001–2011 in the three-river source region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

The three-river source region (TRSR, including Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers), located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, is a typical alpine zone with apparent ecosystem vulnerability and sensitivity. In this paper, we introduced many interdisciplinary factors, such as landscape pattern indices (Shannon diversity index and Shannon evenness index) and extreme climate factors (number of extreme high temperature days, number of extreme low temperature days, and number of extreme precipitation days), to establish a new model for evaluating the spatial patterns of ecosystem vulnerability changes in the TRSR. The change intensity (CI) of ecosystem vulnerability was also analyzed. The results showed that the established evaluation model was effective and the ecosystem vulnerability in the whole study area was intensive. During the study period of 2001–2011, there was a slight degradation in the eco-environmental quality. The Yellow River source region had the best eco-environmental quality, while the Yangtze River source region had the worst one. In addition, the zones dominated by deserts were the most severely deteriorated areas and the eco-environmental quality of the zones occupied by evergreen coniferous forests showed a better change. Furthermore, the larger the change rates of the climate factors (accumulative temperature of ≥10°C and annual average precipitation) are, the more intensive the CI of ecosystem vulnerability is. This study would provide a scientific basis for the eco-environmental protection and restoration in the TRSR.

The temporal and spatial patterns and potential evaluation of China＇s energy resources development

The issue of China＇s energy supply security is not only the key problem which af- fects China＇s rapid and sustainable development in the 21st century, but also the one which international attention focuses on. Based on the notable characteristic of spatial imbalance between energy production and consumption in China, this paper takes the evolution of China＇s primary energy resources development（excluding hydropower） from 1949 to 2007 as the study object, with the aim to sum up the evolutive characteristics and laws of China＇s energy resources development in the past nearly 60 years. Then, based on comprehensive considerations of coal＇s, oil＇s and natural gas＇s basic reserves, qualities, geological conditions production status, and ecological service function of every province, this paper adopts development potential index （DP）to evaluate the development potential of every province＇s en- ergy resources, and divide them into different ranks. Conclusions are drawn as follows： （1） Generally speaking, China＇s gross energy production was increasing in waves from 1949 to 2007. From the viewpoint of spatial patterns, China＇s energy resources development has shown a characteristic of ＂concentrating to the north and central areas, and evolving from linear-shaped to ＂T-shaped＂ pattern gradually since 1949. （2） The structure evolution of China＇s energy resources development in general has shown a trend of ＂coal proportion is dominant but decreasing, while oil and gas proportions are increasing＂ since 1949. （3） At the provincial scale, China＇s energy resources development potential could be divided into large, sub-large, general and small ranks, four in all. In the future, the spatial pattern of China＇s energy production will evolve from ＂T-shaped＂ to ＂R-shaped pattern＂. These conclusions will help to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics and laws of China＇s energy resources development, and will be beneficial for China to design scientific and rational energy development strategies and plans, coordinate spatial imbalance of energy production and consumption, ensure national energy supply, avoid energy resources waste and disorderly development, and promote regional sustainable development under the globalization back-ground with changeful international energy market.

Spatial patterns of phytoplankton communities in an International Seabed Authority licensed area(COMRA,Clarion-Clipperton Zone)in relation to upper ocean biogeochemistry

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone(CCZ)hosts one of the largest known oceanic nodule fields worldwide and is regulated by the International Seabed Authority.A baseline assessment of diversity and distribution patterns is essential for reliable predictions of disturbed ecosystem response scenarios for sustained commercial activities in the future.In the present study,the spatial patterns and diversity of phytoplankton communities were analyzed along with upper ocean biogeochemistry,in the licensed China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association(COMRA)contract area and the surrounding western CCZ between August 21 and October 8,2017.Results indicated this was a typical low-nutrient low-chlorophyll a(Chl a)environment,characterized by low levels of phytoplankton abundance and diversity.In total 112 species belonging to 4 phyla were recorded(>10μm),with species counts including 82 diatoms,27 dinoflagellates,1 cyanobacteria and 2 chrysophyte.Dominant taxa in successive order of descending abundance and occurrence included Nizschia marina,Cyclotella stylorum,Dactyliosolen mediterraneus,Rhizosolenia setigera,Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima,Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii,Synedra sp.,Chaetoceros simplex and Pseudo-nitzschia circumpora.The depth-averaged abundance and Chl a concentrations were(265±233)cells/L and(0.27±0.30)μg/L,respectively.Diatoms accounted for 90.94%of the community with(241±223)cells/L,while dinoflagellates accounted for 5.67%and(15±13)cells/L.The distribution pattern exhibited the same trend as abundance,Chl a and species richness,showing subsurface maximum levels at around 100 m,with stations near 10°N having higher levels than in the north.Cluster analysis was performed in two assemblages,relating to geographic locations to the south and north of 12°N.The subsurface maximum of abundance,Chl a,species richness,dissolved oxygen and nitrite were generally corresponding to the presence of high salinity North Pacific Central Water at depths of 50-120 m.Higher availability of nitrate,phosphate and silicic acid in the subsurface may account for the shift in phytoplankton distribution,as shown by redundancy correspondence and spearman correlation analysis.Diel variation in an anchor station demonstrated prominent species succession without significant differences in oceanographic variables,among which diatoms succession resulted from the light limitation,while dinoflagellate diel variation mainly related to lateral transport of water masses.The observed patchiness in spatial phytoplankton distributional patterns was attributed to upper ocean environmental gradients in the CCZ.The baseline generated in this study could be analyzed using current conservation strategy programs associated with deep-sea mining.

Spatial patterns nitrogen transfer models of ectomycorrhizal networks in a Mongolian scotch pine plantation

Ectomycorrhizal(EM)networks provide a variety of services to plants and ecosystems include nutrient uptake and transfer,seedling survival,internal cycling of nutrients,plant competition,and so on.To deeply their structure and function in ecosystems,we investigated the spatial patterns and nitrogen(N)transfer of EM networks usingN labelling technique in a Mongolian scotch pine(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv.)plantation in Northeastern China.In August 2011,four plots(20 × 20 m)were set up in the plantation.125 ml 5 at.%0.15 mol/LNHNOsolution was injected into soil at the center of each plot.Before and 2,6,30 and 215 days after theN application,needles(current year)of each pine were sampled along four 12 m sampling lines.Needle total N andN concentrations were analyzed.We observed needle N andN concentrations increased significantly over time afterN application,up to 31 and0.42%,respectively.There was no correlation between needle N concentration andN/N ratio(R2=0.40,n=5,P=0.156),while excess needle N concentration and excess needleN/N ratio were positively correlated across different time intervals(R~2=0.89,n=4,P\0.05),but deceased with time interval lengthening.NeedleN/N ratio increased with time,but it was not correlated with distance.NeedleN/N ratio was negative with distance before and 6th day and 30th day,positive with distance at 2nd day,but the trend was considerably weaker,their slop were close to zero.These results demonstrated that EM networks were ubiquitous and uniformly distributed in the Mongolian scotch pine plantation and a random network.We found N transfer efficiency was very high,absorbed N by EM network was transferred as wide as possible,we observed N uptake of plant had strong bias forN andN,namely N fractionation.Understanding the structure and function of EM networks in ecosystems may lead to a deeper understanding of ecological stability and evolution,and thus provide new theoretical approaches to improve conservation practices for the management of the Earth’s ecosystems.

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK EVENTS IN THE PAST 30 YEARS IN SHENYANG CITY

The index of Risk Frequency (RF) and other relative indices are used to analyze the temporal and spatial patterns of environmental riskevents in the past 30 years in Shenyang city. The results show that thereexists significant difference of the RFs between periods of 1966-1977 and1978-1991 (t=7.353**, t0.01=2.807). During the past 30 years, there areno significant changes of the spatial patterns of the environmental risk,while the proportions of environmental risk among the districts are extremely different. In Shenyang city, there exists a series of high riskenterprises, and the chemical industry is the one with highest risk.

Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century

Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science （LCS） in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21 st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the ＂Grain for Green＂ policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of ＂Western Development＂, ＂Revitalization of Northeast＂, coupled with rapidly economic development during this period.

Characterizing Spatial Patterns of Phenology in Cropland of China Based on Remotely Sensed Data

This study used time-series of global inventory modeling and mapping studies （GIMMS） normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） datasets at a spatial resolution of 8 km and 15-d interval to investigate the spatial patterns of cropland phenology in China. A smoothing algorithm based on an asymmetric Gaussian function was first performed on NDVI dataset to minimize the effects of anomalous values caused by atmospheric haze and cloud contamination. Subsequent processing for identifying cropping systems and extracting phenological parameters, the starting date of growing season （SGS） and the ending date of growing season （EGS） was based on the smoothed NVDI time-series data. The results showed that the cropping systems in China became complex as moving from north to south of China. Under these cropping systems, the SGS and EGS for the first growing season varied largely over space, and those regions with multiple cropping systems generally presented a significant advanced SGS and EGS than the regions with single cropping patterns. On the contrary, the phenological events of the second growing season including both the SGS and EGS showed little difference between regions. The spatial patterns of cropping systems and phenology in Chinese cropland were highly related to the geophysical environmental factors. Several anthropogenic factors, such as crop variety, cultivation levels, irrigation, and fertilizers, could profoundly influence crop phenological status. How to discriminate the impacts of biophysical forces and anthropogenic drivers on phenological events of cultivation remains a great challenge for further studies.

Spatial Patterns of Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation and Its Numerical Simulation

In order to investigate the spatial patterns of the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation （TBO） on the global scale, the Climate Prediction Center （CPC） Merged Analysis of Precipitation （CMAP） monthly averaged precipitation and the Climate Diagnostics Center （CDC） monthly outgoing long-wave radiation （OLR） and SST are used in conjunction with TBO bandpass-filtering. The results indicate active biennial variability in the tropical eastern-central Pacific regions. It is evident that observations reflect the biennial component of the ENSO rather than the TBO itself. Since some studies have pointed out that the TBO is a broad-scale phenomenon differing from the ENSO, to investigate the pure TBO the ENSO signal must be excluded. The Scale Interaction Experiment-FRCGC （SINTEX-F） coupled general circulation model （CGCM） developed at Japan Frontier Research Center for Global Change （FRCGC） can capture both the ENSO and the biennial signals. Air-sea interactions in the tropical eastern-central Pacific are decoupled to eliminate the effects of ENSO in a experiment by SINTEX-F and the results show that biennial variability still exists even without ENSO. It seems to mean that the TBO and ENSO are independent from each other. Furthermore, the model results indicate that the two key regions are southwest Sumatra and the tropical western Pacific for the TBO cycle.

Identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources based on GIS and chemometric approach

Comprehensive and joint applications of GIS and chemometric approach were applied in identification and spatial patterns of coastal water pollution sources with a large data set （5 years （2000-2004）, 17 parameters） obtained through coastal water monitoring of Southern Water Control Zone in Hong Kong. According to cluster analysis the pollution degree was significantly different between September-next May （the 1st period） and June-August （the 2nd period）. Based on these results, four potential pollution sources, such as organic/eutrophication pollution, natural pollution, mineral/anthropic pollution and fecal pollution were identified by factor analysis/principal component analysis. Then the factor scores of each monitoring site were analyzed using inverse distance weighting method, and the results indicated degree of the influence by various potential pollution sources differed among the monitoring sites. This study indicated that hybrid approach was useful and effective for identification of coastal water pollution source and spatial patterns.

Effect of competition on spatial patterns of oak forests on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Reforestation or natural forest regeneration is an alternative measure for controlling soil erosion in degraded land on the Chinese Loess Plateau（CLP）. However, our understanding of the temporal dynamics and the spatial patterns of forest regeneration remains inadequate. Two oak forests at different development stages were investigated to determine the spatial patterns of competitions（intraspecies and interspecies） during different successional stages. The intraspecies and interspecies spatial relationships among different tree diameters at breast height were analyzed at multiple scales by Kriging interpolation method and univariate and bivariate O-ring statistics. Our analytical results indicated that self-correlation and competition intensity were relatively high between oak and pine trees in the early development stage of oak forests due to their clumped distributions of heavy seeds. Birch trees had a lower competition in comparison to oak trees although birch was the dominant species. Therefore, asymmetric competition of oak trees was most likely to have led to their edge dispersal and their success in replacing the pioneer species. Asymmetric competition means that larger individuals obtained a disproportionately large share of the resources and suppressed the growth of smaller individuals. Kriging interpolation analysis showed a tendency towards homogenization caused by interspecies competition during the succession of oak forests. Our results demonstrated that the competition was the driving factor in the spatial distribution of oak forests on the CLP.

Changes and spatial patterns of eco-environment in the farming-pastoral region of northern China

This paper firstly selects 10 kinds of indexes to reflect eco-environment background condition and builds the multi-subject spatial database by using ground meteorological data, remote sensing data and DEM. It then discusses in detail the methods about evaluating eco-environment background condition and analyzing eco-environment change. The eco-environment background conditions of 1989 and 1999 are synthetically appraised. Finally, the paper analyzes the spatial distribution, quantitative change, the trend of change, the areas of change and the dynamic spatial pattern of eco-environment. The results are as follows： （1） The eco-environment background condition becomes worse from southeast to northwest in the fanning-pastoral region of northern China. （2） The eco-environment background condition deteriorates from 1989 to 1999. （3） In the adjacent areas of Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia-Gansu-Ningxia, Horqin Sandy Land and its peripheries, and eastern Qinghai orovince, eco-environmental deterioration is very serious.

Characteristics of Temperature Change in China over the Last 2000 years and Spatial Patterns of Dryness/Wetness during Cold and Warm Periods

This paper presents new high-resolution proxies and paleoclimatic reconstructions for studying climate changes in China for the past 2000 years. Multi-proxy synthesized reconstructions show that temperature variation in China has exhibited significant 50–70-yr, 100–120-yr, and 200–250-yr cycles. Results also show that the amplitudes of decadal and centennial temperature variation were 1.3℃ and 0.7℃, respectively, with the latter significantly correlated with long-term changes in solar radiation, especially cold periods, which correspond approximately to sunspot minima. The most rapid warming in China occurred over AD 1870–2000, at a rate of 0.56°± 0.42℃（100 yr）^（-1）; however, temperatures recorded in the 20 th century may not be unprecedented for the last 2000 years, as data show records for the periods AD 981–1100 and AD1201–70 are comparable to the present. The ensemble means of dryness/wetness spatial patterns in eastern China across all centennial warm periods illustrate a tripole pattern： dry south of 25°N, wet from 25°–30°N, and dry to the north of 30°N. However, for all centennial cold periods, this spatial pattern also exhibits a meridional distribution. The increase in precipitation over the monsoonal regions of China associated with the 20 th century warming can primarily be attributed to a mega El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In addition, a significant association between increasing numbers of locusts and dry/cold conditions is found in eastern China. Plague intensity also generally increases in concert with wetness in northern China, while more precipitation is likely to have a negative effect in southern China.

Spatial Patterns of LULC and Driving Forces in the Transnational Area of Tumen River:A Comparative Analysis of the Sub-regions of China,the DPRK,and Russia

Understanding the spatial patterns of land-use and land-cover(LULC)and their driving forces in transnational areas is important for the sustainable development of these regions.However,the spatial patterns of LULC and their driving forces across multiple scales are poorly understood in transnational areas.In this study,we analyzed the spatial patterns of LULC and driving forces in the transnational area of Tumen River(TATR)in 2016 across two scales:the entire region and the sub-regions of China,the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK),and Russia.Results showed that the LULC was dominated by broadleaf forest and dry farmland in the TATR in 2016,which accounted for 66.86%and 13.60%of the entire region,respectively.Meanwhile,the LULC in the three sub-regions exhibited noticeable differences.In the Chinese and the DPRK’s sub-regions,the area of broadleaf forest was greater than those for the other LULC types,while the Russian sub-region was dominated by broadleaf forest and grassland.The spatial patterns of LULC were mainly influenced by topography,climate,soil properties,and human activities.In addition,the driving forces of the spatial patterns of LULC in the TATR had an obvious scaling effect.Therefore,we suggest that effective policies and regulations with cooperation among China,the DPRK,and Russia are needed to plan the spatial patterns of LULC and improve the sustainable development of the TATR.

Canopy gap characteristics and spatial patterns in a subtropical forest of South China after ice storm damage

The divergent gap characteristics and spatial patterns of canopy gaps created by natural or artificial disturbances can exert a dominant influence on forest structure and composition.However,little research has been conducted on the effects of ice storm damage on canopy gaps in subtropical mature forests of South China.In this study,one semi-natural site was dominated by a broad-leaf forest and two managed sites were representative of plantations with coniferous forests.Based on airborne laser scanning data and field evidence across sites,statistical analyses were used to examine gap characteristics following ice storms of moderate severity.Generalized Ripley’s K-function analysis was applied to test gap spatial patterns at a range of scales,and spatial point pattern analysis was used to quantitate the relative importance of specific influences on patterns of gap occurrence.The results revealed that the average gap size was 75.7 m^2 and that 12.2 gaps occurred per hectare.Most gaps were single-tree fall events.In addition to more gaps,the mean gap size was smaller and the shape was more complex in the semi-natural site than in two managed sites.Large differences in gap characteristics were observed among snapped,uprooted,snag,and artificial gap damage types.Gaps generally showed a clustered distribution at large scales(e.g.70 m),whereas spatial patterns varied with gap damage types at different sites.The occurrence of gaps was strongly related to slope and topographic position at the semi-natural site,whereas slope,stem density,and human accessibility(proximity to pathways)were the most important factors affecting gap occurrence at the managed sites.We suggest that gap-based silvicultural treatments and natural disturbances regimes conjoin,highlighting interactions with other factors such as microsite conditions,non-tree vegetation and more.

Population structures and spatial patterns of two unpalatable Arisaema species(Araceae) with and without clonal reproduction in a riparian forest intensively grazed by Sika deer

General decline of understory cover can result from increased abundance of and foraging pressure by deer.But population size and degree of aggregation can increase for unpalatable understory plants that escape foraging pressure.Clonal reproduction can enable unpalatable plant species to increase their population sizes while trending toward spatially aggregated distributions.However,the details of the relationship between clonal reproduction in unpalatable plants and their dynamics under intensive deer herbivory are not clear.We compared the population structures and spatial patterns of two coexisting unpalatable plant species,Arisaema ovale(with clonal reproduction)and A.peninsulae(without clonal reproduction)in a riparian forest intensively grazed by Sika deer,and examined the null hypothesis that the extent of spatial aggregation and local population size would not differ between the clonal and non-clonal Arisaema species.In a 0.36-ha plot,A.ovale had a larger population size(1087 individuals)with a higher abundance ratio of small plants(p<0.01)than A.peninsulae(84 individuals).Analyses of spatial point processes showed that both populations were spatially aggregated(p<0.05).The spatial aggregation of A.peninsulae,however,became weaker than that of A.ovale,when we excluded one dense patch originating from irregular seed dispersion.These results,excluding the aggregated distribution observed in A.peninsulae,suggested a substantial contribution of clonal reproduction to the expansion of the local A.ovale population following intensive grazing by Sika deer.

Landscape Characteristics and Spatial Patterns of Tujia Traditional Villages in Southwest Hubei

The traditional villages in the Tujia area of southwest Hubei are comprehensive carriers of historical culture,architectural skills and landscape patterns.The traditional villages have formed a unique village landscape,which is an important part of China's national culture and landscape resources.Based on the classification of landscape characteristics of 86 traditional Tujia villages in southwest Hubei,the study explored the landscape spatial pattern characteristics of traditional villages by GIS spatial analysis method.

stAPAminer:Mining Spatial Patterns of Alternative Polyadenylation for Spatially Resolved Transcriptomic Studies

Alternative polyadenylation(APA)contributes to transcriptome complexity and gene expression regulation and has been implicated in various cellular processes and diseases.Singlecell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)has enabled the profiling of APA at the single-cell level;however,the spatial information of cells is not preserved in scRNA-seq.Alternatively,spatial transcriptomics(ST)technologies provide opportunities to decipher the spatial context of the transcriptomic landscape.Pioneering studies have revealed potential spatially variable genes and/or splice isoforms;however,the pattern of APA usage in spatial contexts remains unappreciated.In this study,we developed a toolkit called stAPAminer for mining spatial patterns of APA from spatially barcoded ST data.APA sites were identified and quantified from the ST data.In particular,an imputation model based on the k-nearest neighbors algorithm was designed to recover APA signals,and then APA genes with spatial patterns of APA usage variation were identified.By analyzing wellestablished ST data of the mouse olfactory bulb(MOB),we presented a detailed view of spatial APA usage across morphological layers of the MOB.We compiled a comprehensive list of genes with spatial APA dynamics and obtained several major spatial expression patterns that represent spatial APA dynamics in different morphological layers.By extending this analysis to two additional replicates of the MOB ST data,we observed that the spatial APA patterns of several genes were reproducible among replicates.stAPAminer employs the power of ST to explore the transcriptional atlas of spatial APA patterns with spatial resolution.This toolkit is available at https://github.com/BMILAB/stAPAminer and https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/biocode/tools/BT007320.