Objective: To determine whether permutation scan statistics was more efficient in finding prospective spatial-temporal outbreaks for cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL) or for malaria in Fars province, Iran in 2016. Methods: ...Objective: To determine whether permutation scan statistics was more efficient in finding prospective spatial-temporal outbreaks for cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL) or for malaria in Fars province, Iran in 2016. Methods: Using time-series data including 29 177 CL cases recorded during 2010-2015 and 357 malaria cases recorded during 2010-2015, CL and malaria cases were predicted in 2016. Predicted cases were used to verify if they followed uniform distribution over time and space using space-time analysis. To testify the uniformity of distributions, permutation scan statistics was applied prospectively to detect statistically significant and non-significant outbreaks. Finally, the findings were compared to determine whether permutation scan statistics worked better for CL or for malaria in the area. Prospective permutation scan modeling was performed using SatScan software. Results: A total of 5 359 CL and 23 malaria cases were predicted in 2016 using time-series models. Applied timeseries models were well-fitted regarding auto correlation function, partial auto correlation function sample/model, and residual analysis criteria(Pv was set to 0.1). The results indicated two significant prospective spatial-temporal outbreaks for CL(P<0.5) including Most Likely Clusters, and one non-significant outbreak for malaria(P>0.5) in the area. Conclusions: Both CL and malaria follow a space-time trend in the area, but prospective permutation scan modeling works better for detecting CL spatial-temporal outbreaks. It is not far away from expectation since clusters are defined as accumulation of cases in specified times and places. Although this method seems to work better with finding the outbreaks of a high-frequency disease; i.e., CL, it is able to find non-significant outbreaks. This is clinically important for both high-and low-frequency infections; i.e., CL and malaria.展开更多
In the present study a new structural health monitoring (SHM) technique isproposed as well as a new damage index based on 2-D error statistics. The proposedtechnique combines the electromechanical impedance technique ...In the present study a new structural health monitoring (SHM) technique isproposed as well as a new damage index based on 2-D error statistics. The proposedtechnique combines the electromechanical impedance technique (EMI) which is based onthe use of piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) patches and Scanning LaserDoppler Vibrometry (SLDV) for damage detection purposes of concrete structures andearly age monitoring. Typically the EMI technique utilizes the direct and inversepiezoelectric effect of a PZT patch attached to a host structure via an impedance analyzerthat is used for both the actuation and sensing the response of the PZT-Host structuresystem. In the proposed technique the attached PZTs are actuated via a function generatorand the PZT-Host structure response is obtained by a Scanning Laser DopplerVibrometer. Spectrums of oscillation velocity of the surface of the attached PZTs verticalto the laser beam versus frequency are obtained and are evaluated for SHM purposes.This damage detection approach also includes the use of a damage index denoted asECAR (Ellipse to Circle Area Ratio) based on 2-D error statistics and is compared to theRoot Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) damage index commonly used in SHMapplications. Experimental results include ascending uniaxial compressive load ofconcrete cubic specimens, ascending three point bending of reinforced concrete beamspecimens and early age monitoring of concrete. Results illustrate the efficiency of theproposed technique in damage detection as well as early age monitoring as, in the firstcase, both severity and location of damage can be determined by examining the values ofdamage indices for each damaged state and in the early age monitoring case damageindices follow the strength gain curve.展开更多
The program construction process is based on rigorous mathematical reasoning,which leads to a fully correct algorithmic program via step-by-step refinement of the program specifications.The existing program constructi...The program construction process is based on rigorous mathematical reasoning,which leads to a fully correct algorithmic program via step-by-step refinement of the program specifications.The existing program construction methods'refinement process is partly based on individual subjective speculation and analysis,which lacks a precise guidance method.Meanwhile,efficiency factors have usually been ignored in the construction process,and most of the constructed abstract programs cannot be run directly by machines.In order to solve these problems,a novel program construction method for the sequence statistical class algorithms based on bidirectional scan induction is proposed in this paper.The method takes into account the efficiency factor and thus improves the Morgan's refinement calculus.Furthermore,this paper validates the method's feasibility using an efficiency-sensitive sequential statistics class algorithm as a program construction example.The method proposed in this paper realizes the correctness construction process from program specifications to efficient executable programs.展开更多
At the end of the year 2019,a virus named SARS-CoV-2 induced the coronavirus disease,which is very contagious and quickly spread around the world.This new infectious disease is called COVID-19.Numerous areas,such as t...At the end of the year 2019,a virus named SARS-CoV-2 induced the coronavirus disease,which is very contagious and quickly spread around the world.This new infectious disease is called COVID-19.Numerous areas,such as the economy,social services,education,and healthcare system,have suffered grave consequences from the invasion of this deadly virus.Thus,a thorough understanding of the spread of COVID-19 is required in order to deal with this outbreak before it becomes an infectious disaster.In this research,the daily reported COVID-19 cases in 92 sub-districts in Johor state,Malaysia,as well as the population size associated to each sub-district,are used to study the propagation of COVID-19 disease across space and time in Johor.The time frame of this research is about 190 days,which started from August 5,2021,until February 10,2022.The clustering technique known as spatio-temporal clustering,which considers the spatio-temporal metric was adapted to determine the hot-spot areas of the COVID-19 disease in Johor at the sub-district level.The results indicated that COVID-19 disease does spike in the dynamic populated sub-districts such as the state's economic centre(Bandar Johor Bahru),and during the festive season.These findings empirically prove that the transmission rate of COVID-19 is directly proportional to human mobility and the presence of holidays.On the other hand,the result of this study will help the authority in charge in stopping and preventing COVID-19 from spreading and become worsen at the national level.展开更多
文摘Objective: To determine whether permutation scan statistics was more efficient in finding prospective spatial-temporal outbreaks for cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL) or for malaria in Fars province, Iran in 2016. Methods: Using time-series data including 29 177 CL cases recorded during 2010-2015 and 357 malaria cases recorded during 2010-2015, CL and malaria cases were predicted in 2016. Predicted cases were used to verify if they followed uniform distribution over time and space using space-time analysis. To testify the uniformity of distributions, permutation scan statistics was applied prospectively to detect statistically significant and non-significant outbreaks. Finally, the findings were compared to determine whether permutation scan statistics worked better for CL or for malaria in the area. Prospective permutation scan modeling was performed using SatScan software. Results: A total of 5 359 CL and 23 malaria cases were predicted in 2016 using time-series models. Applied timeseries models were well-fitted regarding auto correlation function, partial auto correlation function sample/model, and residual analysis criteria(Pv was set to 0.1). The results indicated two significant prospective spatial-temporal outbreaks for CL(P<0.5) including Most Likely Clusters, and one non-significant outbreak for malaria(P>0.5) in the area. Conclusions: Both CL and malaria follow a space-time trend in the area, but prospective permutation scan modeling works better for detecting CL spatial-temporal outbreaks. It is not far away from expectation since clusters are defined as accumulation of cases in specified times and places. Although this method seems to work better with finding the outbreaks of a high-frequency disease; i.e., CL, it is able to find non-significant outbreaks. This is clinically important for both high-and low-frequency infections; i.e., CL and malaria.
文摘In the present study a new structural health monitoring (SHM) technique isproposed as well as a new damage index based on 2-D error statistics. The proposedtechnique combines the electromechanical impedance technique (EMI) which is based onthe use of piezoelectric Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) patches and Scanning LaserDoppler Vibrometry (SLDV) for damage detection purposes of concrete structures andearly age monitoring. Typically the EMI technique utilizes the direct and inversepiezoelectric effect of a PZT patch attached to a host structure via an impedance analyzerthat is used for both the actuation and sensing the response of the PZT-Host structuresystem. In the proposed technique the attached PZTs are actuated via a function generatorand the PZT-Host structure response is obtained by a Scanning Laser DopplerVibrometer. Spectrums of oscillation velocity of the surface of the attached PZTs verticalto the laser beam versus frequency are obtained and are evaluated for SHM purposes.This damage detection approach also includes the use of a damage index denoted asECAR (Ellipse to Circle Area Ratio) based on 2-D error statistics and is compared to theRoot Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) damage index commonly used in SHMapplications. Experimental results include ascending uniaxial compressive load ofconcrete cubic specimens, ascending three point bending of reinforced concrete beamspecimens and early age monitoring of concrete. Results illustrate the efficiency of theproposed technique in damage detection as well as early age monitoring as, in the firstcase, both severity and location of damage can be determined by examining the values ofdamage indices for each damaged state and in the early age monitoring case damageindices follow the strength gain curve.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62262031)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20232BAB202010)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province(GJJ210307,GJJ2200302)the Cultivation Project for Academic and Technical Leader in Major Disciplines in Jiangxi Province(20232BCJ22013)。
文摘The program construction process is based on rigorous mathematical reasoning,which leads to a fully correct algorithmic program via step-by-step refinement of the program specifications.The existing program construction methods'refinement process is partly based on individual subjective speculation and analysis,which lacks a precise guidance method.Meanwhile,efficiency factors have usually been ignored in the construction process,and most of the constructed abstract programs cannot be run directly by machines.In order to solve these problems,a novel program construction method for the sequence statistical class algorithms based on bidirectional scan induction is proposed in this paper.The method takes into account the efficiency factor and thus improves the Morgan's refinement calculus.Furthermore,this paper validates the method's feasibility using an efficiency-sensitive sequential statistics class algorithm as a program construction example.The method proposed in this paper realizes the correctness construction process from program specifications to efficient executable programs.
基金Special thanks to Ministry of Health Malaysia for the COVID-19 data provided in this study.We gratefully acknowledge support from Universiti Sains Malaysia Short Term Grants with project number 304/PMATHS/6315597 and 304/PMATHS/6315740 respectively in funding this research article.
文摘At the end of the year 2019,a virus named SARS-CoV-2 induced the coronavirus disease,which is very contagious and quickly spread around the world.This new infectious disease is called COVID-19.Numerous areas,such as the economy,social services,education,and healthcare system,have suffered grave consequences from the invasion of this deadly virus.Thus,a thorough understanding of the spread of COVID-19 is required in order to deal with this outbreak before it becomes an infectious disaster.In this research,the daily reported COVID-19 cases in 92 sub-districts in Johor state,Malaysia,as well as the population size associated to each sub-district,are used to study the propagation of COVID-19 disease across space and time in Johor.The time frame of this research is about 190 days,which started from August 5,2021,until February 10,2022.The clustering technique known as spatio-temporal clustering,which considers the spatio-temporal metric was adapted to determine the hot-spot areas of the COVID-19 disease in Johor at the sub-district level.The results indicated that COVID-19 disease does spike in the dynamic populated sub-districts such as the state's economic centre(Bandar Johor Bahru),and during the festive season.These findings empirically prove that the transmission rate of COVID-19 is directly proportional to human mobility and the presence of holidays.On the other hand,the result of this study will help the authority in charge in stopping and preventing COVID-19 from spreading and become worsen at the national level.
