Ohm’s Law Refutes Current Version of the Special Theory of Relativity

It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.

Special Theory of Relativity and the Intrinsicality of Spacetime Shape

In objection to one of Yuri Balashov＇s defenses of perdurantism, Matthew Davidson claims that, according to the special theory of relativity, both 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional shapes are nonintrinsic, i.e., they are relative to reference frames. The author argues that 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional spatial shapes are indeed nonintrinsic, but shapes in 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional spacetime are intrinsic according to the special theory of relativity. This follows from the special relativity theory＇s claim that spacetime intervals or distances in any n-dimensional spacetime are invariant, unlike spatial distances.

Physical Space Is Finite

Metrological analysis shows that any clock in inertial motion in infinite space shall not have time dilation, due to relativity of such motion in such space. On the other hand, atomic clock in inertial motion in finite space shall exhibit time dilation, due to alteration of momentum of clock-defining particle caused by nonzero curvature of trajectory of such motion in such space. Therefore, time dilation experiment of atomic clock in inertial motion in physical space provides a direct and decisive way of determining geometry of physical space in real-time. Phenomenon of time dilation of atomic clock in inertial motion in physical space has long been observed and confirmed experimentally. Therefore, extent of physical space has to be finite, consistent with result of high precision experiment of free particle in high-speed motion conducted a decade ago.Keywords Geometry of Physical Space, Time Dilation, Atomic Clock, Special Relativity Theory.

Two Problems of Time Entering Respectively the Relativistic Mechanics and Electron Transport in Quantum Theory

In the relativistic mechanics, we calculate a minimal distance between the time scale of a one-dimensional motion having a larger velocity and the time scale of a similar motion with a lower velocity. Concerning the quantum theory, we demonstrate that mechanical parameters entering the electron motion in the Bohr hydrogen atom can provide us with a correct size of the time interval entering the Joule-Lenz law for the emission energy between two neighbouring quantum levels of the atom.

The Sun’s Rotation Appears Differential plus Other New Views

This is a fresh perspective on the sun that considers its huge spherical size in relation to the finite speed of light. The sun is so extended that it takes light approximately 2.32 seconds to travel from the plane of the solar limb to the plane tangential to the sun at the solar disc’s center. The aforementioned information is utilized in this study to support the new viewpoints. Firstly, it is shown that the solar disc is a simultaneous view of successively emitted coaxial spherical circles. Secondly, despite the fact that the sun is gaseous, it is thought to revolve completely as a rigid body at a fixed angular speed, yet an observer on Earth sees it rotate differentially. In a simple mathematical approach, it is found that the sun’s rotational speed apparently decreases with latitude. Thirdly, a qualitative examination of how we observe simultaneous whole-surface brightness changes of the sun and sunlike stars indicates that such changes would appear to spread out radially from the center of the solar disc.

Extra Time Dimension: Deriving Relativistic Space-Time Transformations, Kinematics, and Example of Dimensional Compactification Using Time-Dependent Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

We consider a five-dimensional Minkowski space with two time dimensions characterized by distinct speeds of causality and three space dimensions. Formulas for relativistic coordinate and velocity transformations are derived, leading to a new expression for the speed limit. Extending the ideas of Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity, concepts of five-velocity and five-momenta are introduced. We get a new formula for the rest energy of a massive object. Based on a non-relativistic limit, a two-time dependent Schrödinger-like equation for infinite square-well potential is developed and solved. The extra time dimension is compactified on a closed loop topology with a period matching the Planck time. It generates interference of additional quantum states with an ultra-small period of oscillation. Some cosmological implications of the concept of four-dimensional versus five-dimensional masses are briefly discussed, too.

Effects of Compactification on Free Massive Scalar Fields in Five-Dimensional Space-Time with an Extra Time Dimension: Analysing Some Results

This paper deals with some aspects of two-time physics (i.e., 2T + 3S five-dimensional space) for a Minkowski-like space with distinct speeds of causality for the time dimensions. Detailed calculations are provided to obtain results of Kaluza-Klein type compactification for free massive scalar fields and abelian free gauge fields. As already indicated in the literature, a tower of massive fields results from the compactification with mass terms having signs opposite to those of the ones appearing in other five-dimensional theories with an extra space dimension. We perform elaborate numerical calculations to highlight the magnitude of the imaginary masses and ask if we need to explore alternative compactification techniques.

Mohamed El Naschie’s Revision of Albert Einstein’s E=m_(0)c^(2):A Definite Resolution of the Mystery of the Missing Dark Energy of the Cosmos

The Egyptian engineering scientist and theoretical physicist Mohamed El Naschie has found a definite resolution to the missing dark energy of the cosmos based on a revision of the theory of Relativity. Einstein’s equation of special relativity E = m0c2, where m0 is the controversial rest mass and c is the velocity of light developed in smooth 4D space-time was transferred by El Naschie to a rugged Calabi-Yau and K3 fuzzy Kahler manifold. The result is an accurate, effective quantum gravity energy-mass relation which correctly predicts that 95.4915028% of the energy in the cosmos is the missing hypothetical dark energy. The agreement with WMAP and supernova measurements is astounding. Different theories are used by El Naschie to check the calculations and all lead to the same quantitative result. Thus the theories of varying speed of light, scale relativity, E-infinity theory, M-theory, Heterotic super strings, quantum field in curved space-time, Veneziano’s dual resonance model and Nash’s Euclidean embedding all reinforce, without any reservation, the above mentioned theoretical result of El Naschie which in turn is in total agreement with the most sophisticated cosmological measurement. Incidentally these experimental measurements and analysis were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics to Adam Riess, Brian Schmidt, and Saul Perlmutter.

The Principles of Causal Conspiracy

The human mind understands logical processes and causality and formulates theories based on logical descriptions of empirical evidence. The Principles of Causal Conspiracy is based on defining information as logical charges similar to electric charges. Such information charges can be modeled in the vacuum of a quantum probability firmament as symmetry of quantum charges with a zero net charge. Observation of a state lifts one of these charges in a M&oumlbius transformation from a multipolar field of possibilities that maximizes a local monopole field that is observable. In the first of several papers, I introduce new and profound principles, the Principles of Causal Conspiracy, to provide a consistent epistemology for quantum theory, relativity theory and all the known sciences.

General Analytic Solution of the Telegrapher’s Equations and the Resulting Consequences for Electrically Short Transmission Lines

Based on classical circuit theory, this article develops a general analytic solution of the telegrapher’s equations, in which the length of the cable is explicitly contained as a freely adjustable parameter. For this reason, the solution is also applicable to electrically short cables. Such a model has become indispensable because a few months ago, it was experimentally shown that voltage fluctuations in ordinary but electrically short copper lines move at signal velocities that are significantly higher than the speed of light in a vacuum. This finding contradicts the statements of the special theory of relativity but not, as is shown here, the fundamental principles of electrical engineering. Based on the general transfer function of a transmission line, the article shows mathematically that an unterminated, electrically short cable has the characteristics of an ideal delay element, meaning that an input signal appears at the output with a slight delay but remains otherwise unchanged. Even for conventional cables, the time constants can be so small that the corresponding signal velocities can significantly exceed the speed of light in a vacuum. The article also analyses the technical means with which this effect can be conveyed to very long cables.

Hypothesis of the Hidden Multiverse Explains Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Analysis of WMAP and Planck spacecraft data has proved that we live in an invisible Multiverse, referred to as hidden, that has a quaternion structure. It explains the reason for the mutual invisibility of parallel universes contained in the hidden Multiverse. It is shown that the hidden Multiverse includes most likely twenty parallel universes from different dimensions, six of which are adjacent to our universe. Besides, edges of the hidden Multiverse are connected to other (from one to four) Multiverses, which are observable neither by electromagnetic nor by gravitational manifestations. The Multiverse described contains four matter-antimatter pairs, annihilation of which is prevented by relative spatial position of the universes. The experimental proof of existence of the hidden Multiverse is explained to be the phenomenon of dark matter and dark energy that correspond to other invisible parallel universes, except ours, included in the hidden Multiverse. General scientific principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers, refuting some of the statements of the existing version of the special theory of relativity, is a physical and mathematical foundation of the outlined conception of the hidden Multiverse. The article presents relativistic formulas of the theory of special relativity adjusted in accordance with the principle. It also offers appropriate interpretation of multidimensional space of the hidden Multiverse.

What Physical World Do We Live in?

It is shown that the hypothesis of Monoverse relevant to the existing version of the special relativity theory is incorrect. Incorrect is also the existing version of the special relativity theory itself. Its revised version, the relativistic formula of which allows to propose the hypothesis of hidden Multiverse is presented. The hypothesis of hidden Multiverse is based on a proof by the author general scientific principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. It is shown that this hypothesis, unlike many other hypotheses of Multiverse and the hypothesis of Monoverse, is already verifiable. And the experimental proof of the reality of the hidden Multiverse existence is a phenomenon of dark matter and dark energy. Other possible experimental proof of that is proposed as well. As a result, the data processing is obtained by WMAP and Planck spacecrafts, and the structure of hidden Multiverse is determined, which has proved to be a quaternion, and its parameters are defined. According to these calculations, the hidden Multiverse contains from twenty to twenty-two parallel universes, five-six neighboring universes of which constitute dark matter, and the rest parallel universes constitute dark energy. Moreover, it is shown that our hidden Multiverse neighbors with other hidden Multiverses, inaccessible to our observations not only by electromagnetic but also by gravitational manifestations, which together form a Supermultiverse.

Universes Being Invisible on Earth outside the Portals Are Visible in Portals

The authors of the existing version of the special theory of relativity had to use the princi-ple of light speed non-exceedance to explain relativistic formulas obtained therein within the space of real numbers. The principle implied existence of only our visible universe and absence of physical content in imaginary numbers. However, since the principle is just a postulate, i.e. an unproven assumption, it has always carried little credibility. The paper refutes the principle by the experimentally proven principle of physical reality of imagi-nary numbers. As follows from the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers, relativistic formulas of the existing version of the STR are wrong and incorrectly ex-plained, and conclusions drawn from them are misguided. In other words, this version is incorrect1 and, thus, the STR was not actually created in the 20th century. Moreover, it could not be created in the 20th century, as its creation required experimental data ob-tained in the 21st century. The paper provides an alternative version of the STR contain-ing relativistic formulas corrected given experimental data obtained in the 21st century. These formulas imply that instead of the Monoverse, whose existence is supposed in the existing version of the STR, there is a Multiverse, whose universes are mutually invisible (and the invisibility is explainable) and therefore it has been referred to as hidden. The paper explains that existence of invisible universes of the hidden Multiverse gives rise to the phenomenon of dark matter and dark energy that is actually a sort of optical effect (however, not electromagnetic, but gravitational), a shadow, rather than some physical substance2. It also explains that existence of other invisible universes outside the hidden Multiverse gives rise to the phenomenon of dark space. Invisible universes are claimed to really exist, which can be experimentally proved by astronomical observations in portals, where universes not visible outside portals become partially visible. Therefore, constella-tions observed in the starry sky inside the portals are different from those observed in our visible universe. The alternative version of the special theory of relativity can also suc-cessfully solve other issues of astrophysics. In particular, it can explain where antimatter is located and why it does not annihilate with matter, as well as where tachyons are locat-ed and why they don’t violate the principle of causality, etc.

Antimatter, Anti-Space, Anti-Time

The article shows that the special theory of relativity (STR) created in the last century was based on postulates due to the lack of the required experimental information and turned out to be incorrect, as its principle of light speed non-exceedance was refuted by studies of special processes in linear electric circuits in the 21st century. And thus, it made obsolete the unsuccessful OPERA and ICARUS experiments carried out at the Large Hadron Collider. Therefore, an alternative version of the STR has been proposed. Its relativistic formulas imply the existence of numerous mutually invisible parallel universes and antiverses. It is explained how they can be seen. There is anti-matter, as well as anti-space and anti-time in antiverses in the same quantities as matter, space and time in universes.

A Proposal for Epistemological Errors Detected in the Works of Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Descartes

Epistemological review uses neurosociology, clinical neurosociology, and the neuroquantic paradigm of some of the propositions made by Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Descartes. These propositions include： the law of universal gravitation based on Newton＇s theory of gravity, Darwin＇s theory of evolution, Einstein＇s special theory of relativity, and Descartes＇ philosophical proposition cogito ergo sum. This last proposition was considered to be an essential element of Western philosophy, as it was perceived to be the foundation for all knowledge. In all of these cases, possible problems of interpretation or construction have been detected and alternatives are proposed. Newton＇s law was replaced by the general theory of relativity, but this also has some shortcomings. For Darwin, the hypothesis of eclosion has been proposed. For Einstein, the dimension ＂time＂ is eliminated and the concept of ＂space-motion＂ is proposed. In the case of Descartes, the author proposes that the person and the body do not have life. It is the cells and neurons that are alive and it is in the neurons where information or thoughts are generated, stored, and processed, Therefore, it is the neurons that exist.

The Mass and Size of Photons in the 5-Dimensional Extended Space Model

We propose the generalization of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR). In our model, we use the (1 + 4)-dimensional space G, which is the extension of the (1 + 3)-dimensional Minkowski space M. As a fifth additional coordinate, the interval S is used. This value is constant under the usual Lorentz transformations in M, but it changes when the transformations in the extended space G are used. We call this model the Extended space model (ESM). From a physical point of view, our expansion means that processes in which the rest mass of the particles changes are acceptable now. In the ESM, gravity and electromagnetism are combined in one field. In the ESM, a photon can have a nonzero mass and this mass can be either positive or negative. It is also possible to establish in the frame of ESM connection between mass of a particle and its size.

Lorentz Force from a Current-Carrying Wire on a Charge in Motion under the Assumption of Neutrality in the Symmetrical Frame of Reference

It is commonly assumed that a wire conducting an electric current is neutral in the laboratory frame of reference (the rest frame of the lattice of positive ions). Some authors consider that the wire is neutral only in a symmetrical frame of reference, in which the velocities of electrons and protons have equal norm and opposite direction. In this paper, we discuss the Lorentz transformation between different frames of reference in the context of the special theory of relativity for a current-carrying conducting wire and a probe charge in motion with respect to the wire. A simple derivation of the Lorentz force in the laboratory frame of reference for the assumed neutrality in a symmetrical frame of reference is presented. We show that the Lorentz force calculated assuming neutrality in the symmetrical frame of reference and the one assuming neutrality in the laboratory frame of reference differ by a term corresponding to a change in the test charge speed of one half the drift velocity of the electrons.

Discussion on the Mechanism of Source Integration between Solar Energy and Biomass Energy with Similar Grades

The clean transformation of the China’s energy structure is related to the establishment of China as an energy power in the new world pattern.The multi-energy systems based on renewable energy,especially solar energy and biomass energy,have become a popular energy supply mode.However,there is no clear theoretical guidance for the quantitative source integration of these two types of clean energy.Concretely,whether the source grades of solar energy and biomass energy are similar in different solar energy modes has not been considered yet.Aiming at this problem,based on the theory of space-time unity of the special theory of relativity,a new principle of source integration is proposed,and the corresponding mathematical model is established.The theoretical calculation of the combination of solar energy and different types of biomass energy is carried out.Under the premise of the similarity between the source grades of different biomass energy and solar energy,the specific solar energy concentration ratio is obtained.According to this principle,the matching efficiency of the multi-energy integration for rice and corn plants can be increased by 39.2%and 36.2%,respectively.