Review of Aneugmenus Hartig(Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae) with description of a new species from China and a key to world species(excluding Neotropical)

The genus Aneugmenus Hartig, 1837 is redescribed, and differences between Aneugmenus and Birka Malaise, 1944, Atoposelandria Enslin, 1912 and Linorbita Wei ＆ Nie, 1998 are briefly discussed. The known species and host plants of this genus are reviewed. A worldwide list of species is provided, Aneugmenus is separated into 6 species groups. Aneugmenus nigrofemoratus sp. nov. is described from China A key to the world species excluding Neotropical in this genus is provided. The generic position of some species related to Aneugmenus is briefly discussed. Two new combinations and a new synonym are proposed： Linorbita ungulica （Wei, 1997）, n. comb = Aneugmenus mandibularis Wei, 1997, syn. nov. , and Paraneugmenus frontalis （Wei, 1997）, n. comb all transferred from Aneugmenus.

Global patterns of fern species diversity:An evaluation of fern data in GBIF

Despite that several studies have shown that data derived from species lists generated from distribution occurrence records in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility(GBIF)are not appropriate for those ecological and biogeographic studies that require high sampling completeness,because species lists derived from GBIF are generally very incomplete,Suissa et al.(2021)generated fern species lists based on data with GBIF for 100 km×100 km grid cells across the world,and used the data to determine fern diversity hotspots and species richness-climate relationships.We conduct an evaluation on the completeness of fern species lists derived from GBIF at the grid-cell scale and at a larger spatial scale,and determine whether fern data derived from GBIF are appropriate for studies on the relations of species composition and richness with climatic variables.We show that species sampling completeness of GBIF is low(<40%)for most of the grid cells examined,and such low sampling completeness can substantially bias the investigation of geographic and ecological patterns of species diversity and the identification of diversity hotspots.We conclude that fern species lists derived from GBIF are generally very incomplete across a wide range of spatial scales,and are not appropriate for studies that require data derived from species lists in high completeness.We present a map showing global patterns of fern species diversity based on complete or nearly complete regional fern species lists.

U.PhyloMaker: An R package that can generate large phylogenetic trees for plants and animals

The previously released packages of the PhyloMaker series(i.e.S.PhyloMaker,V.PhyloMaker,and V.PhyloMaker2) have been broadly used to generate phylogenetic trees for ecological and biogeographical studies.Although these packages can be used to generate phylogenetic trees for any groups of plants and animals for which megatrees are available,they focus on generating phylogenetic trees for plants based on the megatrees provided by the packages.How to use these packages to generate phylogenetic trees based on other megatrees is not straightforward.Here,we present a new tool,which is called ‘U.PhyloMaker’,and a simple R script that can be used to easily generate large phylogenetic trees for both plants and animals at a relatively fast speed.

V.PhyloMaker2:An updated and enlarged R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants

An earlier version of V.PhyloMaker has been broadly used to generate phylogenetic trees of vascular plants for botanical,biogeographical and ecological studies.Here,we update and enlarge this package,which is now called‘V.PhyloMaker2’.With V.PhyloMaker2,one can generate a phylogenetic tree for vascular plants based on one of three different botanical nomenclature systems.V.PhyloMaker2 can generate phylogenies for very large species lists(the largest species list that we tested included 365,198 species).V.PhyloMaker2 generates phylogenies at a fast speed.We provide an example(including a sample species list and an R script to run it)in this paper to show how to use V.PhyloMaker2 to generate phylogenetic trees.

Xylariaceae:Overview and addition to fungal diversity of Gujarat state

Extensive fieldwork in all 33 districts including different forests of Gujarat state during 2007 to 2014 resulted in the collection of 349 fungal taxa.Among them,19 species represented the family Xylariaceae belonging to three genera viz.Daldinia(3 species),Hypoxylon(2 species)and Xylaria(14 species).From these species,Daldinia concentrica,D.eschscholtzii,Hypoxylon begae,Xylaria curta,X.feejeensis,X.polymorpha and X.regalis are reported previously,while Daldinia childiae,Hypoxylon rickii,Xylaria apiculata,X.carpophila,X.cubensis,X.filiformis,X.gigentea,X.hypoxylon,X.longipes,X.nigripes,X.primorskensis and X.psidii are recorded for the first time from Gujarat.All the species are saprobic except Hypoxylon fragiforme and Xylaria polymorpha,which are exclusively observed on the bark of Bombax ceiba and Lannea coromandelica as well as dead trees.The distribution,habitat,morphology of the identified species are described in this article.

Dominant Macroalgae in Bahía de Cochinos, Matanzas, Cuba

Spatial-temporal variations of macroalgae were analyzed in a study conducted in Cueva de Los Peces (CP) and Punta Perdiz (PP), two dive sites located on the eastern coast of Bahía de Cochinos. The most conspicuous species found from 3 to 20 m depths were present in the biotopes of ridges and shallow and deep terraces. Sampling was carried out in September 2014, and March and October 2016 by autonomous diving and direct methods. Qualitative visual censuses and quantitative analyzes were used to estimate the coverage (%) of the genera according to the AGRRA methodology with the use of the 10 m linear transect and quadrats as the sampling unit. The first list of macroalgae for the area is offered that includes 49 taxa of which 10 were Rhodophyta, 10 Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae), and 29 Chlorophyta. The dominant genera during the study period were Halimeda, Dictyota, Lobophora, and Udotea. Spatial differences were found regarding the specific composition. Temporal variations were evidenced in terms of the relative abundance of the genera present, which reveals temporal changes in the qualitative structure, where some species replace others. The information obtained is pioneering and can serve as a comparative baseline for future monitoring of the area.

Collembola associated with edible mushrooms in China

Collembola,a common pest of mushrooms,could reduce the yield and quantity of edible mushroom and causes great economic losses in their production.During the investigation of Collembola in the main edible mushroom production areas in China,27 species belonging to five families and 16 genera,hosted by more than ten species of edible mushrooms have been revealed by morphological and molecular evidence.The most diverse genus was the genus Ceratophysella with five species reported.Fourteen of the 27 species were distributed only in China,while others were widely distributed all over the world.Fifteen species on mushrooms have been barcoded;the results of the species delimitation by mitochondrial COI marker confirmed the results by morphology,with low intra-specific divergences(0-8%).Two Thalassaphorura species,with the only difference being in the presence of parapseudocelli on the anterior ventral head,were clearly differentiated by the molecular markers.