Influence of sprinkler irrigation droplet diameter, application intensity and specific power on flower damage

To determine the main parameters of droplet strike damage and avoid flower injury due to the unsuitable practices during sprinkler irrigation, an indoor experiment of irrigation droplet impact on cyclamen was conducted.The influences of different parameters such as droplet diameter, application intensity, specific power on flower strike damage was analyzed using Image Pro-Plus software to compute strike damage area and define damage level by sense-analysis. The results showed that a damage area of < 1% represents a safe irrigation level, 1%–3% slight damage level, 3%–6% moderate damage level, and > 6%heavy damage level. Equations of application intensity,specific power with sprinkler irrigation time and flower injury ratio were regressed against parameters which cause impact damages. The results indicated that specific power has a significant correlation with injury, and flower damage area increased as the increasing of the value of specific power for the same irrigation time. Application intensity was also correlated with injury when the droplet diameter was larger than 1 mm. When the duration of sprinkler irrigation was 1, 5 and 10 min, the threshold of impinging damage of application intensity was 25.30, 5.01 and1.64 mm·h^(–1) and the specific power was 0.467×10^(–3),9.340×10^(–3) and 3.110×10^(–3)W·m^(–2). These results provide a reference for determining the suitable values of sprinkler properties in operation design.

A Novel Interface-Gate Structure for SOI Power MOSFET to Reduce Specific On-Resistance

A novel silicon-on-insulator （SOI） power metM-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor with an interface-gate （IG SOI） structure is proposed, in which the trench polysificon gate extends into the buried oxide layer （BOX） at the source side and an IG is formed. Firstly, the IG offers an extra accumulation channel for the carriers. Secondly, the subsidiary depletion effect of the IG results in a higher impurity doping for the drift region. A low specific on-resistance is therefore obtained under the condition of a slightly enhanced breakdown voltage for the IG SOI. The influences of structure parameters on the device performances are investigated. Compared with the conventional trench gate SOI and lateral planar gate SOI, the specific on-resistances of the IG SOI are reduced by 36.66% and 25.32% with the breakdown voltages enhanced by 2.28% and 10.83% at the same SOI layer of 3 μm, BOX of 1 μm, and half-cell pitch of 5.5 μm, respectively.

Methods for Estimating Specific Loss Power in Magnetic Hyperthermia Revisited

Our purpose in this study was to present three methods for estimating specific loss power (SLP) in magnetic hyperthermia with use of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and to compare the SLP values estimated by the three methods using simulation studies under various diameters of MNPs (D), amplitudes (H0) and frequencies of AMF (f). In the first method, the SLP was calculated by solving the magnetization relaxation equation of Shliomis numerically (SLP1). In the second method, the SLP was obtained by solving Shliomis’ relaxation equation using the complex susceptibility (SLP2). The third method was based on Rosensweig’s model (SLP3). The SLP3 value changed largely depending on the magnetic field strength (H) in the Langevin parameter (§) and it became maximum (SLP3max) and minimum (SLP3min) when H was 0 and ±H0, respectively. The relative difference between SLP1 and SLP2 was the largest and increased with increasing D and H0, whereas that between SLP1 and was the smallest and was almost constant regardless of D and H0, suggesting that H in ξ should be taken as H0 in estimating the SLP using Rosensweig’s model. In conclusion, this study will be useful for optimizing the parameters of AMF in magnetic hyperthermia and for the optimal design of MNPs for magnetic hyperthermia.

A Simulation Study on the Specific Loss Power in Magnetic Hyperthermia in the Presence of a Static Magnetic Field

Our purpose in this study was to present a method for estimating the specific loss power (SLP) in magnetic hyperthermia in the presence of an external static magnetic field (SMF) and to investigate the SLP values estimated by this method under various diameters (D) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and amplitudes (H0) and frequencies (f) of an alternating magnetic field (AMF). In our method, the SLP was calculated by solving the magnetization relaxation equation of Shliomis numerically, in which the magnetic field strength at time t (H(t)) was assumed to be given by , with Hs being the strength of the SMF. We also investigated the SLP values in the case when the SMF with a field-free point (FFP) generated by two solenoid coils was used. The SLP value in the quasi steady state (SLPqss) decreased with increasing Hs. The plot of the SLPqss values against the position from the FFP became narrow as the gradient strength of the SMF (Gs) increased. Conversely, it became broad as Gs decreased. These results suggest that the temperature rise and the area of local heating in magnetic hyperthermia can be controlled by varying the Hs and Gs values, respectively. In conclusion, our method will be useful for estimating the SLP in the presence of both the AMF and SMF and for designing an effective local heating system for magnetic hyperthermia in order to reduce the risk of overheating surrounding healthy tissues.

Revision of the National Standard on Safety Specification for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads

The national standard--Safety Specifications for Power Driven VehiclesOperating on Roads--is the most basic technical regulation for safety and technical management ofmotor vehicles in China. It is the safety and technical basis for the Public Security TrafficControl Dept. to register new vehicles, periodic inspection of vehicles under operation andinspection of vehicles involved in traffic accidents. It is also one of the important technicalbases of our country for compulsory inspection of new vehicles on fi-nalization of its model,ex-works inspection of new vehicles and the inspection of imported motor vehicles. Since the formalcountrywide implementation of GB7258-1997 Safety Specifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operatingon Roads on Jan. 1, 1998, the standard has played a very active role in strengthening the operatingsafety management of motor vehicles, improving the operating safety level of motor vehicles, and insafeguarding road traffic safety, etc. However, along with the rapid and sustainable growth of ournational economy, the number of motor vehicles has increased rapidly, especially privately-ownedautomobiles, so that the incidence of road traffic accidents rises yearly and the road trafficsafety situation is becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, the General Administration of QualitySupervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ) and theStandardization Administration of China (SAC) have issued the revised standard GB725 8-2004 SafetySpecifications for Power Driven Vehicles Operating on Roads, which will be put into effect onOctober 1, 2004. The timely revision of this standard is very necessary for upgrading the safety andtechnical requirements for motor vehicles in China.

Study on High Power MH/Ni Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Metal hydride-nickel cell is one of the best choices for hybrid electric vehicle for its high specific energy density,security,reliability and renewability.However,its poor capability under high temperature and low specific power restrict its applications.Our studies on the metal hydride-nickel cell with different loading densities show that Ni（OH） 2 with CoOOH has good oxidation and reduction properties and proton spread rate when the loading density is 0.617 kg/m2.The power density and energy density can be as high as 1 250 W/kg and 49.4 W·h/kg respectively when Ni（OH） 2 with CoOOH was used in high power battery with the nickel foam.

Numerical model of on-road emission rates of diesel buses in Beijing

A total of 14 in-use diesel buses were selected to conduct emission measurement using a portable emissions measurement system （PEMS） in Beijing. Their instantaneous gaseous emission rates, particular matter （PM） emission rates and driving parameters were obtained. The influences of speed, acceleration and vehicle specific power （VSP） on emissions were analyzed. Based on the relationships between these driving parameters and emissions, 24 driving bins defined by speed, ac- celeration and VSP were constructed with cluster analysis to group emission rates for Euro Ⅲ and IV buses, respectively. Then the emissions reductions from Euro Ⅲ to Euro Ⅳ diesel buses were ana- lyzed. Lastly, on-road hot-stabilized emission rate model for diesel buses in Beijing was developed. Through the comparison of the model simulation emission rates with the measured emission rates, the modeled emission results were in good agreement with the measured emission results. In most of the cases, the differences were less than 12 %.

Measurement of Emissions from Passenger-Picking-up Vehicles at Airport Terminals

Rather than parking at nearby hourly parking lots, many passenger-picking-up vehicles prefer to idle at terminals and/or drive cycling around terminal facilities. As a result, extra vehicle emissions may be produced in an airport area. Even though there are limited studies on such emissions at airports, these estimations were normally based on the date emission models, which might cause bias in emission estimations. This paper proposes an approach to employ the floating car method and Global Positioning System （GPS） to record speeds and acceleration rates of idling and cycling vehicles at airport terminals. The tests were conducted under different time periods and traffic demands with different waiting time. The speeds and acceleration rates are synthesized to yield Vehicle Specific Power＇s （VSP） and Operational Mode （OM） distributions. Utilizing the Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） emission estimation model Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator （MOVES）, pollutants and green house gas emission indexes （e.g. NOx, CO, CO2 and HC） and fuel consumptions can be easily estimated. As an illustration of the proposed approach, the research team collected GPS data at a terminal in Houston William Hobby Airport （HOU）, and calculated the VSP distributions and OM distributions. Emissions of passenger-picking-up vehicles around these congested airport terminals.

Analysis of minimum specific energy consumption and optimal transport concentration of slurry pipeline transport systems

Slurry pipeline transport is widely used in several industrial processes.Calculating the specific power consumption(SPC)and determining the best working conditions are important for the design and operation of transportation systems.Based on the Shanghai Jiao Tong University high-concentration multi-sized slurry pressure drop(SJTU-HMSPD)pipeline-resistance-calculation model,the SJTU-SPC model for calculating the power required to transport a unit volume of solid materials over a unit pipeline length is established for a slurry transport system.The said system demonstrates a uniformity coefficient in the 1.26–7.98 range,median particle size of 0.075–4 mm,particle volume concentration of 10–60%,and pipeline diameter of 0.203–0.8 m.The results obtained were successfully verified against existing experimental data.The influence of parameters,such as particle-gradation uniformity coefficient,median particle size,pipe diameter,and particle volume concentration,on the SPC were analysed.The results revealed that the greater is the uniformity coefficient,the smaller is the minimum specific energy consumption and the larger the optimal transport concentration for a constant,median particle size slurry.As observed,the optimal transport concentration for broad-graded sand equalled approximately 48%.These results supplement the conclusions of existing research,indicating that the optimal transport concentration is approximately 30%and provides theoretical support for high concentration transportation of broad graded slurry.

Characterization and prediction of tailpipe ammonia emissions from in-use China 5/6 light-duty gasoline vehicles

On-road tailpipe ammonia (NH3) emissions contribute to urban secondary organic aerosol formation and have direct or indirect adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To understand the tailpipe NH3 emission characteristics, we performed comprehensive chassis dynamometer measurements of NH3 emission from two China 5 and two China 6 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) equipped with three-way catalytic converters (TWCs). The results showed that the distance-based emission factors (EFs) were 12.72 ± 2.68 and 3.18 ± 1.37 mg/km for China 5 and China 6 LDGVs, respectively. Upgrades in emission standards were associated with a reduction in tailpipe NH3 emission. In addition, high NH3 EFs were observed during the engine warm-up period in cold-start cases owing to the intensive emissions of incomplete combustion products and suitable catalytic temperature in the TWCs. Notably, based on the instantaneous NH3 emission rate, distinct NH3–emitting events were detected under high/extra high velocity or rapid acceleration. Furthermore, NH3 emission rates correlated well with engine speed, vehicle specific power, and modified combustion efficiency, which were more easily accessible. These strong correlations were applied to reproduce NH3 emissions from China 5/6 LDGVs. The predicted NH3 EFs under different dynamometer and real-world cycles agreed well with existing measurement and prediction results, revealing that the NH3 EFs of LDGVs in urban routes were within 8.55–11.62 mg/km. The results presented here substantially contribute to improving the NH3 emission inventory for LDGVs and predicting on-road NH3 emissions in China.

On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption （FC） levels for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas （CNG） were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system （PEMS）. The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro Ⅲ diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power （VSP）. They all were the lowest when VSP 〈 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.

A long/short-range interconnected carbon with well-defined mesopore for high-energy-density supercapacitors

Amorphous carbon derived from biomass unusually combines the merits of large specific surface area and abundant micropores,offering massive anchoring points for ion adsorption in electrolyte.Nevertheless,the short-range ordered structure in amorphous carbon hinders the fast electron transfer.Conversely,graphitic carbon with long-range ordered structure is beneficial for electron transfer.Thus,a low-cost strategy is required to marry hierarchical porous structure with long-range ordered structure,resulting in a long/short-range interconnected porous carbon and then leading to fast ion and electron transfer.Herein,we modified the solid-phase conversion process of biomass by employing the features of liquid-phase carbonization for petroleum asphalt.With the assistance of asphalt,the large specific surface area(>2,000 m^(2)·g^(-1)),high ratio of mesopores(ca.60%)together with long-range ordered structure are in-situ created in as-made porous carbon.Thanks to the well configured structure in small scale,the as-made co-converted carbon can be operated in high-viscosity EMIMBF4 electrolyte with a superior capacitance(315 F·g^(-1)@1 A·g^(-1)).Besides,the as-assembled symmetric supercapacitor can deliver a super-high specific energy of 174 Wh·kg^(-1)@2.0 kW·kg^(-1).This work provides a new version for designing highly porous biomass-derived carbon with long/short-range alternating structure at molecular level.