The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia.These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival.The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play ...The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia.These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival.The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion,absorption,and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated.Additionally,commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity.This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice,which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria.Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host emicrobial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction.This paper reviews some of these key studies,with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development,nonspecific immunity,specific immunity,and inflammation.展开更多
The immune system has the function of immune surveillance to resist the occurrence and development of tumors,and is essential for inhibition of tumor metastasis.Nevertheless,tumor cells can still suppress immune respo...The immune system has the function of immune surveillance to resist the occurrence and development of tumors,and is essential for inhibition of tumor metastasis.Nevertheless,tumor cells can still suppress immune responses through multiple mechanisms to escape recognition and elimination.Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy involve systemic or local use of sensitizers followed by light or ultrasound treatment of the affected area,leading to tumor cell death by various mechanisms.The capability of the immune system is essentially affected by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy.To understand the tumor therapeutic mechanisms of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy and to explore the use of these modalities for improvement of the antitumor immune effect,extensive preclinical and clinical studies have been carried out.Besides direct killing of tumors,photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy also cause inflammatory reactions,achieve antitumor immune responses,and potentially prevent tumor recurrence,thereby treating both primary and metastatic tumors.In this review,we summarize the antitumor immune responses induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy,describe the processes of the antitumor immune responses in detail,and discuss the clinical applications of the resulting antitumor immunity.展开更多
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2018YFD0501403-2.3 and 2018YFD0500605)
文摘The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia.These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival.The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion,absorption,and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated.Additionally,commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity.This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice,which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria.Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host emicrobial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction.This paper reviews some of these key studies,with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development,nonspecific immunity,specific immunity,and inflammation.
基金the National Project for Research and Development of Major Scientific Instruments(No.81727803)State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No.81930047)+3 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0201400)Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC(National Natural Science Foundation of China)-PSF(Pakistan Science Foundation)(No.31961143003)Beijing Natural Science Foundation,Haidian,Original Innovation Joint Fund(No.17L20170)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81421004).
文摘The immune system has the function of immune surveillance to resist the occurrence and development of tumors,and is essential for inhibition of tumor metastasis.Nevertheless,tumor cells can still suppress immune responses through multiple mechanisms to escape recognition and elimination.Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy involve systemic or local use of sensitizers followed by light or ultrasound treatment of the affected area,leading to tumor cell death by various mechanisms.The capability of the immune system is essentially affected by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy.To understand the tumor therapeutic mechanisms of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy and to explore the use of these modalities for improvement of the antitumor immune effect,extensive preclinical and clinical studies have been carried out.Besides direct killing of tumors,photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy also cause inflammatory reactions,achieve antitumor immune responses,and potentially prevent tumor recurrence,thereby treating both primary and metastatic tumors.In this review,we summarize the antitumor immune responses induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy,describe the processes of the antitumor immune responses in detail,and discuss the clinical applications of the resulting antitumor immunity.
