Management of Sphenoidal Sinus Lesions by Septal-assisted Approach: Surgical Skills and Advantages

Summary： The aim of this study was to develop a less invasive trans-septal approach for the endo- scopic management of sphenoid sinus lesions. We performed a septal-assisted surgical procedure for endoscopic sphenoidectomy in 38 patients with isolated or combined sphenoidal sinus lesions, including fungal balls, mucoceles, purulent cystic sphenoidal sinusitis, etc. The posterior portion of the nasal sep- turn became flexible after removal of the vomer and the sphenoidal rostrum. The superior portion of the common meatus was expanded to accommodate the endoscope after the septum was repositioned con- tra-laterally. The lesions were individually managed through the enlarged ostiums while damage to the mucosa of the front sphenoidal wall was avoided. All the procedures were completed successfully without intraoperative complications, and the bony ostiums were identified easily and enlarged accu- rately. During the follow-up period of 16 weeks to 2 years, no re-atresia or restenosis was observed. The recurrence rate was 0. No postoperative complications were recorded. All the responses from the pa- tients were satisfactory. It was concluded that endoscopic sphenoidectomy assisted by trans-septal ap- proach is a feasible, safe, effective and minimally invasive approach for selected cases with unilateral or bilateral lesions in the sphenoid sinuses.

Anatomic Variants of Sphenoid Sinuses and Adjacent Structures: A Study of 225 Skull CT Scans at CNHU-HKM in Benin, West Africa

Objective: This study aimed to describe anatomic variants of sphenoidal sinuses and adjacent structures. Methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was carried out at The National and University Teaching Hospital Hubert Koutoukou Maga (CNHU-HKM), of Cotonou in Benin from November 1st to December 31st. A review of CT scans skull was done for the subjects aged at least 16 years old. Anatomic variants of the sphenoid sinuses and adjacent structures have been investigated. Results: 225 CT scans of skull were analyzed. The sellar type was the most common type of pneumatization of sphenoid sinuses (74.7%). Pneumatization of anterior clinoid processes of greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid and of pterygoid processes was observed in 7.1%;4.6%;3.3% and 7.3%;respectively. Protrusion of carotid canals and optic canals, maxillary and vidian nerves were observed in 48.3%;13.1%;18% and 9.5%;respectively. Conclusion: Risky anatomic variants of the sphenoid sinuses and adjacent structures are also described by CT-scan among Beninese. Before any surgery and to avoid bad outcome, a precise approach of these risky anatomic variants must be carried out by using CT-scan.

Treatment of Organized Hematoma of the Sphenoid Sinus with Pre-Operative Embolization and Endoscopic Resection

The differential diagnosis for expansile masses of the sphenoid sinuses includes both benign and malignant lesions. We herein present a case of a 79-year-old female who presented with chronic epistaxis and an expansile soft tissue mass centered in the sphenoid sinus with erosion of the skull base. Endoscopic resection of the lesion was performed, with histopathological examination revealing organized hematoma. To our knowl- edge, this is the first reported case of sphenoid sinus organizing hematoma treated with pre-operative embolization followed by endoscopic excision.

Study of the relationship between sphenoid sinus volume and protrusions in the sphenoid sinus

The relationship between the volume of sphenoid sinus (SS) and the prevalence of internal carotid artery (ICA) and optic nerve (ON) protrusions in the SS was studied by using high-resolution CT imaging. The ICA and ON protrusions in SS were observed in randomly selected normal head CT scanning images from 350 adult subjects. Ac-cording to the incidence of ICA protrusion, three groups were divided into no ICA protrusion (70.75%), unilateral protrusion (8.68%) and bi-lateral protrusions (20.57%). The ON protrusion accounted for 16% in 350 subjects and accom-panied absolutely with ICA protrusion, but ICA protrusion appeared without accompanying with ON protrusion. The SS volume depended upon the protrusions in it and showed statistical dif-ferences, without ICA protrusion, the smallest size (11.16 ± 1.60) cm3;the unilateral protrusion, medium size (14.20 ± 1.80) cm3 and the bilateral protrusion, the largest size (25.03 ± 2.21) cm3. By observing 3D reconstructed models of ON and SS, we found ON was adjacent to SS (46%) and to posterior ethmoid sinuses (44%). The current study indicates that SS volume is varied with numbers of the protrusions and that ON location varies with the pneumatization of SS. Our results provide an anatomical basis to the surgeries for SS and its surrounding structures.

Application and Care of Two Kinds of Sphenoid Sinus Packing Materials after Pituitary Tumor Resection with the Transnasal Endoscopic Approach

Background: Neuroendoscopic transsphenoidal approach for resection of pituitary adenomas has the advantages of less damage, fewer complications, and a faster recovery than the traditional approach and has beening favored by neurosurgeons. However, there has no standard method of selecting suitable packing materials after the operation to relieve pain in patients and achieve the ideal hemostatic effect. We compared the postoperative complications and treatment effects of two different packing materials in patients with pituitary adenomas. Objective: To investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using a catheter balloon and iodoform gauze for hemostasis in patients undergoing pituitary tumor resection by neuroendoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed these data of 48 cases treated with pituitary adenoma resection by the single nasal approach from January 2018 to October 2019 in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. According to the type of sphenoid sinus packing material used, these patients were divided into balloon tamponade oppression group (24 cases) and tela iodoformum oppression group (24 cases), respectively. The balloon tamponade oppression group received catheter balloon tamponade oppression hemostasis, and the tela iodoformum oppression group underwent tela iodoformum oppression hemostasis. The outcomes and complications were compared between the two groups in which two kinds of sphenoid sinus packing materials were used for hemostasis after tumor resection by transnasal endoscopic approach. For the catheter balloon compression hemostasis method, on account of the plasticity of the balloon, the volume of water in the balloon can be adjusted according to the size of the patient’s own sphenoid cavity. The amount of bleeding and several complications in terms of discomfort during placement and removal of the packing material, rebleeding after removal of the packing, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and electrolyte disturbance are compared between the two groups. Results: 48 patients were enrolled. The two groups’ data of patients were similar in age structure, sex ratio, tumor size at baseline and so on. No complications, such as abscess formation, were found in both groups. The success rate in the compression with catheter balloon group was 100% (24 of 24 patients);and in the iodoform gauze group 83.33% (20 of 24 patients). A catheter balloon was more successful in stopping bleeding at early stage than iodoform gauze. There were no statistically significant differences in the hospitalization stay time, operating day to discharge day and tampon indwelling time (P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in pairwise comparison between the catheter balloon group and iodoform gauze groups in the incidence of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea or electrolyte disturbance between the two groups (P > 0.05). The incidence of headache in the catheter balloon group was statistically significantly lower than that in the iodoform gauze group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients undergoing endoscopic pituitary tumor resection, compression and hemostasis by means of catheterization expansion lead to lower rates of injury and complications and have a good effect, so this method is worthy of being recommended for clinical practice.

Solitary Fungus Ball of the Sphenoid Sinus

A 50-year-old woman with long standing nonspecific disturbing headaches of the mid-face and rear of the head plus retro-orbital pain for about one year duration was proved to suffer from the fungus ball involvement of the left sphenoid sinus after operation. The diagnosis was established by histopathologic examination of the specimen removed at the time of operation.

经鼻内镜手术治疗以眼部症状为首发的真菌性蝶窦炎

目的探讨以眼部症状为首发的真菌性蝶窦炎的早期诊断及导航辅助下真菌病变清除术。方法对2007年1月-2022年12月广州市中山大学附属第一医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的17例以眼部症状为首发的真菌性蝶窦炎患者的临床表现、影像学检查、手术方法及术后转归等方面进行回顾性分析,总结临床经验。结果17例患者影像学均符合真菌性鼻窦炎,且术后病理确诊为真菌感染。11例患者术后眼部症状得到不同程度改善,包括视力下降、眼球运动障碍、眼睑下垂等,6例患者术后症状无明显改善。结论临床上病因不明的渐进性视力下降及迁延不愈的头痛,应考虑真菌性蝶窦炎可能,及时完善头颅CT、MRI等检查,一经确诊首选鼻内镜下手术治疗。术中导航技术可辅助准确定位病变并判断病变范围,保障手术安全并提高手术效率。侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎需要联合系统性抗真菌治疗。

真菌球型蝶窦炎和真菌球型上颌窦炎的临床症状及影像学特征比较

目的分析真菌球型蝶窦炎和真菌球型上颌窦炎的临床症状及影像学特征。方法收集2015年1月至2020年6月就诊于我院的30例真菌球型蝶窦炎患者以及同期收治的126例真菌球型上颌窦炎患者的病历及影像学资料,对比分析两者的临床症状及影像学特征。结果真菌球型蝶窦炎和真菌球型上颌窦炎均好发于40~60岁的女性,病程均以半年内最常见,CT特征性表现均为钙化灶及骨质增生。与真菌球型上颌窦炎相比,真菌球型蝶窦炎的头痛、眼胀、溢泪更多见(P<0.05);与真菌球型蝶窦炎相比,真菌球型上颌窦炎的面部不适更多见(P<0.05)。结论真菌球型蝶窦炎和真菌球型上颌窦炎的CT特征均为钙化灶、骨质增生。头痛是真菌球型蝶窦炎常见且相对特征性的临床症状。眼胀和溢泪是真菌球型蝶窦炎相对特征性的临床症状,面部不适是真菌球型上颌窦炎相对特征性的临床症状。

Ocular cranial nerve palsies secondary to sphenoid sinusitis

Objective:The clinical presentation of sphenoid sinusitis can be highly variable.Rarely,sphenoid sinusitis may present with cranial nerve complications due to the proximity of these structures to the sphenoid sinus.Method:A case series from Rabin Medical Center and all cases of cranial nerves palsies secondary to sphenoid sinusitis that have been reported in the literature were reviewed.Results:Seventeen patients were identified.The abducent nerve was the most common cranial nerve affected (76％),followed by the oculomotor nerve (18％).One patient had combined oculomotor,trochlear and abducent palsies.The most common pathology was isolated purulent sphenoid sinusitis in 64％ followed by allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) in 18％,and fungal infection in 18％.94％ had an acute presentation.The majority (85％) received a combined intravenous antibiotics and surgical treatment.The remainder received conservative treatment alone.Complete recovery of cranial nerve palsy was noted in 82％ during follow up.Conclusion:Sphenoid sinusitis presenting as diplopia and headaches is rare.A neoplastic process must be ruled out and early surgical intervention with intravenous antimicrobial therapy carry an excellent outcome with complete resolution of symptoms.

Microsurgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus

Objective：To explore the clinical manifestation,diagnosis and surgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in sphenoidal sinus.Methods： Nine cases of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in spenoidal sinus from 2007 to 2009 were retrospectivelyanalyzed consisting of their possible etiological factors,clinical manifestations, localization of the leakage site and treatment methods. Among them, there were 3 cases of traumatic rhinorrhea, 4 postoperative rhinorrhea and 2 spontaneous rhinorrhea. All 9 patients underwent 3-dimensional CT scan in sellar region including all para-nasal sinus. Leakage site was identified and repairing procedure was performed through trans-sphenoidal approach.Results：All cases were cured with the trans-sphenoidal microsurgical procedure. They were followed up for 9 months to 2 years. No recurrence, no infection and epilepsy complications were observed.Conclusion：For the cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea at sphenoidal sinus, it is critical to identify the leakage site accurately and the trans-sphenoidal approach is a microinvasive and effective way to repair the leakage, which is worthy to be advocated.

鼻窦解剖及其变异与鼻窦炎和手术的关系

目的 探讨鼻窦解剖及其变异与鼻窦炎和手术的关系。方法 观察 10 0具颅骨、10个尸头 ,复习 750例鼻窦炎鼻窦冠状CT和 10 0 0例内窥镜鼻窦手术记录 ,研究中鼻甲、钩突、上颌窦自然口和鼻囟门 (含上颌窦骨性裂口 )、前鼻颅底、筛蝶区域和鼻中隔的解剖学和影像解剖学 ,分析解剖、变异与鼻窦炎和手术的关系。结果 ①中鼻甲、钩突、前鼻颅底、筛蝶区域和鼻中隔均存在解剖变异 ;②中鼻甲、钩突和鼻中隔的变异在有鼻窦炎侧明显多于无鼻窦炎侧 ;③中鼻甲和钩突可作为内窥镜鼻窦手术的解剖标志 ;④手术前和手术中应重视鼻顶颅底和筛蝶区域的解剖变异。

鼻内镜术后中鼻道黏膜变化及其临床意义

目的观察鼻内镜术后中鼻道黏膜变化及其临床意义。方法慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉病人34例,FESS术后1个月和3个月取其前筛区黏膜标本;以鼻中隔偏曲病人30例(既往无鼻窦炎病史)作为对照,于鼻中隔矫正术中取其钩突黏膜标本;均行光镜观察,IL-2、TNF-α的免疫组化染色以及糖精试验。结果①光镜观察:FESS术后1个月前筛区黏膜上皮有26例(76%)为鳞-柱交界上皮,8例为假复层柱状纤毛上皮;术后3个月前筛区黏膜34例基本恢复为假复层柱状纤毛上皮。②糖精试验:FESS术后1个月与3个月比较、FESS术后1个月与正常对照组比较MTR之间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),FESS术后3个月与正常对照组间无显著差异。③免疫组化染色结果:FESS术后1个月IL-2、TNF-α阳性细胞数明显高于术后3个月组(P<0.05)及正常对照组(P<0.01);FESS术后3个月IL-2、TNF-α阳性细胞数与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论①鼻内镜术后中鼻道黏膜的恢复包括炎性反应和组织重塑。②术后及时应用糖皮质类固醇对预防复发非常重要。③术后随访应大于3个月或更长。

以神经系统表现为首发症状的孤立性蝶窦炎诊治分析

目的探讨以神经系统表现为首发症状的孤立性蝶窦炎的临床特征和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1998年4月～2004年4月在本院接受治疗的以神经系统表现为首发症状的孤立性蝶窦炎21例的临床表现、影像学资料及诊治经过。结果21例中主诉单纯头痛9例,视力下降和/或复视6例,头痛并有眼部表现者5例,眼球突出者1例。10例有明确的脑神经损害定位症状,包括第Ⅱ对脑神经损害4例,第Ⅲ对脑神经损害1例,第Ⅳ对脑神经损害1例,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ对脑神经联合损害者2例,第Ⅵ对脑神经损害2例。全部病例均行鼻内镜下蝶窦开放病变清除术,除1例死于颅内感染外,其余病例症状全部缓解。结论以神经系统表现为首发症状的孤立性蝶窦炎尚未被临床各科室充分认识,常在眼科和神经内科误诊误治,因此,在头痛和/或有眼部神经损害病人中应注意孤立性蝶窦炎的鉴别诊断,CT和MRI是其最佳确诊手段,经鼻内镜手术是治疗孤立性蝶窦炎的有效方法。

蝶窦黏液囊肿的临床表现与影像学诊断

蝶窦黏液囊肿少见,仅占鼻窦黏液囊肿的1%。本文总结了自1999年1月～2007年5月本院收治的蝶窦黏液囊肿患者17例,报道如下。1

慢性蝶窦炎

蝶窦炎因其特殊的解剖部位及无独特临床症状，往往被临床医师忽视，以往报道少。本组分析了５８例蝶窦炎，其特异的临床症状不明显，由于ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和鼻内窥镜的广泛应用，使本病诊断已不困难。鼻内窥镜下的手术处理，患者痛苦少，操作简单。本组大部分病例（５３例）为继发于鼻腔及筛窦病变的蝶筛窦炎，孤立性蝶窦炎５例，在临床上比较少见。

内镜鼻窦术后合理的局部用药对上颌窦粘膜形态学影响的观察

目的 探讨内镜术后局部用药对上颌窦粘膜的作用。方法 运用光镜和电镜观察了4组上颌窦药物灌注后窦口周围粘膜组织学的变化。结果 治疗前窦口周围粘膜上皮糜烂、脱落、萎缩变薄,表面纤毛大部脱落,细胞间连接松散,线粒体减少、肿胀。治疗后敏感抗生素组上皮细胞修复用,排列规则,连接紧密,纤毛再生,长短、粗细均匀、致密,胞内线粒体增多,其内嵴增多;而非敏感抗生素组及生理盐水对照组未见上皮修复。结论 慢性鼻窦炎内镜术后,应采用敏感抗生素抗感染及皮质激素药物抗变态反应,对术后鼻窦粘膜的功能恢复非常重要。

真菌球型蝶窦炎临床分析

目的提高对孤立性真菌球型蝶窦炎的认识,有利于早期诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析10例孤立性真菌球型蝶窦炎的临床表现、影像学特点、鼻内镜手术方法及疗效。结果10例患者最主要的临床表现为头痛或/和涕中带血,主要影像学特征为单侧蝶窦内软组织影,骨壁増厚,中央常可见高密度钙化斑。全部患者鼻内镜下行蝶窦开放术,定期换药,随访3～18个月,全部治愈。结论孤立性真菌球型蝶窦炎临床表现无特异性,早期不易发现,CT扫描及鼻内镜检查有利于早期诊断,病理学检查可确诊,采用鼻内镜下蝶窦开放术具有创伤小、并发症少和术后恢复快等优点,值得推广。

功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术后术腔清理——(附1080例临床分析)

目的 探讨功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术后术腔清理对鼻窦结构及上皮功能恢复的影响。方法1080例均为采取Messerklinger术式完成功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术的病例。手术后2周进行第一次鼻腔鼻窦清理,以后每隔2周一次,共进行4或4次以上清理至术腔基本上皮化。结果 112例手术后1个月术腔基本上皮化,456例手术后2个月术腔基本上皮化,255例手术后3个月术腔基本上皮化;98例出现术后窦口闭锁,176例出现术腔粘连,在术腔清理过程中进行处理,这些并发症均消失;95例出现术后复发而需要进一步手术治疗。结论 术腔粘膜的再上皮化对功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术后鼻窦功能的恢复至关重要,这一过程一般需要1～3个月甚至更长时间,手术后规范化的术腔清理能早期发现并处理粘膜病变、术腔狭窄及窦口阻塞,因而术后清理对提高功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术的疗效有重要价值。

霉菌性鼻窦炎临床诊治分析

目的探讨霉菌性鼻窦炎的诊断分型和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析21例霉菌性鼻窦炎病人临床资料,全组病例均行手术治疗,其中功能性鼻窦内镜手术(FESS)13例、柯陆氏5例、鼻内镜下单纯蝶窦开放术1例、FESS加蝶窦开放术2例。结果21例病人均治愈,且均经术后病理证实。结论霉菌性鼻窦炎以上颌窦多发,蝶窦、筛窦次之、额窦最少,分型以非侵袭性霉菌性鼻窦炎最常见,CT检查是早期诊断的有效途径。疗效预后关键在于鼻窦开放程度、引流通畅与否。

双侧扩大蝶窦成形术治疗难治性蝶窦炎的临床分析

目的探讨双侧扩大蝶窦成形术治疗难治性蝶窦炎的手术适应证、手术方法及术后疗效。方法对收治的难治性蝶窦炎采用双侧扩大蝶窦成形术,术后随访观察患者的临床疗效。结果 6例诊治的难治性蝶窦炎患者术后头痛、头闷胀感等临床就诊症状均明显缓解,未发生动脉性鼻出血及鼻中隔穿孔等并发症,术后所有患者术腔黏膜均上皮化良好,黏膜完全上皮化时间平均8.4周。结论采用双侧扩大蝶窦成形术治疗难治性蝶窦炎,效果良好,是一种值得推广的手术方法。